Cassells Illustrated History of England Vol VI

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Title: Cassell's History of England, Vol. VI.
From the Death of Sir Robert Peel to the Illness of the Prince of Wales

Author: Anonymous

Release Date: February 24, 2020 [EBook #61502]

Language: English

Character set encoding: UTF-8

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CASSELL'S ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF

ENGLAND

CASSELL'S

HISTORY OF ENGLAND

FROM THE DEATH OF SIR ROBERT PEEL TO

THE ILLNESS OF THE PRINCE OF WALES

WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS,

INCLUDING COLOURED

AND REMBRANDT PLATES

VOL. VI

THE KING'S EDITION

CASSELL AND COMPANY, LIMITED
LONDON, NEW YORK, TORONTO AND MELBOURNE

MCMIX

PAGE

1

19

35

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

THE REIGN OF VICTORIA (continued).

The Papal Aggressions—The Ecclesiastical Titles Bill—Mr. Locke King's Motion on County Franchise—
Resignation of the Government—The Great Exhibition—The President of the French Republic and the
Assembly—Preparations for the Coup d'État—The Barricades—The Plébiscite—Weakness of the
Russell Administration—Independence of Lord Palmerston—The Queen's Memorandum—Dismissal of
Palmerston—The Militia Bill—Russell is turned out—The Derby Ministry—The General Election—Defeat
of the Conservatives—Death and Funeral of the Duke of Wellington—The Aberdeen Administration—
Mr. Gladstone's Budget—The Eastern Question again—The Diplomatic Wrangle—The Sultan's Firman
—Afif Bey's Mission—Difficulties in Montenegro—England and France—The Menschikoff Mission—
Lord Stratford de Redcliffe's Instructions—The Czar and Sir Hamilton Seymour—Menschikoff at
Constantinople—The English and French Fleets—Arrival of Lord Stratford de Redcliffe—Menschikoff's
ulterior Demands—Action of the Powers

CHAPTER II.

THE REIGN OF VICTORIA (continued).

Widening of the Question—The Fleets in Besika Bay—Lord Clarendon's Despatch—The Czar and Lord
Stratford de Redcliffe—Nesselrode's "Last Effort"—Military Preparations—Blindness of the British
Cabinet—Nesselrode's Ultimatum rejected—Occupation of the Principalities—Projects of Settlement—
The Vienna Note—Its Rejection by the Porte—-Division of the Powers—Text of the Note—Divisions in
the British Cabinet—The Fleets in the Bosphorus—The Conference at Olmütz—The Sultan's Grand
Council—Lord Stratford de Redcliffe's last Effort—Patriotism of the Turks—Omar Pasha's Victories—
The Turkish Fleet destroyed at Sinope—Indignation in England—The French Suggestion—It is accepted
by Lord Clarendon—Russia demands Explanations—Diplomatic Relations suspended—The Letter of
Napoleon III.—The Western Powers arm—An Ultimatum to Russia—It is unanswered—The Baltic Fleet
—Publication of the Correspondence—Declarations of War

CHAPTER III.

THE REIGN OF VICTORIA (continued).

Attitude of the German Powers—The Lines at Boulair—The Campaign on the Danube—The Siege of
Silistria—It is raised—Evacuation of the Principalities—The British Fleet in the Black Sea—Arrival of the
Allied Armies—A Council of War—The Movement on Varna—Unhealthiness of the Camp—An Attack
on the Crimea resolved on—Doubts of the Military Authorities—Despatch to Lord Raglan—Lord
Lyndhurst's Speech—Raglan's reluctant Assent—The Expedition sails—Debarkation in the Crimea—
Forays of the French Troops—Composition of the Allied Armies—The Start—The first Skirmish—St.
Arnaud's Plan—Slowness of the British—Battle of the Alma

CHAPTER IV.

THE REIGN OF VICTORIA (continued).

Two Days on the Alma—Retreat of the Russians—Raglan proposes a Flank Movement—Korniloff and
Todleben—Death of St. Arnaud—The Allies in Position—Menschikoff reinforces Sebastopol—
Todleben's Preparations—The Opposing Batteries—The Sea—Defences of Sebastopol—Doubts of the
Admirals—Opening of the Bombardment—The French Fire silenced—Success of the British—Failure of
the Fleets—The Bombardment renewed—Menschikoff determines to Raise the Siege—The Attack on
Balaclava—Lord Lucan's Warning—Liprandi's Advance—Capture of the Redoubts—The 93rd—Lord
Lucan's Advance—Charge of the Heavy Brigade—Raglan, Lucan, and Nolan—Charge of the Light

[v]

50

64

80

91

113

Brigade—The Valley of Death—The Goal—End of the Battle

CHAPTER V.

THE REIGN OF VICTORIA (continued).

Effects of Balaclava—Attack on Mount Inkermann—Evans defeats the Russians—Menschikoff is
reinforced—The Guards to the Rescue—Arrival of Lord Raglan—Bosquet's Help refused—The Fight at
the Sandbag Battery—The Coldstreams—The Guards' Charge—Defeat of Cathcart—Charges of the
Zouaves—The Russians slowly retreat—Canrobert hesitates to pursue—Loss of the Allies—Their Plight
—The Baltic Fleet—Changed Position of the Allies—Determination of the British Nation—Storm of
November 14th—Destruction of the Transports—Sufferings of the Troops—Conduct of the War—-
Timidity of the Government—Enlistment of Boys—Autumn Session—The Paper Warfare—Hostile
Motions in Parliament—Lord John Russell's Resignation—Palmerston forms a Ministry—Resignation of
the Peelites

CHAPTER VI.

THE REIGN OF VICTORIA (continued).

