Cassels Natural History Vol 3 of 6 by Various

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P. Martin Duncan and A. H. Garrod and W. S. Dallas and R. Bowdler Sharpe

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Title: Cassell's Natural History, Vol. 3 (of 6)

Author: P. Martin Duncan
A. H. Garrod
W. S. Dallas
R. Bowdler Sharpe

Release Date: November 1, 2020 [EBook #63592]

Language: English

Character set encoding: UTF-8

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Transcriber’s Notes

This e-text is based on ‘Cassell’s Natural History, Vol. III,’ from 1893. Inconsistent and uncommon spelling and hyphenation have
been retained; punctuation and typographical errors have been corrected.
The spelling of toponyms might differ slightly from today’s orthographical conventions.

CASSELL & COMPANY, LIMITED, LITH. LONDON.

DEER FAMILY.

1. Indian Muntjac (Cervulus muntjac).

2. Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus).
3. Javan Deerlet (Tragulus napu).
4. Fallow Deer (Dama vulgaris).

5. Wapiti Deer (Cervus strongyloceros).
6. Porcine Deer (Hyelaphus porcinus).

7. Roebuck (Capreolus caprea).

8. Elk (Alces machlis).

9. Chinese Water Deer (Hydropotes inermis).

⇒

LARGER IMAGE

CASSELL’S

NATURAL HISTORY

EDITED BY

P. MARTIN DUNCAN M.B. (LOND.) F.R.S., F.G.S.

PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY IN AND HONORARY FELLOW OF KING’S COLLEGE, LONDON

CORRESPONDENT OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES PHILADELPHIA

VOL. III.

ILLUSTRATED

CASSELL AND COMPANY LIMITED

LONDON PARIS & MELBOURNE

1893

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

UNGULATA:—

RUMINANTIA.

A. H. GARROD, M.A., F.R.S.

RODENTIA.

W. S. DALLAS, F.L.S.

EDENTATA.

P. MARTIN DUNCAN, M.B. (LOND.), F.R.S., F.G.S.

MARSUPIALIA.

P. MARTIN DUNCAN, M.B. (LOND.), F.R.S., F.G.S.

AVES.

R. BOWDLER SHARPE, F.L.S., F.Z.S.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

CHAPTER I.

ARTIODACTYLA—RUMINANTIA:

BOVIDÆ—SHEEP, GOATS, AND GAZELLES.

Ruminantia—Chewing the Cud—Metaphorical Expression—The Complicated Stomach: Paunch, Honey-

comb Bag, Manyplies, Reed—Order of Events in Rumination—Feet and Dentition of Ruminants—
Brain—Classification—HORNED RUMINANTS—Divided into two Groups—Difference between them
—BOVIDÆ—Horns—Aberrant Members—SHEEP AND GOATS—General Characteristics—Sheep of
South-Western Asia—Merino Sheep—Breeds of Great Britain—Dishley, or Improved Leicesters—
Mr. Bakewell’s Description—Southdowns, Cheviots, Welsh, and other British Breeds—Table of the
Importation of Colonial and Foreign Wool into the United Kingdom—MARCO POLO’S
SHEEP—OORIAL—SHAPOO—MOUFLON—AMMON—BURHEL—AMERICAN ARGALI—WILD SHEEP OF
BARBARY—THE GOAT—Compared with the Sheep—Descent—Cashmere Goat—IBEXES—PASENG—
Their remarkable Horns—Old Theories as to the Use of the Horns—MARKHOOR—TAHR—GAZELLES—
General Characteristics—Sir Victor Brooke’s Classification—THE GAZELLE—Appearance—Habits
—ARABIAN GAZELLE—PERSIAN GAZELLE—SOEMMERRING’S GAZELLE—GRANT’S
GAZELLE—SPRINGBOK—SAÏGA—CHIRU—THE PALLAH, OR IMPALLA—THE INDIAN ANTELOPE, OR BLACK
BUCK
1

CHAPTER II.

ARTIODACTYLA—RUMINANTIA:
BOVIDÆ: (continued)—ANTELOPES.

THE STEINBOKS: KLIPSPRINGER, OUREBI, STEINBOK, GRYSBOK, MADOQUA—THE BUSH-BUCKS—Appearance—

Distinctive Marks—THE FOUR-HORNED ANTELOPES—Peculiarity in the Chikarah—THE WATER
ANTELOPES: NAGOR, REITBOK, LECHÈ, AEQUITOON, SING-SING, WATER-BUCK, POKU, REH-BOK—THE
ELAND—Beef—Appearance—Captain Cornwallis Harris’ Description—Hunting—Scarcity—THE
KOODOO—Appearance—King of Antelopes—ANGAS’ HARNESSED ANTELOPE—THE HARNESSED
ANTELOPES: GUIB—BUSH BUCK, OR UKOUKA—Appearance—Pluck—THE BOVINE ANTELOPES—THE
BUBALINE—HARTEBEEST—BLESBOK—BONTEBOK—SASSABY—THE GNU—Grotesque Appearance—
Habits—BRINDLED GNU—THE CAPRINE ANTELOPES—SEROW—Ungainly Habits
—GORAL—CAMBING-OUTAN—TAKIN—MAZAMA—THE CHAMOIS—Distribution—Appearance—Voice—
Hunted—THE ORYXES—BLAUBOK—SABLE ANTELOPE—BAKER’S
ANTELOPE—ORYX—BEISA—BEATRIX—GEMSBOK—ADDAX
17

CHAPTER III.

ARTIODACTYLA—RUMINANTIA:

BOVIDÆ (concluded)—OXEN, PRONGHORN ANTELOPE, MUSK [DEER], AND GIRAFFE.

THE NYL-GHAU—Description—Habits—THE MUSK OX—Difficulties in associating it—Distribution—Habits

—THE OX—Chillingham Wild Cattle—Their Habits—Domestic Cattle—The Collings, Booth, and
Bates Strains—American Breeding—Shorthorns, and other Breeds—Hungarian Oxen—Zebu—Gour
—Gayal—Curious mode of Capturing Gayals—Banting—THE BISONS—Description—European Bison,
or Aurochs—Almost extinct—Cæsar’s Description of it—American Bison—Distribution—Mythical
Notions regarding it—Their Ferocity and Stupidity—“Buffalo” Flesh—THE YAK—Habits—THE
BUFFALOES—Varieties—Description—Fight between two Bulls—THE ANOA—THE PRONGHORN
ANTELOPE—Peculiarity as to its Horns and Skull—Professor Baird’s and Mr. Bartlett’s Independent
Discovery of the Annual Shedding of the Horns—Habits—Peculiarity about its Feet—Colour—
Difficulties as to its Position—THE MUSK [DEER]—Its Perfume—Where is it to be placed?—
Description—Habits—Hunters for the Perfume—Their Sufferings—THE GIRAFFE—Peculiarities—
Skull processes—Its Neck—Habitat—Running power—Habits—Hunting
29

CHAPTER IV.

