Cassells Illustrated History of England The Kings Edn Vol 3 by Various

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Title: Cassell's History of England. Vol III
From the Great Rebellion to the Fall of Marlborough.

Author: Cassell

Release Date: May 11, 2016 [EBook #52045]

Language: English

Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1

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CASSELL'S

HISTORY OF ENGLAND

FROM THE GREAT REBELLION TO

THE FALL OF MARLBOROUGH

WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS,

INCLUDING COLOURED

AND REMBRANDT PLATES

VOL. III

THE KING'S EDITION

CASSELL AND COMPANY, LIMITED

LONDON, NEW YORK, TORONTO AND MELBOURNE

MCMIX

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

CONTENTS

PAGE

1

34

59

90

CHAPTER I.

THE GREAT REBELLION.

Condition of Ireland—Roger Moore's Pilgrimage—Negotiations of the Anglo-Irish with Charles—Hugh
M'Mahon betrays the Plot—Rising of the Native Irish—Massacre of Protestants—Measures taken by the
English Parliament—Return of Charles to London—The Grand Remonstrance—The King's Answer—His
Lieutenant of the Tower—Riots in London—Blunder of the Bishops—Attempted Arrest of the Five
Members—Charles leaves London—The Queen goes to Holland—Charles at York—His Repulse from
Hull—Preparations for War—The Royal Standard Raised—Prince Rupert's Headstrong Folly—Battle of
Edge Hill—Charles marches on London—He returns to Oxford—Cromwell in the East—The Queen in
Yorkshire—Death of Hampden—Parliamentary Disasters—Battle of Newbury—Death of Lord Falkland
—Negotiations with the Scots and Irish—Death of Pym—Royal Parliament at Oxford—Battle of
Marston Moor—Disastrous Failure of Essex in Cornwall—Second Battle of Newbury—The Self-denying
Ordinance—The New-modelled Army

CHAPTER II.

THE GREAT REBELLION (concluded).

The Assembly at Westminster—Trial and Death of Laud—Negotiations at Uxbridge—Meeting of the
Commissioners—Impossibility of a Settlement—Prospect of Help to the King from the Continent—
Charles agrees to the demands of the Irish Catholics—Discipline and Spirit of the Parliamentary Army—
Campaign of the New-modelled Army—Hunting the King—Battle of Naseby—Fairfax in the West—
Exploits of Montrose—Efforts of Charles to join Him—Battle of Kilsyth—Fall of Bristol—Battle of
Philiphaugh—Last Efforts of the Royalists—Charles Offers to Treat—Discovery of his Correspondence
with Glamorgan—Charles Intrigues with the Scots—Flight from Oxford—Surrender to the Scots at
Newark—Consequent Negotiations—Proposals for Peace—Surrender of Charles to Parliament

CHAPTER III.

END OF THE REIGN OF CHARLES I.

Differences between the Presbyterians and Independents—The King at Holmby—Attempt to Disband the
Army—Consequent Petitions to Parliament—The Adjutators—Meeting at Newmarket—Seizure of the
King—Advance of the Army on London—Stubbornness of the Presbyterians—The Army Marches
through London—Its Proposals to Charles—Their Rejection—The King throws away his best Chances
—The Levellers—Cromwell's Efforts on behalf of Charles—Renewed Intrigues of Charles—Flight to
Carisbrooke—Attempts to Rescue the King—Charles Treats with the Scots—Consequent Reaction in his
Favour—Battle of Preston and Suppression of the Insurrection—Cromwell at Edinburgh—The Prince of
Wales in Command of the Fleet—Negotiations at Newport—Growing Impatience of the Army—Petitions
for the King's Trial—Charles's Blindness and Duplicity—He is Removed to Hurst Castle—Pride's Purge
—Supremacy of the Independents—The Whiggamores—Hugh Peters' Sermon in St. Margaret's,
Westminster—Ordinance for the King's Trial—Trial and Execution of Charles I.

CHAPTER IV.

THE COMMONWEALTH.