State of the Army—Food, Clothing, and Shelter—Absence of a Road—Want of Transport—Numbers
of the Sick—State of the Hospitals—Miss Nightingale—Mr. Roebuck's Committee—Military Operations
—The French Mistake—Improvement of the Situation—Arrival of General Niel—Attack upon the
Malakoff Hill approved—The Russian Redoubt constructed—Death of Nicholas—Todleben's Counter-
Approaches—Raglan and Canrobert disagree—The second Bombardment—Egerton's Pit—Night
Attack of General de Salles—The Emperor's Interference—Canrobert's Indecision—The Kertch Project
—Arrival of the Sardinian Contingent—The Emperor's Visit to Windsor—The Emperor's Plan of
Campaign—It is rejected by Raglan and Omar—Resignation of Canrobert

CHAPTER VII.

THE REIGN OF VICTORIA (continued).

The Course of Diplomacy—Austria's Position—The Four Points—The Czar agrees to negotiate—
Russell's Mission to Vienna—Prince Gortschakoff's Declaration—The Third Point broached—Its
Rejection by Russia—Count Buol's final Proposition—The War debated in Parliament—Lord John
Russell resigns—Strength of the Government—The Sardinian and Turkish Loans—Vote of Censure on
the Aberdeen Cabinet—Finance of the War—General Pélissier—The Fight for the Cemetery—Success
of the French—Occupation of the Tchernaya—Expedition to Kertch—Description of the Peninsula—Sir
George Brown's Force—The Russians blow up their Magazines—Occupation of Kertch and Yenikale—
Lyons in the Sea of Azoff—Result of the Expedition—Attack upon Sebastopol decided—Ordnance of
the Allies—The Attack—The French occupy the Mamelon—The British in the Quarries—Lord Raglan
overruled—New Batteries—Pélissier's Change of Plan—The Fourth Bombardment—Preparations for the
Assault—Mayran's Mistake—Brunet and D'Autemarre—The Attack on the Redan fails—Abandonment
of the Assault—General Eyre—Losses on both Sides—Death of Lord Raglan

CHAPTER VIII.

THE REIGN OF VICTORIA (continued).

Changes in the Allied Camp—Advance upon the Malakoff and Redan—Prince Gortschakoff determines
to Attack—The Allied Camp on the Tchernaya—Gortschakoff's Reinforcements—The Russian Plan—
Read's Precipitation—Check of the Russian Attack—The French Counter-stroke—Gortschakoff changes
his Front—The Battle is won—Allied Losses—The French sap towards the Malakoff——The British
Bombardment—Combats before the Malakoff—Gortschakoff secures his Retreat—Council of
September 3rd—Plan of Attack—The Last Bombardment—The Hour of Attack—The Signal—Assault
of the Malakoff—MacMahon and Vinoy—Failures upon the Curtain and Little Redan—MacMahon is
Impregnable—Failure to take the Redan—Evening—Gortschakoff's Retreat—End of the Siege

CHAPTER IX.

[vi]

128

144

160

182

THE REIGN OF VICTORIA (continued).

Gortschakoff clings to Sebastopol—Destruction of Taman and Fanagoria—Expedition to Kinburn—
Resignation of Sir James Simpson—Explosion of French Powder Magazine—The Fleets in the Baltic—
The Hango Massacre—Attack on Sveaborg—What the Baltic Fleet did—Russia on the Pacific Coast—
Petropaulovski blown up—The Russian Position in Asia—The Turks left to their Fate—Foreigners in
Kars—Defeat of Selim Pasha—Battle of Kuruk-Dereh—Colonel Williams sent to Kars—Mouravieff
arrives—His Expeditions towards Erzeroum—The Blockade begins—The Assault of September 29th—
Kmety's success—The Tachmasb Redoubt—Attack on the English Lines—Victory of the Turks—
Omar's Relief fails—Sufferings of the Garrison—Williams capitulates—Terms of the Surrender

CHAPTER X.

THE REIGN OF VICTORIA (continued).

Winter of '55—Visit of the Czar to the Crimea—State of the British Army—Sufferings of the French—
Destruction of Sebastopol—The Armistice—Views of Austria and Russia—And of the Emperor
Napoleon—Britain acquiesces in Peace—Walewski's Circular—Austria proposes Peace—Buol's
Despatch—Nesselrode's Circular—The Austrian Ultimatum—Russia gives way—The Congress fixed at
Paris—The Queen's Speech—Speeches of Clarendon and Palmerston—Meeting of the Congress—The
Armistice—An Imperial Speech—The Sultan's Firman—Prussia admitted to the Congress—Birth of the
Prince Imperial—The Treaty signed—Its Terms—Bessarabia and the Principalities—The Three
Conventions—The Treaty of Guarantee—Count Walewski's Four Subjects—The Declaration of Paris—
International Arbitration mooted—The Kars Debate—Debates on the Peace—General Rejoicings—Cost
of the War—First Presentation of the Victoria Cross

CHAPTER XI.

THE REIGN OF VICTORIA (continued).

Prorogation of 1853—End of the Kaffir and Burmese Wars—The Wages Movement—The Preston
Strike—The Crystal Palace—Marriage of the Emperor of the French—His Visit to England—The
Queen's Return Visit—Festivities in Paris—Lord Lyndhurst on Italy—Lord Clarendon's Reply—Similar
Debate in the Commons—Withdrawal of the Western Missions from Naples—The Anglo-French
Alliance—The Suez Canal—The Arrow Affair—Mr. Cobden's Resolution—Mr. Labouchere's Reply—
Lord Palmerston's Speech—The Division—Announcement of a Dissolution—Retirement of Mr. Shaw-
Lefevre—Lord Palmerston's Victory at the Polls—Mr. Denison elected Speaker—Betrothal of the
Princess Royal—Abolition of "Ministers' Money"—The new Probate Court—The Divorce Bill in the
Lords—The Bishop of Oxford's Amendments—Motions of Mr. Henley and Sir W. Heathcote—Major
Warburton's Amendment—The Bill becomes Law—The Orsini Plot—Walewski's Despatch—The
Conspiracy to Murder Bill—Debate on the Second Reading—Defeat of the Government—The Derby
Ministry

CHAPTER XII.

THE REIGN OF VICTORIA (continued).