THE CERVIDÆ, OR ANTLERED RUMINANTS:

THE ELK, ELAPHINE, SUB-ELAPHINE, AND RUSINE DEER.

[Pg v]

The Deer Tribe—Distinguishing Characters—Exceptions to the rule—The Musk (Deer) and Chinese

Water Deer—Other Characters of the Cervidæ—Antlers, their Nature, Growth, and Shedding—The
Knob—“Velvet”—Getting rid of the “Velvet”—Full equipment—Contests—Interlocking Antlers—
Distribution—Classification—Development of Antlers in the Common RED DEER—Explanation of the
various stages—Splendid “Heads”—Simple and Complex Antlers—Types of Antlers—THE ELK, OR
MOOSE DEER—Appearance—Antlers—Habits—Hunting—THE ELAPHINE DEER—THE RED DEER—
Distribution—Appearance—Hunting—THE WAPITI—Acting of the Fawns—THE PERSIAN DEER, OR
MARAL—THE CASHMERIAN DEER, OR BARASINGHA—Habits and General Appearance—BARBARY
DEER—SUB-ELAPHINE DEER—THE JAPANESE, FORMOSAN, AND MANTCHURIAN DEER—THE FALLOW
DEER—Peculiarity of its Antlers—THE PERSIAN FALLOW DEER—THE RUSINE DEER—THE SAMBUR, OR
GEROW—Habits—Species of Java, Formosa, Sumatra, Borneo, Timor, Ternate, and The Philippines
—THE HOG DEER—THE AXIS DEER—PRINCE ALFRED’S DEER—THE SWAMP DEER—SCHOMBURGK’S
DEER—ELD’S DEER, OR THE THAMYN—Description—Habits—Hunting—Shameful havoc
46

CHAPTER V.

THE MUNTJACS—THE ROEBUCK—CHINESE DEER—REINDEER—AMERICAN DEER—DEERLETS—CAMEL TRIBE

—LLAMAS.

THE MUNTJACS—Distribution—Characters—THE INDIAN MUNTJAC, OR KIDANG—Hunting—THE CHINESE

MUNTJAC—Habits—DAVID’S MUNTJAC—“Shanyang”—THE ROEBUCK—THE CHINESE WATER DEER—
Peculiarity—Chinese Superstition regarding it—THE CHINESE ELAPHURE—Peculiarity of its Antlers
—THE REINDEER—Distribution—Character—Colouration—Antlers—Canadian Breeds—Food—THE
AMERICAN DEER—THE VIRGINIAN DEER—THE MULE DEER—THE BLACK-TAILED DEER—THE
GUAZUS—THE BROCKETS—THE VENADA, OR PUDU DEER—THE CHEVROTAINS, OR DEERLETS—Antlerless
—Their Position—Bones of their Feet—General Form and Proportions—Species—THE MEMINNA, OR
INDIAN DEERLET—THE JAVAN DEERLET—THE KANCHIL—THE STANLEYAN DEERLET—THE WATER
DEERLET—THE CAMEL TRIBE—Their Feet—Stomach—Its Peculiarity—The Water Cells—THE
(TRUE) CAMEL—Description—The Pads of Hardened Skin—Its Endurance—Its Disposition—
Anecdote of its Revengeful Nature—THE BACTRIAN CAMEL—THE LLAMAS—Description—Habits—
Used as Beasts of Burden—Wild and Domesticated Species—THE HUANACO—THE LLAMA—THE
VICUNA—THE ALPACA—The Alpaca Industry—FOSSIL RUMINANTIA—Strata in which they are
found
—Chœropotamus—Hyopotamus—Dichobune—Xiphodon—Cainotherium—Oreodon—Sivatherium—
Fossil Deer, Oxen, Goats, Sheep, Camels, Llamas, Antelopes, Giraffes—The Irish Elk—Its huge
Antlers—Its Skeleton—Ally—Distribution
61

ORDER RODENTIA.

CHAPTER I.

INTRODUCTION—THE SQUIRREL, MARMOT, ANOMALURE, HAPLODONT, AND BEAVER FAMILIES.

Character of the Order—A well-defined Group—Teeth Evidence—Kinds and Number of Teeth—The

Incisors: their Growth, Renewal, and Composition—The Molars—The Gnawing Process—Skeleton
—Brain—Senses—Body—Insectivora and Rodentia—Food of Rodents—Classification—THE
SIMPLE-TOOTHED RODENTS—Characteristics—THE SQUIRREL-LIKE
RODENTS—SCIURIDÆ—Distinctive Features—THE COMMON SQUIRREL—Form—Distribution—Food
—Bad Qualities—Habits—THE GREY SQUIRREL—THE FOX SQUIRREL—Flying Squirrels—Their
Parachute Membrane—THE TAGUAN—Appearance—Habits—Other Species—THE POLATOUCHE—THE
ASSAPAN—The Genus Xerus—THE GROUND SQUIRRELS—THE COMMON CHIPMUNK—THE MARMOTS—
Distinguishing Features—THE SPERMOPHILES—THE GOPHER—THE SISEL, OR SUSLIK—THE BARKING
SQUIRRELS—THE PRAIRIE DOG—Description—Species—Habits—Burrows—Fellow-inmates in their
“Villages”—THE TRUE MARMOTS—THE BOBAC—THE ALPINE MARMOT—THE WOODCHUCK—THE HOARY
MARMOT, OR WHISTLER—ANOMALURIDÆ—Tail Peculiarity—Distinctive Features
—HAPLODONTIDÆ—Description—THE SEWELLEL—CASTORIDÆ—THE BEAVER—Skeletal
Peculiarities—General Form—Appearance—Distribution—The Beavers of the Old and New World—
Habits—Wonderful Sagacity—The Building Instinct—Their Method of Working—The various Stages
—Their Lodges—Their Dams—Activity by Night—Flesh—Hunted—The Castoreum
81

CHAPTER II.