Proclamation of the Prince of Wales Forbidden—Decline of the Peerage—Ultimus Regum—
Establishment of a Republican Government—Abolition of the House of Lords and the Monarchy—
Council of State—The Oath Difficulty—The Engagement—Religious Toleration—Trials of Royalists—
Discontent among the People—The Levellers—Activity of John Lilburne—Quelling the Mutiny in
Whalley's Regiment—Lockyer's Funeral—Arrest of Lilburne—Spread of the Disaffection to other
Regiments—Suppression of the Insurrection—Cromwell appointed Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland—Royalist
Movement in Scotland—Charles's Son proclaimed King—The Scottish Deputation at the Hague—
Charles's Court—Assassination of Dr. Dorislaus—Affairs in Ireland—Cromwell's Campaign—Defeat and
Death of Montrose—Cromwell in Scotland—Battle of Dunbar—Movements of Charles—His March into
England—Battle of Worcester—Charles Escapes to France—Vigorous Government—Foreign Difficulties
—Navigation Act—War with Holland—Contest between Parliament and the Army—Expulsion of the
Rump—The Little Parliament—Cromwell made Protector

[vi]

123

165

193

CHAPTER V.

THE COMMONWEALTH (concluded).

Naval Victory over the Dutch—Death of Van Tromp—Quasi-Royal State of the Lord-Protector—
Disaffection against Cromwell—His Vigorous Rule—Charles II. offers a Reward for his Assassination—
Rebellions in Scotland—Cromwell's Dealings with the Portuguese Ambassador—Reform of the Court of
Chancery—Commission for Purgation of the Church—The Reformed Parliament—Exclusion of the Ultras
—Dissolution of Parliament—Danger from Plots—Accident to the Protector—Death of Cromwell's
Mother—Royalist Outbreaks—Cromwell's Major-Generals—Foreign Policy—War with Spain—
Massacre of the Piedmontese—Capture of Jamaica—The Jews Appeal for Toleration—Cromwell's Third
Parliament—Plots against his Life—The Petition and Advice—Cromwell refuses the Royal Title—Blake's
Brilliant Victory at Santa Cruz—Death of Blake—Successes against Spain—Failure of the Reconstructed
Parliament—Punishment of Conspirators—Victory in the Netherlands—Absolutism of Cromwell—His
Anxieties, Illness, and Death—Proclamation of Richard Cromwell—He calls a Parliament—It is Dissolved
—Reappearance of the Rump—Richard Retires—Royalist Risings—Quarrels of the Army and the Rump
—General Monk—He Marches upon London—Demands a Free Parliament—Royalist Reaction—
Declaration of Breda—Joyful Reception of Charles

CHAPTER VI.

THE PROGRESS OF THE NATION UNDER JAMES I., CHARLES I., AND THE COMMONWEALTH.

Manufactures and Commerce—Trade under the Stuarts—English Commerce and Dutch Competition—
The East India Company—Vicissitudes of its Early History—Rival Companies—The American Colonies
and West Indies—Growth of London—National Revenue—Extravagance of the Stuarts—Invention of
the Title of Baronet—Illegal Monopolies—Cost of Government—Money and Coinage—Agriculture and
Gardening—Dramatists of the Period—Shakespeare and his Contemporaries—Poets of the Occult
School—Herbert, Herrick, Quarles—A Wealth of Poetry—Prose-Writers—Bacon's "Novum
Organum"—Milton's Prose Works—Hales, Chillingworth, Jeremy Taylor, Fuller, and other Theological
Writers—Harrington's "Oceana"—Sir Thomas Browne—Historians and Chroniclers—First Newspapers
—Harvey's Discovery of the Circulation of the Blood—Napier's Invention of Logarithms—Music—
Painting, Engraving, and Sculpture—Architecture—Manners and Customs—Sports and Pastimes—
Furniture and Domestic Embellishment—Costumes—Arms and Armour—Condition of the People

CHAPTER VII.

CHARLES II.

Character of Charles II.—The King's First Privy Council—The Convention Parliament—Submission of
the Presbyterian Leaders—The Plight of those who took Part in the late King's Trial—Complaisance of
the Commoners—Charles's Income—The Bill of Sales—The Ministers Bill—Settlement of the Church—
Trial of the Regicides—Their Execution—Marriage of the Duke of York—Mutilation of the Remains of
Cromwell—The Presbyterians Duped—The Revenue—Fifth-Monarchy Riot—Settlements of Ireland and
Scotland—Execution of Argyll—Re-establishment of Episcopacy—The new Parliament violently Royalist
—The King's Marriage—His Brutal Behaviour to the Queen—State of the Court—Trial of Vane and
Lambert—Execution of Vane—Assassination of Regicides—Sale of Dunkirk—The Uniformity Act—
Religious Persecution—Strange Case of the Marquis of Bristol—Repeal of the Triennial Act—The
Conventicle and Five Mile Acts—War with Holland—Appearance of the Plague—Gross Licentiousness
of the Court—Demoralisation of the Navy—Monk's Fight with the Dutch—The Great Fire

CHAPTER VIII.