Condition of India—The Bengal Army—The Greased Cartridges—The Prudence of Hearsey—The
Chupatties—Disarming of the 19th—Inactivity of Anson—The Sepoys at Lucknow—A Scene at
Barrackpore—At Meerut—The Rebellion begins—The Rush on Delhi—The City is sacked—The
Powder Magazine—It is exploded—The Fall of Delhi—Sir Henry Lawrence—Energetic Measures at
Lahore—Mutiny at Ferozepore—Peshawur is saved—Action of the Civil Authorities—The Siege Train—
Death of Anson—John Lawrence in the Punjab—Cotton disarms the Sepoys—The Trans-Indus Region
is secure—Mutiny supreme elsewhere—Progress of the Rising—Lucknow—Oude ripe for Revolt—The
first Outbreak suppressed—The Ranee of Jhansi—The Five Divisions of Oude

CHAPTER XIII.

THE REIGN OF VICTORIA (continued).

March of the British on Delhi—Battles on the Hindon—Wilson joins Barnard—Hodson reconnoitres
Delhi—The Guides arrive—The Delhi Force in Position—An unfulfilled Prophecy—Lord Canning's

[vii]

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219

233

255

270

Inaction—Lord Elphinstone's Discretion—Troops from Madras and Persia—Benares is saved—So is
Allahabad—Cawnpore—Nana Sahib and Azimoolah—The Europeans in the Entrenchment—The Mutiny
—Sufferings of the Garrison—Valour of the Defence—The Well—The Hospital catches Fire—Incidents
of the Siege—Moore's Sortie—Nana Sahib's Letter—The Massacre at the Ghaut—Central India—
Lawrence fortifies the Residency at Lucknow—The Death of Lawrence.

CHAPTER XIV.

THE REIGN OF VICTORIA (continued).

Havelock to the Front—Nana Sahib's Position—Cawnpore reoccupied—Nana Sahib's Vengeance—
Havelock pushes on for Lucknow—End of Havelock's first Campaign—Lord Canning and Jung
Bahadoor—Mutiny at Dinapore—Its Effects—Before Delhi—Attempt to surprise a Convoy—Death of
Barnard—Wilson's Discipline—John Lawrence's Perplexities—Disarmament at Rawul Pindee and Jhelum
—Mutiny at Sealkote—It is avenged by Nicholson—The Drama at Peshawur—Reinforcements for Delhi
—Nicholson arrives—The Crisis in the Siege.

CHAPTER XV.

THE REIGN OF VICTORIA (continued).

Defect of the Delhi Fortifications—The British Advance—Nicholson's Column—The Cashmere Gate
exploded—Nicholson mortally wounded—Failure at the Lahore Gate—The British possess the City—
Capture of the King—The Princes shot—Effect of the Fall of Delhi—Greathed's Column—The Relief of
Agra—Affairs at Lucknow—The Garrison—Character of the Attack—Explosion of Mines—Inglis's
Report—Sir Colin Campbell at Calcutta—Havelock superseded by Outram—Position of Havelock's
Army—Eyre's Exploits—Havelock crosses the Ganges—Combat of Mungulwar—Battle at the
Alumbagh—The Plan of Attack—The Goal is reached—The Scene that Evening—Havelock's Losses—
Outram determines to remain—Energy of the Indian Government—The Force at Cawnpore—Sir Colin to
the Front—Kavanagh's daring Deed—Campbell retires on Cawnpore—Death of Havelock.

CHAPTER XVI.

THE REIGN OF VICTORIA (continued).

Windham at Cawnpore—Sir Colin Campbell to the Rescue—Battle of Cawnpore—Seaton advances
from Delhi—His Campaign in the Doab—Hodson's Ride—Campbell at Futtehghur—Condition of
Central India—Rose at Indore—Oude or Rohilcund?—Plans for the Reduction of Lucknow—Waiting for
the Nepaulese—Campbell's final Advance—Outram crosses the Goomtee—Death of Hodson—The Fall
of Lucknow—Lord Canning's Proclamation—The Conquest of Rohilcund—Nirput Singh's Resistance—
Sir Colin marches on Bareilly—Battle of Bareilly—The Moulvie attacks Shahjehanpore—It is relieved by
Brigadier John Jones—Sir Colin returns to Futtehghur—End of the Campaign.

CHAPTER XVII.

THE REIGN OF VICTORIA (continued).

The State of Central India—Objects of Rose's Campaign—The two Columns—Capture of Ratghur—
Relief of Saugor—Capture of Gurrakota—Annexation of the Rajah of Shahghur's Territory—Capture of
Chandaree—Rose arrives at Jhansi—The Ranee and Tantia Topee—Jhansi is stormed—Battles of
Koonch and Calpee—Tantia Topee captures Gwalior—Smith and Rose rescue the Place—Lord
Elphinstone's Proceedings—Flight of Tantia Topee—Lawrence in the Punjab—Banishment of the King of
Delhi—The Subjugation of Oude—Hope Grant's Flying Column—Transference of the Government to the
Crown—The Queen's Proclamation—Clyde enforces the Law—Disappearance of the Begum and Nana
Sahib—The Country at Peace—The Last Adventures of Tantia Topee—Settlement of India—The
Financial Question—The Indian Army—Increase of European Troops—The Native Levies—
Abandonment of Dalhousie's Policy.

CHAPTER XVIII.

THE REIGN OF VICTORIA (continued).

287

303

310

326

Termination of the Hudson's Bay Monopoly—British Columbia and Vancouver—Mr. Locke King's Bill
for the Abolition of the Property Qualification—Attempt to abolish Freedom of Arrest for Debt—Mr.
Bright agitates for Reform—The Conservatives propose a Reform Bill—Mr. Disraeli's Speeches—
Secession of Mr. Walpole and Mr. Henley—Lord John Russell's Resolution—Seven Nights' Debate—
Replies of Lord Stanley and Sir Hugh Cairns—Mr. Bright's Speech—Speeches of Mr. Gladstone and
Mr. Disraeli—Defeat of the Government—Lord Derby announces a Dissolution—The General Election—
Parliament reassembles—Lord Hartington's Amendment—Defeat of the Government—Lord
Malmesbury's Statement in his "Memoirs"—Union of the Liberal Party—Lord Granville's attempt to form
a Ministry—Lord Palmerston becomes Premier—His Ministry—The Italian Question in Parliament—
State of the Peninsula—Speeches of Napoleon and Victor Emmanuel—Ambiguous Attitude of Napoleon
—Lord Malmesbury's Diplomacy—Lord Cowley's Mission—The Austrian Ultimatum—Malmesbury's
Protest—"From the Alps to the Adriatic"—The Armies in Position—First Victories of the Allies—
Magenta and Milan—Battle of Solferino—The Armistice—Treaty of Villafranca—Lord John Russell's
Commentary.