THE DORMOUSE, LOPHIOMYS, RAT, AND MOUSE FAMILIES.

[Pg vi]

THE MOUSE-LIKE RODENTS—MYOXIDÆ—Characteristics—THE DORMOUSE—Description—Habits—Activity

—Food—Winter Condition—THE LOIR—THE GARDEN DORMOUSE—LOPHIOMYIDÆ—How the Family
came to be Founded—THE LOPHIOMYS—Milne-Edwards’ Opinion—Skull—General Form—Habits
—MURIDÆ—Number of Species—Characteristics—Variety of Forms—Distribution—The Murine
Sub-Family—THE BROWN RAT—History—Fecundity and Ferocity—Diet—At the Horse Slaughter-
houses of Montfaucon—Shipwrecked on Islands—Story of their Killing a Man in a Coal-pit—In the
Sewers of Paris and London—THE BLACK RAT—THE EGYPTIAN RAT—THE COMMON MOUSE—Habits—
Destructiveness—Colours—THE LONG-TAILED FIELD MOUSE—Description—Food—THE HARVEST
MOUSE—Description—Habits—In Winter—Agility—Their Nest—THE BANDICOOT RAT—THE TREE
RAT—THE STRIPED MOUSE—Allied Genera—THE WHITE-FOOTED HAPALOTE—The American Murines
—THE WHITE-FOOTED, OR DEER MOUSE—THE GOLDEN, OR RED MOUSE—THE RICE-FIELD MOUSE—THE
AMERICAN HARVEST MOUSE—THE FLORIDA RAT—Description—Their Nest—Food—Mother and
Young—THE BUSHY-TAILED WOOD RAT—THE COTTON RAT—THE RABBIT-LIKE REITHRODON—THE
HAMSTERS—Characteristics—Appearance—Distribution—Burrows—Disposition—Food—Habits
—THE TREE MICE—THE BLACK-STREAKED TREE MICE—THE GERBILLES—Characteristics—Habits—
Other Genera—THE WATER MICE—Characteristics—Species—THE SMINTHUS—THE VOLES—
Characteristics—THE WATER VOLE—Appearance—Distribution—Food—THE FIELD VOLE—THE BANK
VOLE—THE SOUTHERN FIELD VOLE—THE SNOW MOUSE—THE ROOT VOLE—THE MEADOW MOUSE—THE
PINE MOUSE—THE MUSQUASH, MUSK RAT, OR ONDATRA—Distinguishing Features—Habits—His House
—THE LEMMING—Description—Food—Habits—Disposition—Their Extraordinary Migrations—Other
Lemmings—THE ZOKOR
101

CHAPTER III.

MOLE RATS, POUCHED RATS, POUCHED MICE, JERBOAS, AND OCTODONTIDÆ.

SPALACIDÆ, OR MOLE RATS—Characteristics of the Family—Habits—Food—THE MOLE RAT—

Distribution—Description—THE CHESTNUT MOLE RAT—THE NAKED MOLE RAT—THE STRAND MOLE
RAT—Description—Habits—THE CAPE MOLE RAT—GEOMYIDÆ, OR POUCHED RATS—
Characteristics of the Family—The Cheek-pouches—THE COMMON POCKET GOPHER—Distribution—
Description—Burrowing—Runs—Subterranean Dwelling—THE NORTHERN POCKET
GOPHER—HETEROMYINÆ, OR POUCHED MICE—Difficulties as to Position—Characteristics—PHILLIPS’
POCKET MOUSE—Where Found—Description—THE YELLOW POCKET MOUSE—THE LEAST POCKET
MOUSE—DIPODIDÆ, OR JERBOAS—Organisation for Jumping—Characteristics—Distribution
—THE AMERICAN JUMPING MOUSE—Description—Characters peculiar to itself—Habits—THE TRUE
JERBOAS—Characters—THE JERBOA—Distribution—Habits—Mode of Locomotion—THE
ALACTAGA—THE CAPE JUMPING HARE—THE PORCUPINE-LIKE RODENTS—OCTODONTIDÆ—
Characteristics—Sub-Family CTENODACTYLINÆ—THE GUNDI—THE DEGU—Description—Habits—THE
BROWN SCHIZODON—THE TUKOTUKO—THE CURURO—THE ROCK RAT—Sub-Family,
ECHINOMYINÆ—THE COYPU—One of the Largest Rodents—Description—Burrows—Habits—Mother
and Young—THE HUTIA CONGA—THE HUTIA CARABALI—THE GROUND RAT
120

CHAPTER IV.

PORCUPINES—CHINCHILLAS—AGOUTIS—CAVIES—HARES AND RABBITS—PIKAS.

HYSTRICIDÆ, THE PORCUPINES—Conversion of Hairs into Spines—Skull—Dentition—Tail—Sub-families

—The True Porcupines—The Tree Porcupines—THE COMMON PORCUPINE—Distribution—Description
—The Crest of Bristles—Nature of the Spines—Habits—Young—Flesh—On the Defensive—Other
Species—Species of Tree Porcupines—THE COUENDOU—THE COUIY—Description—Habits—THE
URSON, OR CANADA PORCUPINE—Description—Habits—Food—CHINCHILLIDÆ, THE CHINCHILLAS—
Characteristics—THE VISCACHA—Description—Life on the Pampas—Their Burrows—Habits—The
Chinchillas of the Andes—THE CHINCHILLA—THE SHORT-TAILED CHINCHILLA—CUVIER’S
CHINCHILLA—THE PALE-FOOTED CHINCHILLA—DASYPROCTIDÆ, THE AGOUTIS—Characters—THE
AGOUTI—Distribution—Appearance—Habits—AZARA’S AGOUTI—THE ACOUCHY—THE PACA—
Appearance—Distribution—Habits—DINOMYIDÆ—Founded for a Single Species—Description—
Rarity—CAVIIDÆ, THE CAVIES—Characteristics—THE RESTLESS CAVY—Appearance—Habits—The
Guinea-Pig Controversy—THE BOLIVIAN CAVY—THE ROCK CAVY—THE SOUTHERN CAVY—THE
PATAGONIAN CAVY, OR MARA—Peculiar Features—Its Burrows—Mode of Running—THE
CAPYBARA—Its Teeth—Where Found—Habits—THE DOUBLE-TOOTHED RODENTS—
Characteristics—LEPORIDÆ, THE HARES AND RABBITS—Structural Peculiarities—Distribution—
Disposition—THE COMMON HARE—Hind Legs—Speed—Its “Doubles”—Other Artifices—Its
“Form”—Habits—Food—Pet Hares—THE RABBIT—Distribution—Habits—Domesticated—THE
MOUNTAIN HARE—LAGOMYIDÆ, THE PIKAS—Characteristics—Distribution—THE ALPINE PIKA—THE
ROCKY MOUNTAIN PIKA
133

CHAPTER V.
FOSSIL RODENTIA.