CHAPTER XIX.

THE REIGN OF VICTORIA (continued).

The Peace of Zurich—Its Repudiation by Italy—The Idea of a Congress—Garibaldi in Central Italy—The
Cession of Nice and Savoy—The Sicilian Expedition—Garibaldi lands at Marsala—Capture of Palermo
—The Convention for Evacuation signed—Battle of Milazzo and Evacuation of Messina—Garibaldi
master of Sicily—Attempts to prevent the Conquest of Naples—A Landing effected—The victorious
March—Flight of the King—Garibaldi occupies Naples—He is warned off Venetia—The Sardinian
Troops occupy the Papal States—Battle of the Volturno—Victor Emmanuel's Advance—His Meeting
with Garibaldi—Accomplishment of Garibaldi's Programme—Refusal of his Demands—He retires to
Caprera—Lord John Russell's Despatch.

CHAPTER XX.

THE REIGN OF VICTORIA (continued).

The Session of 1860—Debates on Nice and Savoy—Mr. Gladstone's Budget—The French Commercial
Treaty—The Paper Duties Bill—Lord Palmerston's Motion of Inquiry—Mr. Gladstone's Resolution—
Lord John Russell's Reform Bill—Mr. James Wilson and Sir Charles Trevelyan—The Defences of India
and Great Britain—The Massacre by the Druses—The French Expedition—China once more—Repulse
on the Peiho—Lord Elgin and Baron Gros—The Advance on Pekin—Capture of the Taku Forts—The
Summer Palace looted—Release of Mr. Parkes—Lord Elgin decrees the Destruction of the Palace—The
Treaty of Peace—The Prince of Wales in Canada—Death of the Duchess of Kent—The American Civil
War—Election of Lincoln—Secession of South Carolina—The Confederate States—The British Cabinet
declares Neutrality—Affair of the Trent—The Paper Duties Bill and the Church Rates Bill—Sidney
Herbert and the Volunteers

CHAPTER XXI.

THE REIGN OF VICTORIA (continued).

The Queen's Visit to Ireland—The Royal Family at Balmoral—Illness and Death of the Prince Consort—
The Address in Parliament—The Education Code—The American War in Parliament—The Nashville—
The Blockade and the Cotton Famine—The Game Act—Palmerston and Cobden—Prorogation of
Parliament—The Garotters—The Alabama—Mr. Adams and Earl Russell—The Alabama sails—
Progress of the War in America—Greece and the Ionian Islands—The Society of Arts—The Exhibition of
1862—Jealousy of Prussia and France—The Colonial Exhibition—The Cotton Famine in 1863—
Engagement and Marriage of the Prince of Wales—Mr. Gladstone's Budget—"Essays and Reviews"—
Obituary of the Year—Russell and Gortschakoff—The Polish Revolution—Russell and Brazil—The
Coercion of Japan—The American War in 1863—The Crown of Mexico offered to the Archduke
Maximilian—Captain Speke in Central Africa

CHAPTER XXII.

THE REIGN OF VICTORIA (continued).

[viii]

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353

363

378

Peace and Prosperity in 1864—Birth of an Heir to the Prince of Wales—Mr. Gladstone's Budget—Mr.
Stansfeld and Mazzini—The Government and the London Conference on the Danish Question—Mr.
Gladstone on Parliamentary Reform—Resignation of Mr. Lowe—Lord Westbury on Convocation—
Garibaldi's Visit to England—The Shakespeare Tercentenary—"Essays and Reviews" again—The
Colenso Controversy—Mr. Disraeli and the Angels—The Fenians in Dublin—Origin of the Belfast Riots
—The Ashantee War—The Maori War—Waitara Block and its consequences—Suppression of the
Rebellion—Final Defeat of the Taepings—Bombardment of Simonasaki—The Cyclone at Calcutta—Its
Ravages.

CHAPTER XXIII.

THE REIGN OF VICTORIA (continued).

The Schleswig-Holstein Question—The Nationalities of Denmark—The Connection between Schleswig
and Denmark—The Declaration of 1846—Incorporation of Schleswig with Denmark—The Rebellion and
its Suppression—The Protocol of London—Defects of the Arrangement—Danification of the Duchies—
A Common Constitution decreed and revoked—The King's Proclamation—Schleswig incorporated in
Denmark—Federal Execution voted—Russell's high-handed Diplomacy—Death of Frederick VII.—The
Augustenburg Candidate—Austria and Prussia override the Diet—Russell's abortive Conference—The
Austrian and Prussian Troops advance—Collapse of the Danes—Russell proposes an Armistice—Russell
and M. Bille—France declines to interfere—Possibilities of Swedish and Russian Intervention—The
Cabinet divided—An Armistice—A futile Conference—The War resumed—Fate of Denmark is sealed—
To whom do the Spoils belong?—Summary of Events in Mexico and North America—Southern
Filibusters in Canada—Their Acquittal at Montreal—Excitement in America—The Sentence reversed

CHAPTER XXIV.

THE REIGN OF VICTORIA (continued).

The National Prosperity in 1865—Debate on the Malt Tax—Remission of Fire Insurance Duty—Mr.
Gladstone's Budget—The Army and Navy Estimates—Academic Discussions of large Questions—Mr.
Lowe on Reform—The Union Changeability Bill—The New Law Courts Bill—Debate on University
Tests—The Catholic Oaths Bill—Other Ecclesiastical Discussions—The Edmunds Scandal—Mr. Ward
Hunt's Motion—Lord Westbury resigns—The General Election—The Rinderpest—The Fenian
Conspiracy—Stephens the Head-Centre—His Arrest and Escape from Richmond Gaol—The Special
Commission—Obituary of the Year—Lord Palmerston and Mr. Cobden

CHAPTER XXV.

THE REIGN OF VICTORIA (continued).

The Quietness of Europe—Debate on Poland—The English Prisoners in Abyssinia—Mr. Newdegate and
the Encyclical—Visit of the French Fleet—Conclusion of the American War—The Death of Lincoln—
Inflated Prosperity of India—The Canadian Defences—The Maori War continues—Mr. Cardwell's
Policy—The Jamaica Rebellion—Gordon is hanged—The total of Deaths—Excitement in England—The
Jamaica Committee—Eyre committed for Trial—The Chief Justice's Charge—The Bill thrown out—
Recovery of Jamaica—Reform again—The Bill of '66—Mr. Gladstone's Speech—Mr. Lowe and Mr.
Horsman—"The Cave"—Lord Grosvenor's Amendment—The Government perseveres—The
Redistribution Bill—Its Details—Mr. Bouverie's Amendment—It is accepted—Captain Hayter's
Amendment—Mr. Disraeli's Strategy—Lord Stanley's Attack—Mr. Walpole's Amendment—
Amendments of Mr. Hunt and Lord Dunkellin—Gross Yearly Rental and Rateable Value—The Debate
on the Dunkellin Proposal—Defeat of the Government—Their Resignation—Mr. Gladstone's Statement
—Earl Russell and the Queen—Lord Derby's Conservative Ministry—The Refusals—Mr. Disraeli's
Election Speech—Peace in Parliament—Indian Finance—The Hyde Park Meeting—The Queen's Speech
and the Rinderpest

CHAPTER XXVI.

THE REIGN OF VICTORIA (continued).

The Cholera—Laying of the Atlantic Cable—Reform Demonstrations—Mr. Bright and the Queen—The
Government prepares a Bill—"Black Friday"—The Overend and Gurney Failure—Limited Liability—

[ix]

406

418

433

464

Royal Marriages—Prize-Money—The Loss of the London—A bad Harvest—The Fenian Trials—Lord
Wodehouse's Letter—Suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act—Rapid Legislation—Wholesale Arrests—
Renewal of the Act—Lord Kimberley's Speech—Sweeny and Stephens—The Niagara Raid—Whewell
and Keble

CHAPTER XXVII.

THE REIGN OF VICTORIA (continued).

The Schleswig-Holstein Difficulty—Austria favours a Settlement—Bismarck's Terms rejected—His high-
handed Proceedings—Convention of Gastein—Bismarck at Biarritz—The Italian Treaty—Question of
Disarmament—Fresh Austrian Proposals—Bismarck advocates Federal Reform—La Marmora's
Perplexity—He abides by Prussia—Efforts of the Neutral Powers—Failure of the projected Congress—
Rupture of the Gastein Convention—The War begins—The rival Strengths—Distribution of the Prussian
Armies—Collapse of the Resistance in North Germany—Occupation of Dresden—The Advance of the
Prussian Armies—Battle of Königgratz—Cession of Venetia—Italian Reverses—The South German
Campaign—Occupation of Frankfort—The Defence of Vienna—French Mediation—The Preliminaries of
Nikolsburg—Treaty of Prague—Conditions awarded to Bavaria and the Southern States—The Secret
Treaties—Their Disclosure—Humiliation of the French Emperor—His pretended Indifference

CHAPTER XXVIII.

THE REIGN OF VICTORIA (continued).

Parliamentary Reform—Mr. Disraeli's Resolutions—Mr. Lowe's Sarcasms—The "Ten Minutes" Bill—
Lord John Manners' Letter—Ministerial Resignations—Mr. Disraeli's Statement—The Compound
Householder—The Fancy Franchises—Mr. Gladstone's Exposure—Mr. Lowe and Lord Cranborne—
The Spirit of Concession—Mr. Gladstone on the Second Reading—Mr. Gathorne Hardy's Speech—Mr.
Bright and Mr. Disraeli—The Dual Vote abandoned—Mr. Coleridge's Instruction—The Tea-Room
Cabal—Mr. Gladstone's Amendment—His other Amendments withdrawn—Mr. Hodgkinson's
Amendment—Mr. Disraeli's coup de théâtre—Mr. Lowe's Philippic—The County Franchise—The
Redistribution Bill—Objections to It—The Boundaries—Lord Cranborne and Mr. Lowe—Mr. Disraeli's
Audacity—The Bill in the Lords—Four Amendments—Lord Cairns's Minorities Amendment—The Bill
becomes Law—The "Leap in the Dark"—Punch on the Situation—The Scottish Reform Bill—
Prolongation of the Habeas Corpus Suspension Act—Irish Debates—Oaths and Offices Bill—Mr.
Bruce's Education Bill—The "Gang System"—Meetings in Hyde Park—Mr. Walpole's Proclamation and
Resignation—Attempted Attack on Chester Castle—Attack on the Police Van at Manchester—
Explosion at Clerkenwell Prison—Trades Union Outrages at Sheffield—The Buckinghamshire Labourers
—The French Evacuation of Mexico—The Luxemburg Question—The Austrian Compromise—Creation
of the Dual Monarchy—The Abyssinian Expedition—A Mislaid Letter

CHAPTER XXIX.

THE REIGN OF VICTORIA (continued).