Families of Rodents represented by Fossil Remains—State of the “Record of the Rocks”—THE

SCIURIDÆ—Sciurine Genera now Extinct—No Fossil ANOMALURIDÆ and
HAPLODONTIDÆ—ISCHYROMYIDÆ—Pseudotomus hians—Gymnoptychus—CASTORIDÆ—Mr. Allen’s
CASTOROIDIDÆ—THE MYOXIDÆ—No Fossil LOPHIOMYIDÆ—THE MURIDÆ—THE SPALACIDÆ—THE
GEOMYIDÆ—THE DIPODIDÆ—THE THERIDOMYIDÆ—THE OCTODONTIDÆ—THE HYSTRICIDÆ—THE
CHINCHILLIDÆ—THE DASYPROCTIDÆ—THE CAVIIDÆ—THE LEPORIDÆ—THE LAGOMYIDÆ—Mesotherium
cristatum—Difficulties concerning it—Mr. Alston’s Suggestion—THE HEBETIDENTATA—Teeth—Skull
—Skeleton—Conclusions regarding it—Table of Rodent Families—Concluding Remarks
151

[Pg vii]

ORDER EDENTATA, OR BRUTA (ANIMALS WITHOUT FRONT TEETH).

CHAPTER I.

SLOTHS.

The South American Forests—Discovery of the Sloth—How it derived its Name—Peculiarities of

Dentition—Food—Fore Limbs and Fingers—Hind Limbs and Heel—Other Modifications of Structure
—Kinds of Sloth—Waterton’s Captive Sloth—Habits of the Animal—Burchell’s Tame Sloths—
Manner of Climbing Trees—Disposition—Activity among Trees—Naturalists’ Debate about Anatomy
—Probable Conclusion regarding it—Skeleton—Vertebræ—the Rudimentary Tail—Most Distinctive
Skeletal Characters—Arm, Wrist, Hand, Fingers, Claws—Mode of Walking—Great Utility of the
Claws—Face of Sloth—Skull—Teeth—Classification—TARDIGRADA—BRADIPODIDÆ—Genus
BRADYPUS—Characteristics—Genus ARCTOPITHECUS—Characteristics—CHOLŒPODIDÆ—THE
COLLARED SLOTH—Description—Skull Bones—Habits—Circulation of the Blood—Rete
Mirabile—THE AI—THE UNAU—Appearance—Skull and Teeth—Skeleton—Interesting Anatomical
Features—Stomach—HOFFMANN’S SLOTH—Description—Habits
158

CHAPTER II.
THE ANT-EATERS.

THE CAPE ANT-EATER—The Cage at “the Zoo”—Appearance of the Animal—Its Prey—The Ant-hills-How

the Orycteropus obtains its Food—Place in the Order—Teeth—Skull—Tongue—Interesting
Questions concerning the Ant-eater—THE PANGOLINS, OR SCALY ANT-EATERS—THE AFRICAN SCALY
ANT-EATERS—Differences between the Pangolins and Cape Ant-eaters—Their Habitat—Description
—TEMMINCK’S PANGOLIN—Habits—Food—How it Feeds—Superstitious Regard for it shown by the
Natives—Scarcity—Appearance—THE LONG-TAILED, OR FOUR-FINGERED PANGOLIN—THE GREAT
MANIS—THE ASIATIC SCALY ANT-EATERS—THE SHORT-TAILED, OR FIVE-FINGERED PANGOLIN—The
Species of Manis—Skull—Stomach—Claws fitted for Digging—Other Skeletal Peculiarities—THE
AMERICAN ANT-EATERS—General Appearance—Genera—THE GREAT ANT-BEAR—Habits—Diet—How
it Procures its Food—Distribution—Mode and Rate of Locomotion—Stupidity—Manner of Assault
and Defence—Stories of its Contests with other Animals—Appearance—THE TAMANDUA—
Description—Where Found—Habits—Odour—THE TWO-TOED ANT-EATER—Appearance—Two-
clawed Hand—Habits—Von Sach’s Account of his Specimen
169

CHAPTER III.

THE ARMADILLO FAMILY.

The Armour-plates—How the Shields are formed—Their connection with the Body—Description of the

Animals—Mode of Walking—Diet—Skeleton—Adaptation of their Limbs for Burrowing—
Classification—THE GREAT ARMADILLO—Appearance—Great Burrower—THE TATOUAY—THE POYOU,
OR YELLOW-FOOTED ARMADILLO—THE PELUDO, OR HAIRY ARMADILLO—THE PICHIY—THE PEBA, OR
BLACK TATOU—THE MULE ARMADILLO—THE BALL ARMADILLO—Dr. Murie’s Account of its Habits—
Description—The Muscles by which it Rolls itself up and Unrolls itself—THE PICHICIAGO—
Concluding Remarks: Classification of the Order, Fossil Edentates, the Allied Species of Manis in
South Africa and Hindostan
181

ORDER MARSUPIALIA, MARSUPIAL OR POUCHED ANIMALS.

SUB-ORDER MARSUPIATA.

CHAPTER I.

THE KANGAROO AND WOMBAT FAMILIES.