More Coercion for Ireland—The Scottish Reform Bill—The Church Rates Bill—Mr. Disraeli succeeds
Lord Derby—Reunion of the Liberals—The Irish Reform Bill—Mr. Gladstone's Irish Church Resolutions
—Maynooth Grant and the Regium Donum—The Suspensory Bill—Lord Stanley's Foreign Policy—
General Election—Mr. Gladstone's Ministry—Martin v. Mackonochie—Obituary of the Year—Lord
Brougham, Archbishop Longley, and Others—The Abyssinian War—Rise of Theodore—The
unanswered Letter—Theodore's Retaliation—Mr. Rassam's Mission—His Interview with Theodore—
The King's Charges against Cameron—Dr. Beke's Letter—Rassam's Arrest—Mr. Flad's Journey—The
Captives' Treatment—Merewether's Advice—Lord Stanley's Ultimatum—Constitution of Sir R. Napier's
Expedition—Friendliness of the Natives—Attitude of the Chiefs—Proceedings of Theodore—Massacre
of Prisoners—Advance on Magdala—Destruction of Theodore's Army—Negotiations with Theodore—
Release of the Prisoners—A Present of Cows—Bombardment of Magdala—Suicide of Theodore—The
Return March—The "Mountains of Rasselas"—Sketch of Continental Affairs

CHAPTER XXX.

THE REIGN OF VICTORIA (continued).

493

507

518

529

548

England in 1869—The Irish Church Difficulty—Mr. Gladstone unfolds his Scheme—Debate on the
Second Reading—A Bumper Majority—The Bill passes through the House of Commons—Lord
Redesdale and the Coronation Oath—The Opposition in the Lords—Dr. Magee's Speech—Amendments
in Committee—Concurrent Endowment—Danger of a Collision between the Houses—The Queen and
Archbishop Tait—Conference between Lord Cairns and Lord Granville—Their Compromise—Its Terms
accepted by Mr. Gladstone—The Bill becomes Law

CHAPTER XXXI.

THE REIGN OF VICTORIA (continued).

Mr Lowe's Budget—The Surplus disappears—Mr. Lowe creates a Surplus and proposes Remissions of
Taxes—Cost of the Abyssinian Expedition—Sir Stafford Northcote's Explanation—The Endowed
Schools' Bill—Speech of Mr. Forster—The Commissioners—Religious Tests at the Universities—Sir
John Coleridge's Bill—Sir Roundell Palmer's Speech—The Bill passes through the Commons—It is
rejected by the Lords—The Mayor of Cork—The O'Sullivan Disability Bill—Mr O'Sullivan resigns—The
Bill dropped—Life Peerages—Lord Malmesbury's Speech—Fenianism in Ireland—Deaths of Lord
Derby and Lord Gough—European Affairs: the Emperor prophesies Peace—The General Election—The
Senatus Consultum—Official Candidates—The Revolution in Spain—Wanted a King—General Grant
the President of the United States—The Alabama Convention rejected

CHAPTER XXXII.

THE REIGN OF VICTORIA (continued).

Law-making in 1870—The Queen's Speech—The Irish Land Problem—Diversities of Opinions—The
Agrarian Agitation—Mr. Gladstone's Land Bill introduced—Its Five Parts—Grievances of the Irish
Tenant—Free Contract—The Ulster Custom—Compensation for Eviction—The Landlord's Safeguards
—The Irish Labourer—Mr Gladstone's Peroration—Direct and Indirect Opposition—The Second
Reading carried—Agrarian Outrages—Mr. Fortescue's Coercion Bill—Mr. Disraeli's Amendment to the
Land Bill—A Clever Speech—Mr. Lowe's Reply—Progress of the Debate—The Bill becomes Law

CHAPTER XXXIII.

THE REIGN OF VICTORIA (continued).

The Elementary Education Bill—Mr. Forster's Speech—Mr. Dixon's Amendment—Mr. Forster's Reply
—Mr. Winterbotham's Speech and the Churchmen—Partial Concessions—Changes in the Bill—It
becomes Law—Outrage in Greece—Seizure of Tourists by Greek Brigands—Murder of the Prisoners—
Army and Navy Estimates—The Budget—Disaster in the Eastern Seas—Obituary of the Year

CHAPTER XXXIV.

THE REIGN OF VICTORIA (continued).

France in 1870—The Ollivier Ministry—Lull in European Affairs—The Hohenzollern Incident—Benedetti
at Ems—His Second Interview with King William—War declared at Paris—Efforts of the British
Government—Bismarck divulges a supposed Franco-German Treaty—Benedetti's Explanation—Earl
Russell's Speech—Belgian Neutrality guaranteed—Unpreparedness of the French Army—The Emperor's
Plans—Saarbrück—Weissenburg—The Emperor partially resigns Command—Wörth—MacMahon at
Châlons—Spicheren—The Palikao Ministry—Bazaine Generalissimo—Battle of Borny—Mars-la-Tour
—Gravelotte—English Associations for the Sick and Wounded—Palikao's Plan—MacMahon's
Hesitation—De Failly's Defeat—MacMahon resolves to Fight—Sedan—The Surrender—Napoleon and
his Captors—Receipt of the News in Paris—Impetuosity of Jules Favre—A Midnight Sitting—Jules
Favre's Plan—Palikao's Alternative—Fall of the Empire—The Government of National Defence—
Suppression of the Corps Législatif—The Neutral Powers: Great Britain, Austria, and Italy

CHAPTER XXXV.

THE REIGN OF VICTORIA (continued).

[x]

571

595
609

The Vatican Council—The Doctrine of Papal Infallibility—Victor Emmanuel determines on the
Occupation of Rome—The Popular Vote—The Papal Guarantees—The Spanish Throne—The Savoy
Candidature—Death of Prim—Paris after the Revolution of September—Jules Favre's Circular—
Bismarck's Reply—The Negotiations at Ferrières—The Fortifications of Paris—The Investment
completed—Thiers and Gambetta—Fall of Strasburg—Bazaine in Metz—Regnier's Intrigue—The Army
of Metz capitulates—Thiers negotiates in vain—The Army of the Loire—D'Aurelle de Paladines
reoccupies Orleans—Chanzy's Defeat and Recapture of Orleans—The Second Army of the Loire—
Garibaldi in the East—The New Year in Paris—Dispositions of the German Armies—Battle of Amiens—
Faídherbe's
Campaign—Bapaume—St.
Quentin—An
Unpleasant
Incident—Le
Mans—The

Bombardment of Paris—The Armistice—Termination of the Siege—Bourbaki's Attempt—Action at
Villersexel—The Eastern Army crosses the Swiss Frontier—The National Assembly at Bordeaux—
Prolongation of the Armistice—Resignation of Gambetta—Preliminaries of Peace—Occupation of Paris
—Acceptance of the Preliminaries—The Definitive Treaty—German Unity

CHAPTER XXXVI.

THE REIGN OF VICTORIA (continued).

Army Reform—Mr. Trevelyan's Agitation—The Abolition of Purchase—Mr. Cardwell's Bill—History of
Purchase—Military Opposition in the Commons—Rejection of the Bill by the House of Lords—Abolition
of Purchase by Royal Warrant—Indignation in Parliament—The cost of Compensation—Mr. Lowe's
Budget—The Match-Tax—Its withdrawal—Mr. Goschen succeeds Mr. Childers—The Ballot Bill—The
Epping Forest Bill—Rejected Measures—The Religious Tests Bill—Marriage of the Princess Louise—Sir
Charles Dilke's Lecture—The real State of the Civil List—Illness of the Prince of Wales—Crises of the
Disease—The Prayers of the Nation—The Thanksgiving Service—Unpopularity of the Government—The
25th Clause—Landing of the ex-Emperor of the French—Resignation of Speaker Denison—Riot in
Dublin—The Home Rule Movement—Mr. Gladstone at Aberdeen—Assassination of Mr. Justice
Norman—Australian Federation—Russia repudiates the Black Sea Clauses—Lord Granville's Despatch
—Prince Gortschakoff's Reply—A Conference suggested—Meeting of the Plenipotentiaries—Their
Deliberations—Settlement of the Difficulty—Obituary of the Year—Sir John Burgoyne, Lord
Ellenborough, Grote, Sir William Denison, and others
INDEX

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE

The Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London, 1851
1

Prince Albert
5

The Coup d' État: Eviction of the Judges
9

The Burial of Wellington
13

Chapel of St. Helena, Jerusalem
17

Constantinople
21

Omar Pasha
25

The Russian Attack on Sinope
29

Gatchina Palace, St. Petersburg
32

Peers and Commoners presenting the Patriotic Address to the Queen on the Eve of the Crimean War
33

Zouaves looting a Village in the Crimea
37

Skirmish on the Bulganâk: Maude's Battery coming into action
41

The Highlanders at the Alma
45

Lord Raglan
48

On the Battle-Field of the Alma: the Mission of Mercy
49

Plan of Sebastopol, showing the Defence
53

Charge of the Heavy Brigade
57

General Todleben
61

[xi]

Balaclava
65

The Guards recovering the Sandbag Battery
69

The Hospital and Cemetery at Scutari, with Constantinople in the distance
73

The Late Sir W. H. Russell, Correspondent of the Times in the Crimea
77

The Lady with the Lamp: Miss Nightingale in the Hospital at Scutari
81

The "Block" at Balaclava
85

The Zouaves assaulting the Rifle-pits
89

Sebastopol from the Right Attack
93

The Emperor Nicholas
96

Sappers destroying the Russian Trenches
97

Volunteers of the Flying Squadron firing the Shipping at Taganrog
101

Marshal Pélissier
105

The Assault on the Redan
109

Reconnaissance of French Cavalry in the Baidar Valley
113

General Simpson
117

The French in the Malakoff
121

The Struggle in the Redan
125

Evacuation of Sebastopol
129

Sir Colin Campbell
133

Kars
137

The repulse of the Russians at Kars
141

Uniforms of the British Army in 1855
144

Napoleon III
145

The Czar renewing his Army at Sebastopol
149

Scene during the Preston Strike
157

The Duke of Newcastle
161

The Queen opening the Crystal Palace
165

Chinese Officers hauling down the British Flag on the "Arrow"
169

Victoria, Hong-Kong, from the Chinese Mainland
173

Mr. Speaker Denison
177

Outbreak of the Indian Mutiny: High Caste v. Low Caste
185

General Hearsey and the Mutineers
188

The Rebel Sepoys at Delhi
189

Disarmament of the 26th at Barrackpore
193

Sir John Lawrence (afterwards Lord Lawrence)
197

De Kantzow defending the Treasury at Mynpooree
201

Hodson reconnoitring before Delhi
205

The Palace, Delhi
209

Sir Henry Havelock
213

Memorial at the Well, Cawnpore
217

The Highlanders capturing the Guns at Cawnpore
221

How Major Tombs won the Victoria Cross
225

Blowing up of the Cashmere Gate at Delhi
229

Hooseinabad Gardens and Tomb of Zana Ali, Lucknow
233

Sir Hope Grant
237

Ruins of the Residency, Lucknow
240

The Mausoleum at Akbar, Agra
241

Incident in the Defence of Lucknow
245

Lieutenant Havelock and the Madras Fusiliers carrying the Charbagh Bridge at Lucknow
249

Sir James Outram
253

The Slaughter Ghat, Cawnpore
257

The Relief of Lucknow
261

Death of Hodson
265

The Martinière, Lucknow
269

Sir Hugh Rose (afterwards Lord Strathnairn)
273

Proclamation of the Queen as Sovereign of India
277

Gwalior, from the south-east
281

Capture of Tantia Topee
285

Lord Canning
288

Street in Peshawur
289

Earl Russell
293

Office of the First Lord of the Treasury, 10, Downing Street, London
297

Entry of Napoleon and Victor Emmanuel into Milan
301

Meeting of Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel
305

William Ewart Gladstone (1860)
312

Demonstration against the Christians in Damascus
313

The Imperial Palace, Pekin, looking north
317

Capture of John Brown at Harper's Ferry
321

General Robert Lee
325

Funeral of the Prince Consort
329

Hindoos bringing Cotton through the Western Ghauts
333

Abraham Lincoln
336

Marriage of the Prince of Wales
337

Mr. Phelps planting the Shakespeare Oak on Primrose Hill, London
345

Scene in the Belfast Riots
349

Amalienborg Palace, Copenhagen
353

Lord Palmerston
357

The Fight between the Alabama and the Kearsarge
361

Confederate Raid into Vermont
365

The Foreign Office, London, from St. James's Park
369

Arrest of Head-Centre Stephens
373

Reception of the French Fleet at Portsmouth
377

General Grant
381

Meeting of Lee and Grant at Appomattox Court-House
384

The Attack on the Court-House, St. Thomas-in-the-East
385

Street Scene, Kingston, Jamaica
389

John Stuart Mill
393

Scene in the House of Commons: a Narrow Majority
397

The Lobby, House of Commons
401

Reform Leaguers at the Marble Arch
405

Arrival of the "Great Eastern" at Trinity Bay
409

[xii]