THE GREAT KANGAROO—Captain Cook and the Great Kangaroo—Habitat—Appearance of the Animal—

Marsupials separated from the other Mammalian Orders, and why (Footnote)—Gestation and Birth of
Young (Footnote)—Mode of Running—The Short Fore Limbs—The Marsupium, or Pouch—Head—
Dentition—Peculiarities in the Teeth—Hind Extremities—Foot—Great Claw—How the Erect Position
is maintained—Whence their Jumping Power is derived—Other Skeletal Peculiarities—Kangaroo
Hunts—Becoming Rarer—Mode of Attack and Defence—Hands—Bones of the Fore Limbs—Skull—
Stomach—Circulation of Blood—Peculiarity in Young—Nervous System not fully developed—Brain
—The Baby Kangaroo in the Pouch—THE HARE KANGAROO—THE GREAT ROCK KANGAROO—THE RED
KANGAROO—THE BRUSH KANGAROO—THE BRUSH-TAILED ROCK KANGAROO—THE COMMON TREE
KANGAROO—THE KANGAROO-RATS—Characteristics—THE RAT-TAILED HYPSIPRYMNUS—Description
—THE WOMBAT FAMILY—THE WOMBAT—Peculiarities—Description—Habits—Teeth—Skeleton
191

CHAPTER II.

THE PHALANGER, POUCHED BADGER, AND DASYURE FAMILIES.

[Pg viii]

THE PHALANGER FAMILY—THE KOALA—Habits—Characteristics—THE CUSCUS—THE VULPINE

PHALANGER—THE DORMOUSE PHALANGER—Habits—Remarkable Characters—THE FLYING
PHALANGERS—Its Flying Machine—Habits—THE SQUIRREL FLYING PHALANGERS—Habits—The
Parachute-like Membrane—Exciting Scene on board a Vessel—Characteristics—THE OPOSSUM
MOUSE—THE NOOLBENGER, OR TAIT—A Curiosity among Marsupials—Distinctive Features—THE
POUCHED BADGER FAMILY—Characteristics—THE RABBIT-EARED PERAMELES—THE
BANDICOOT—THE BANDED PERAMELES—THE PIG-FOOTED PERAMELES—Discussion regarding it—
Characteristics—THE DASYURUS FAMILY—Characteristics—THE POUCHED ANT-EATERS—THE
BANDED MYRMECOBIUS—Description—Great number of Teeth—History—Food—Habits—Range
—THE URSINE DASYURE—Appearance—“Native Devil”—Ferocity—Havoc among the Sheep of the
Settlers—Trap to Catch them—Its Teeth—A True Marsupial, though strikingly like the Carnivora—
Skeletal Characters peculiar to itself—MAUGE’S DASYURE—THE DOG-HEADED THYLACINUS—
Description—Resemblance to the Dog—Habits—Peculiarities—THE BRUSH-TAILED PHASCOGALE—
Description—Other Varieties
203

CHAPTER III.
THE OPOSSUMS.

Prehistoric Opossums—Description of the Animal—Their Teeth—Habits—THE COMMON OPOSSUM—

Appearance—Use of its Tail—Food—The Young—How they are Reared—D’AZARA’S
OPOSSUM—THE CRAB-EATING OPOSSUM—THE THICK-TAILED OPOSSUM—MERIAN’S OPOSSUM—
Pouchless Opossums—Their Young—THE MURINA OPOSSUM—THE ELEGANT OPOSSUM—THE
YAPOCK—Classification of Marsupial Animals—Geographical Distribution of the Sub-Order—
Ancestry of the Marsupials—Fossil Remains
219

SUB-ORDER—MONOTREMATA.

CHAPTER IV.

THE PORCUPINE OR LONG-SPINED ECHIDNA AND DUCK-BILLED PLATYPUS.

Why the Monotremata are formed into a Sub-order—The lowest of the Mammalian Class—THE PORCUPINE

OR LONG-SPINED ECHIDNA—An Ant-eater, but not an Edentate—Its Correct Name—Description of the
Animal—Habits and Disposition—Manner of Using the Tongue—Where it is Found—Anatomical
Features: Skull, Brain, Marsupial Bones—The Young—Species of Van Diemen’s Land and New
Guinea—THE WATER-MOLE, OR DUCK-BILLED PLATYPUS—The most Bird-like Mammal—Various
Names—Description—Their Appearance and Movements in Water—Their Burrows—Habits of an
Individual kept in Confinement—Used by Natives as Food—How they are Captured—The Young—A
Family in Captivity—The Snout—Jaws—Teeth—Tongue—Fore and Hind Feet—Heel—Spur—The
Shoulder Girdle—Breastbone—Concluding Remarks on the Sub-orders—Postscript
227

THE CLASS AVES.—THE BIRDS.

CHAPTER I.

INTRODUCTION—WING STRUCTURE AND FEATHERS—DISTRIBUTION.

Introduction—Distinctive Characters of the Class Aves—Power of Flight—The Wing—Its Structure—

The Six Zoo-geographical Regions of the Earth—Birds peculiar to these Regions
235

CHAPTER II.

THE ANATOMY OF A BIRD.

The Three Divisions of the Class Aves—ANATOMY OF A BIRD—The Skeleton—Distinctive Features—

Peculiar Bone Character—The Skull—Difference between the Skull of Birds and that of Mammals—
The Jawbones—Vertebral Column—Sternum—Fore-limbs—Hind-limbs—Toes—The Muscular
System—How a Bird remains Fixed when Asleep—The Oil-gland—The Nervous System—The Brain
—The Eye—The Ear—The Digestive System—The Dental papillæ—The Beak—Tongue—Gullet—
Crop—Stomach—Uses of the Gizzard—Intestine—The Liver, Pancreas, and Spleen—The Blood and
Circulatory System—Temperature of Blood of a Bird—Blood Corpuscles—The Heart—The
Respiratory System—Lungs—Air-sacs—The Organs of Voice—The Egg—Classification of the Class
Aves
239

CHAPTER III.

DIVISION I.—THE CARINATE BIRDS (CARINATÆ).

THE ACCIPITRINE ORDER—BIRDS OF PREY.

VULTURES AND CARACARAS.

[Pg ix]

The Birds of Prey—Distinctive Characters—The Cere—How the Birds of Prey are Divided—Difference

between a Hawk, an Owl, and an Osprey—The Three Sub-orders of the Accipitres—Sub-order
FALCONES—Difference between the Vultures of the Old World and the Vultures of the New World
—THE OLD WORLD VULTURES—Controversy as to how the Vultures reach their Prey—Waterton on
the Faculty of Scent—Mr. Andersson’s, Dr. Kirk’s, and Canon Tristram’s Views in Favour of Sight
—THE BLACK VULTURE—THE GRIFFON VULTURE—Its Capacity for Feeding while on the Wing—THE
EARED VULTURE—One of the Largest of the Birds of Prey—Whence it gets its Name—THE EGYPTIAN
VULTURE—A Foul Feeder—THE NEW WORLD VULTURES—THE CONDOR—Its Appearance—
Power of Flight—Habits—THE KING VULTURE—THE TURKEY VULTURE—THE CARACARAS—
Distinctive Characters—Habits—THE SECRETARY BIRD—How it attacks Snakes—Habits—Appearance
—THE ÇARIAMA.
254

CHAPTER IV.