Robert Lowe (afterwards Lord Sherbrooke)
413

Kilmainham Gaol, Dublin
417

The Battle of Koniggrätz
421

The Battle of Langensalza
425

Count Von Moltke
429

The Palace, Dresden
432

The Old War Office, Pall Mall
433

Lord Malmesbury
437

Tea-Room, House of Commons
441

Meeting at the Reformers' Tree, Hyde Park, London
445

John Bright
449

"Gang System" of Farming
453

Fenian Attack on the Police Van in Manchester
457

Skating Disaster in Regent's Park, London
461

Lord Cairns
465

Scene in the Birmingham "No Popery" Riots
469

Coronation of the Emperor of Austria as King of Hungary
473

King Theodore's House, Magdala
477

Mr. Rassam's Interview with King Theodore
480

The Emperor Theodore granting an Audience
481

Sir Robert Napier (afterwards Lord Napier of Magdala)
485

Death of the Emperor Theodore
489

St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin
493

Archbishop Trench
497

Dr. Magee, Bishop of Peterborough, addressing the House of Lords
501

New Palace Yard, Westminster
505

The Quadrangle, Somerset House
509

Sir Stafford Northcote (afterwards Earl of Iddesleigh)
513

Street-Fighting in Malaga
517

Mr. Chichester Fortescue (afterwards Lord Carlingford)
521

A Visit from Captain Moonlight
524

An Eviction in Ireland
525

The Duke of Richmond and Gordon
528

Office of the London School Board, Thames Embankment
529

Mr. W. E. Forster
533

Office of the Education Department, Whitehall
537

Capture of English Tourists by Greek Brigands
541

The Royal Palace, Athens
545

The Boulevard Montmartre, Paris
548

Émile Ollivier
549

"À Berlin!" Parisian Crowds declaring for War
553

Prince Bismarck
557

Franco-German War, Sketch-Map of the Campaign in the Rhine Country
561

Sedan
564

Marshal MacMahon
565

Camden Place, Chislehurst (Napoleon's Home in England)
569

The Vatican, Rome
573

Dr. Döllinger
576

Palace of the Quirinal, Rome
577

Siege of Paris: Map of the Fortifications
580

L. A. Thiers
581

Evacuation of Metz
585

Léon Gambetta
589

German Troops passing under the Arc de Triomphe in Paris
593

Mr. (afterwards Viscount) Cardwell
597

Procession of Match-Makers to Westminster
601

The Prince of Wales (afterwards Edward VII.) in his Robes as a Bencher of the Middle Temple
604

The Thanksgiving Service in St. Paul's Cathedral
605

LIST OF PLATES

WINDSOR CASTLE. (By Alfred W. Hunt, R.W.S.)
Frontispiece

THE OPENING BY QUEEN VICTORIA OF THE GREAT EXHIBITION IN HYDE PARK. (By H. C.
Selous.)
To face p.
9

THE WRECK OF H.M.S. Birkenhead. (By Thomas M. Henry)
"
14

SAVING THE COLOURS: THE GUARDS AT INKERMAN. (By Robert Gibb, R.S.A.)
"
41

THE CHARGE OF THE LIGHT BRIGADE AT BALACLAVA. (By R. Caton Woodville)
"
62

"ALL THAT WAS LEFT OF THEM, LEFT OF SIX HUNDRED." (By R. Caton Woodville)
"
86

QUEEN VICTORIA REVIEWING THE CRIMEAN VETERANS (1854). (By Sir John Gilbert, R.A.,
P.R.W.S.)
"
90

LORD RAGLAN VIEWING THE STORMING OF THE REDAN AT THE SIEGE OF SEBASTOPOL. (By R.
Caton Woodville)
"
126

MAP OF INDIA, 1856.
"
182

THE FLIGHT FROM LUCKNOW. (By A. Solomon)
"
217

THE SECOND RELIEF OF LUCKNOW, 1857. (By Thomas J. Barker)
"
262

THE NORTH-WEST PASSAGE. (By Sir J. E. Millais, Bart., P.R.A., D. C.L., etc.)
"
287

QUEEN VICTORIA AT OSBORNE. (By Sir Edwin Landseer, R.A.)
"
326

THE MARRIAGE OF THE PRINCE OF WALES, 1863. (By G. H. Thomas)
"
338

A COTTAGE BEDSIDE AT OSBORNE. (Gourlay Steell, R.S.A.)
"
408

MARRIAGE OF PRINCESS HELENA. (By C. Magnussen)
"
412

THE WHITE TOWER, TOWER OF LONDON. (By H. E. Tidmarsh)
"
481

W. E. GLADSTONE. (By Sir J. E. Millais, Bart., P.R.A.)
"
500

REARING THE LION'S WHELPS. (By W. L. Wyllie, A.R.A.)
"
544

THE THANKSGIVING SERVICE, 27TH OF FEBRUARY, 1872: THE PROCESSION AT LUDGATE HILL.
(By N. Chevalier)
"
602

Reproduced by André & Sleigh, Ltd., Bushey, Herts.

WINDSOR CASTLE.

FROM A WATER-COLOUR PAINTING BY ALFRED W. HUNT R.W.S. IN THE NATIONAL GALLERY OF BRITISH ART.

[See larger version]

THE CRYSTAL PALACE IN HYDE PARK, LONDON, 1851

[1]