THE LONG-LEGGED HAWKS AND BUZZARDS.

THE BANDED GYMNOGENE—Habits—Its Movable Tarsi—THE HARRIERS—Distinctive Features—THE MARSH

HARRIER—Habits—Its Thievish Propensities—THE HARRIER-HAWKS—Colonel Greyson’s Account of
their Habits—THE CHANTING GOSHAWKS—Why so Called—Habits—THE TRUE GOSHAWKS—Distinctive
Characters—THE GOSHAWK—Distribution—In Pursuit of its Prey—Appearance—THE SPARROW-
HAWKS—Distinctive Characters—THE COMMON SPARROW-HAWK—Habits—Appearance—THE
BUZZARDS—Their Tarsus—THE COMMON BUZZARD—Where Found—How it might be turned to
Account—Food—Its Migrations—Habits—Appearance—THE HARPY
267

CHAPTER V.

EAGLES AND FALCONS.

THE EAGLES—THE BEARDED EAGLE, OR LÄMMERGEIER—A Visit to their Nest—Habits—A Little Girl

carried off Alive—Habits in Greece—Appearance—Von Tschudi’s and Captain Hutton’s Descriptions
of its Attacks—THE TRUE EAGLES—THE WEDGE-TAILED EAGLE—Eye—Crystalline Lens—How Eagles
may be Divided—THE IMPERIAL EAGLE—THE GOLDEN EAGLE—In Great Britain—Macgillivray’s
Description of its Habits—Appearance—THE KITE EAGLE—Its Peculiar Feet—Its Bird’s-nesting
Habits—THE COMMON HARRIER EAGLE—THE INDIAN SERPENT EAGLE—THE BATELEUR EAGLE—THE
WHITE-TAILED EAGLE—A Sea Eagle—Story of Capture of some Young—THE SWALLOW-TAILED KITE—
On the Wing—THE COMMON KITE—THE EUROPEAN HONEY KITE—Habits—ANDERSSON’S PERN—THE
FALCONS—The Bill—THE CUCKOO FALCONS—THE FALCONETS—THE PEREGRINE FALCON—Its
Wonderful Distribution—Falconry—Names for Male, Female, and Young—Hawks and Herons—THE
GREENLAND JER-FALCON—THE KESTRELS—THE COMMON KESTREL—Its Habits and Disposition
277

CHAPTER VI.

THE OSPREYS AND OWLS.

THE OSPREY—Distribution—Food—How it Seizes its Prey—Nesting Communities—STRIGES, or

OWLS—Distinctions between Hawks and Owls—Owls in Bird-lore and Superstition—Families of the
Sub-order—THE FISH OWL—PEL’S FISH OWL—THE EAGLE OWL—Dr. Brehm’s Description of its
Appearance and Habits—THE SNOWY OWL—HAWK OWLS—PIGMY OWLETS—THE SHORT-EARED
OWL—THE LONG-EARED OWL—THE BARN OWL—The Farmer’s Friend—Peculiar Characters—
Distribution
296

THE SECOND ORDER.—PICARIAN BIRDS.

CHAPTER VII.

THE PARROTS.

Characteristics of the Order—The Sub-orders—ZYGODACTYLÆ—THE PARROTS—Their Talking Powers

—Sections of the Family—THE GREAT PALM COCKATOO—THE PYGMY PARROTS—THE AMAZON
PARROTS—THE AMAZONS—THE GREY PARROT—Court Favourites—Historical Specimens—In a State
of Nature—Mr. Keulemans’ Observations—THE CONURES—THE ROSE-RINGED PARRAKEET—Known to
the Ancients—Habitat—Habits—THE CAROLINA CONURE—Destructive Propensities—THE
PARRAKEETS—THE OWL PARROT—Chiefly Nocturnal—Incapable of Flight—How this Fact may be
accounted for—Dr. Haast’s Account of its Habits—THE STRAIGHT-BILLED PARROTS—THE
BRUSH-TONGUED PARROTS—THE NESTORS—THE KAKA PARROT—Skull of a Parrot—The Bill
308

THE SECOND ORDER.—PICARIAN BIRDS.

SUB-ORDER I.—ZYGODACTYLÆ.

CHAPTER VIII.

CUCKOOS—HONEY GUIDES—PLANTAIN-EATERS—WOODPECKERS—TOUCANS—BARBETS.

[Pg x]

THE CUCKOOS—THE BUSH CUCKOOS—THE LARK-HEELED CUCKOOS, OR COUCALS—THE COMMON

CUCKOO—Its Characteristics—Mrs. Blackburn’s Account of a Young Cuckoo Ejecting a Tenant—
Breeding Habits—The Eggs—The Call-notes of Male and Female—Food—Its Winter Home—Its
Appearance and Plumage—THE HONEY GUIDES—Kirk’s Account of their Habits—Mrs. Barber’s
Refutation of a Calumny against the Bird—THE PLANTAIN-EATERS—THE WHITE-CRESTED
PLANTAIN-EATER—THE GREY PLANTAIN-EATER—THE COLIES—THE WHITE-BACKED COLY—THE
WOODPECKERS—How they Climb and Descend Trees—Their Bill—Do they Damage Sound
Trees?—THE WRYNECKS—THE YAFFLE—THE RED-HEADED WOODPECKER—THE SPOTTED
WOODPECKER—THE TOUCANS—Mr. Gould’s Account of their Habits—Mr. Waterton’s Account—
The Enormous Bill—Azara’s Description of the Bird—Mr. Bates’ History of a Tame Toucan—THE
BARBETS—Messrs. Marshall’s Account of the Family—Mr. Layard on their Habits
323

THE SECOND ORDER.—PICARIAN BIRDS.

SUB-ORDER II.—FISSIROSTRES.

CHAPTER IX.

THE JACAMARS, PUFF BIRDS, KINGFISHERS, HORNBILLS, AND HOOPOES.

THE JACAMARS—THE PUFF BIRDS—THE KINGFISHERS—Characters—THE COMMON KINGFISHER—

Distribution—Its Cry—Habits—After its Prey—Its own Nest-builder—Mr. Rowley’s Note on the
Subject—Nest in the British Museum—Superstitions concerning the Kingfisher—Colour—Various
Species—CRESTED KINGFISHER—PIED KINGFISHER—Dr. Von Heuglin’s Account of its Habits—New
World Representatives—OMNIVOROUS KINGFISHERS—THE AUSTRALIAN CINNAMON-BREASTED
KINGFISHER—Macgillivray’s Account of its Habits—THE LAUGHING JACKASS of Australia—Its
Discordant Laugh—The “Bushman’s Clock”—Colour—Habits—THE HORNBILLS—Character—
Their Heavy Flight—Noise produced when on the Wing—Food—Extraordinary Habit of Imprisoning
the Female—Native Testimony—Exception—Fed by the Male Bird—Dr. Livingstone’s Observations
on the point, and Mr. Bartlett’s Remarks—Strange Gizzard Sacs—Dr. Murie’s Remarks—Mr.
Wallace’s Description of the Habits of the Hornbills—Capture of a Young One in Sumatra—THE
GROUND HORNBILLS—South African Species—Kaffir Superstition regarding it—Habits—Mr. Ayres’
Account of the Natal Species—How it Kills Snakes—The Call—Habits—Mr. Monteiro’s Description
of the Angola Form—Turkey-like Manner—Wariness—Food—THE HOOPOES—Appearance—
Distribution—THE COMMON HOOPOE—Habits—The Name—How does it produce its Note?—THE
WOOD HOOPOES—Habits
343

CHAPTER X.

THE BEE-EATERS—MOTMOTS—ROLLERS—TROGONS—NIGHTJARS, OR GOATSUCKERS—SWIFTS—

HUMMING-BIRDS.

THE BEE-EATERS—Their Brilliant Plumage—Colonel Irby’s Account of the Bird in Spain—Shot for

Fashion’s sake—THE MOTMOTS—Appearance—Mr. Waterton on the Houtou—Curious Habit of
Trimming its Tail—Mr. O. Salvin’s Observations on this point—Mr. Bartlett’s Evidence—THE
ROLLERS—Why so called—Canon Tristram’s Account of their Habits—Colour—Other Species
—THE TROGONS—Where found—Peculiar Foot—Tender Skin—Inability to Climb—Their Food
—THE LONG-TAILED TROGON, OR QUESAL—Mr. Salvin’s Account of its Habits—Its Magnificent Colour
—How they are Hunted—THE NIGHTJARS, OR GOATSUCKERS—Appearance—Distribution—
The Guacharo, or Oil Bird—“Frog-mouths”—Mr. Gould’s Account of the Habits of the Tawny-
shouldered Podargus—How it Builds its Nest—Mr. Waterton’s Vindication of the Goatsucker—What
Services the Bird does really render Cattle, Goats, and Sheep—Its Cry—THE COMMON
GOATSUCKER—THE SWIFTS—THE COMMON SWIFT—Migration—Their Home in the Air—When they
Breed—Nest—TREE SWIFTS—The Edible-Nest Swiftlets—Mr. E. L. Layard’s Visit to the Cave of the
Indian Swiftlet—THE HUMMING BIRDS—Number of Species—Distribution—Professor Newton’s
Description of the Bird—Mr. Wallace on their Habits—Wilson on the North American Species

360

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE

The Chamois
Frontispiece.

The Water Deerlet, or Chevrotain
1

Stomach of a Ruminating Animal: exterior and interior
2

Brain of a Sheep
3

Merino Sheep
5

The Ammon
8

The Ammon
9

The Barbary Wild Sheep
10

The Ibex
11

The Markhoor
12

The Dorcas Gazelle
14

The Saïga
15

The Indian Antelope
16

Head of Female Bush-buck
18

The Water-buck
19

The Eland
20

The Koodoo
22

The Bubaline Antelope
24

The Gnu
25

The Goral
26

Head of the Chamois
27

The Oryx
28

The Nyl-ghau
30

Musk Oxen
31

Chillingham Cattle
32

The Hungarian Bull
33

The European Bison
36

The American Bison
37

The Yak
38

The Anoa
39

Skull of the Pronghorn Antelope
40

The Pronghorn Antelope
41

Skull of the Musk [Deer]
42

The Musk [Deer]
43

Skeleton of the Giraffe
44

Giraffes
45

Head of Red Deer, in which the growing Antlers are seen covered with “velvet”
46

Head of Red Deer, in which the Antler is fully developed and the “velvet” has

disappeared
47

Various Types of Antlers
49

Elk Hunt
50

Young Elk
51

The Red Deer
53

Red Deer and Fallow Deer in Winter
54

Red Deer Fighting
55

The Fallow Deer
56

The Sambur Deer
57

The Borneo Rusine Deer
58

The Axis Deer
To face page
59

Schomburgk’s Deer
60

The Indian Muntjac
62

The Roebuck: Male, Female, and Young
63

The Chinese Water Deer
64

The Chinese Elaphure
65

Reindeer at a Lapp Encampment
66

[Pg
xi]

The Reindeer
67

The Guazuti Deer
69

The Javan Deerlet
70

The Stanleyan Deerlet—Foot of Camel
71

Stomach of the Llama—Water Cells of the Camel
72

Head of the (true) Camel
73

The (true) Camel
74

The Bactrian Camel
75

Huanaco attacked by a Puma
76

The Alpaca
To face page
77

The Llama
77

Skeleton of the Irish Elk
79

The Irish Elk (Restored)
80

The Prairie Dog
81

Skull of the Taguan, a Flying Squirrel—Dentition of the Hare
82

Skeleton of the Rabbit
83

Brain of Beaver, from above and in profile
84

Teeth of the Taguan
85

The Common Squirrel
86

The Black Fox Squirrel
88

The Taguan
89

The Polatouche
90

The Common Chipmunk
91

Molar Teeth of the Marmot—The Striped Spermophile, or Gopher
92

Burrows of the Prairie Dog
93

The Alpine Marmot
95

The Fulgent Anomalure—Molar Teeth of the Anomalure
96

Molar Teeth of the Beaver
97

The Beaver
98

Molar Teeth of the Dormouse—The Dormouse
102

The Garden Dormouse
103

Skull of Lophiomys—The Lophiomys
104

Molar Teeth of the Black Rat
105

The Brown Rat
106

The Black Rat
107

Harvest Mice
109

Molar Teeth of the Hapalote
111

Head of the Rabbit-like Reithrodon
112

Hamster
To face page 113

Molar Teeth of the Hamster
113

Molar Teeth of the Gerbille—Skull of the Water Mouse—Teeth of Sminthus
114

Molar Teeth of the Water Rat
115

The Southern Field Vole
116

The Musquash
118

The Lemming
119

Skull of Mole-Rat—The Mole-Rat
121

Molar Teeth of the Mexican Pouched Rat—Under Surface of the Head of

Heteromys
122

Skull of the Mexican Pouched Rat
123

Skull of the Cape Jumping Hare
124

The American Jumping Mouse—Molar Teeth of the Jerboa
125

The Jerboa
126

The Alactaga—Molar Teeth of the Jumping Hare
127

The Cape Jumping Hare
128

The Degu
129

Dentition of the Rock Rat—Teeth of the Spiny Rat
130

The Coypu
131

The Hutia Conga—Teeth of Plagiodon—Molar Teeth of Loncheres
132

Skull of Loncheres
133

Skull of the Porcupine—The Common Porcupine
134

The Tree Porcupine
136

Mexican Tree Porcupines
137

Viscachas
To face page 139

Molar Teeth of the Chinchilla—The Chinchilla
139

Molar Teeth of the Agouti—Azara’s Agouti
140

Skull of the Paca—The Paca
141

The Dinomys
142

The Patagonian Cavy
144

Molars of the Capybara
145

The Capybara
146

The Common Hare
148

The Alpine Pika
150

Side View of Skull and Lower Jaw of Mesotherium Cristatum—Dentition of

Mesotherium Cristatum
155

Group of Sloths
158

Skeleton of the Sloth
161

Bones of Hand of Three-toed Sloth
162

Skull of Sloth
163

The Collared Sloth
164

The Ai
165

Skull of Ai
166

Stomach of Sloth
167

Hoffmann’s Sloth
168

The Cape Ant-eater
170

Skull of the Cape Ant-eater
171

Temminck’s Pangolin
172

The Four-fingered Pangolin
173

The Five-fingered Pangolin
175

The Great Ant-Bear
177

The Two-toed Ant-eater
180

Bones of Claw of Great Armadillo
181

Skeleton of the Armadillo—Skull of the Armadillo
182

The Great Armadillo—Brain of the Armadillo
183

The Poyou
185

The Ball Armadillo
188

The Pichiciago
189

The Great Kangaroo
To face page 191

Skeleton of the Great Kangaroo
192

Teeth of the Great Kangaroo
193

Stomach of the Great Kangaroo
195

Brain of the Great Kangaroo
196

The Brush-tailed Rock Kangaroo
197

The Common Tree Kangaroo
198

The Kangaroo Rat—Teeth of the Kangaroo Rat
199

Fore and Hind Foot of Hypsiprymnus
200

Skeleton of the Wombat
201

The Wombat—Lower Jaw of the Wombat
202

Teeth of the Wombat
203

The Koala
204

The Cuscus
205

The Vulpine Phalanger
206

The Squirrel Flying Phalanger
208

The Banded Perameles
210

The Dasyure
213

Teeth of the Dasyure—Brain of the Dasyure
214

Upper and Under View of Skull of Dasyure
215

The Dog-headed Thylacinus
216

Skeleton of the Dog-headed Thylacinus
217

The Brush-tailed Phascogale—The Antechinus
218

Opossum and Young
To face page 219

Teeth of the Opossum
219

Skeleton of the Crab-eating Opossum
220

The Crab-eating Opossum
221

Merian’s Opossum
222

[Pg xii]

The Yapock
223

Pelvic Arch of the Echidna
227

The Porcupine Echidna
228

Mouth and Nose-snout of Echidna
229

Jaws of the Duck-billed Platypus
231

Fore and Hind Foot of the Duck-billed Platypus—Shoulder-girdle and Sternum of

the Echidna
232

The Duck-billed Platypus
233

The Imperial Eagle
235

Bones of Wing of Bird—Feathers of Wing of Bird
237

Parts of a Feather
238

Skeleton of Eagle
241

Skull of Young Ostrich from above and from below
242

Sternum of Fregilupus varius—Pelvis of an Adult Fowl, side view
243

Section of the Eye of the Common Buzzard
246

Digestive Organs of the Kingfisher
248

Front View and Section of Inferior Larynx of Peregrine Falcon
251

Diagrammatic Section of a Fowl’s Egg
252

Head and Bill of Sea Eagle
255

Bill of Egyptian Vulture, to show form of Nostril—Bill of Turkey Vulture, to show

the perforated Nostril
256

The Griffon Vulture
259

The Egyptian Vulture
261

The Condor
262

The Brazilian Caracara
264

The Secretary Bird
266

The Marsh Harrier
269

The Goshawk
272

The Sparrow-Hawk
273

Hind View of Tarsus of Buzzard, showing the plated arrangement of Scales—Hind

View of Tarsus of Serpent Eagle, showing the reticulated arrangement of
Scales
274

The Common Buzzard
275

The Harpy
276

The Bearded Eagle, or Lämmergeier
279

Eye of Eagle, showing Crystalline Lens
280

The Golden Eagle
282

The Bateleur Eagle
285

The White-tailed Eagle
287

The Common Kite
289

The Peregrine Falcon
292

A Hooded Falcon—Falcon’s Hood
293

The Common Kestrel
295

The Osprey
296

Skull of Tengmalm’s Owl
297

The Little Owl
298

The Eagle Owl
To face page 301

The Snowy Owl
303

The Short-eared Owl
304

Face of the Barn Owl
305

Breast-bone of the Barn Owl
307

Cockatoos
To face page 309

The Amazon Parrot
311

Great Macaws
To face page 313

The Grey Parrot
313

The Rose-ringed Parrakeet
314

The Rosella
316

The Owl Parrot
317

The Lorikeet
319

Tongue of Nestor
320

The Kaka Parrot
321

Skull of the Grey Parrot
323