REIGN OF CHARLES II. (continued).

Demands of Parliament—A Bogus Commission—Crushing the Covenanters in Scotland—The Dutch in
the Thames—Panic in London and at Court—Humiliation of England—Peace is Signed—Fall of
Clarendon—The Cabal—Sir William Temple at the Hague—The Triple Alliance—Scandals at Court—
Profligacy of the King and the Duke of Buckingham—Attempt to Deprive the Duke of York of the
Succession—Persecution of Nonconformists—Trial of Penn and Mead—The Rights of Juries—Secret
Treaty with France—Suspicious Death of Charles's Sister—"Madam Carwell"—Attack on Sir John
Coventry—National Bankruptcy—War with Holland—Battle of Southwold Bay—Declaration of
Indulgence—Fall of the Cabal—Affairs in Scotland and Ireland—Progress of the Continental War—

[vii]

221

267

289

352

Mary Marries William of Orange—Louis Intrigues with the Opposition—Peace of Nimeguen—The
Popish Plot—Impeachment of Danby—Temple's Scheme of Government—The Exclusion Bill—Murder
of Archbishop Sharp—Bothwell Bridge—Anti-Catholic Fury—Charges against James—Execution of
Lord Stafford

CHAPTER IX.

REIGN OF CHARLES II. (concluded).

Charles's Embarrassments—Exclusion Intrigues—Parliament Dissolved—The King again Pensioned by
Louis—New Parliament at Oxford—Violence of the Whigs—Charles Dissolves the Oxford Parliament—
Execution of Archbishop Plunket—Arrest of Shaftesbury—Dismay of the Gang of Perjurers—Oates
turned out of Whitehall—Shaftesbury's Lists—Visit of William of Orange—James in Scotland—Defeat of
the Cameronians—Cargill's Manifesto—The Duke of York's Tyranny—Flight of Argyll—The Torture in
Edinburgh—Arrogance of Monmouth—Contest between the Court and the City—Death of Shaftesbury
—Rye House Plot—Suicide of the Earl of Essex—Trial of Lord William Russell—Extraordinary
Declaration of the University of Oxford—Trial of Algernon Sidney—The Duke of Monmouth Pardoned
—Base Conduct of Monmouth—Trial of Hampden—Trials in Scotland—Absolutism of Charles—
Forfeiture of Charters by the Corporations—Influence of the Duke of York—Opposition of Halifax—
Sickness and Death of the King

CHAPTER X.

REIGN OF JAMES II.

James's Speech to the Council—Rochester supersedes Halifax—Other Changes in the Ministry—James
Collects the Customs without Parliament—French Pension continued—Scottish Parliament—Oates and
Dangerfield—Meeting of Parliament—It grants Revenue for Life—Monmouth and Argyll—Argyll's
Expedition—His Capture and Execution—Monmouth's Expedition—He enters Taunton—Failure of his
Hopes—Battle of Sedgemoor—Execution of Monmouth—Cruelties of Kirke and Jeffreys—The Bloody
Assize—The Case of Lady Alice Lisle—Decline of James's Power—He Breaks the Test Act—
Revocation of the Edict of Nantes—Prorogation of Parliament—Acquittal of Delamere—Alienation of the
Church—Parties at Court—The Dispensing Power Asserted—Livings granted to Catholics—Court of
High Commission Revived—Army on Hounslow Heath—Trial of "Julian" Johnson—James's Lawlessness
in Scotland and Ireland—Declaration of Indulgence—The Party of the Prince of Orange and the Princess
Mary—Expulsion of the Fellows of Magdalen College—New Declaration of Indulgence—Protest of the
Seven Bishops—Birth of the Prince of Wales—Trial and Acquittal of the Bishops—Invitation to William
of Orange—Folly of James—William's Preparations—Blindness of James, and Treachery of his Ministers
—William's Declaration—James convinced, makes Concessions—William lands at Torbay—His
Advance to Exeter—Churchill's Treason—Flight of the Princess Anne and her Husband—James sends
Commissioners to Treat with William—Flight of James—Riots in London—Return of James—His Final
Flight to France—The Convention—The Succession Question—Declaration of Rights—William and
Mary joint Sovereigns

CHAPTER XI.

PROGRESS OF THE NATION FROM THE CIVIL WAR TO THE GREAT REVOLUTION.

Religion: Nonconformist Sects—Imprisonment of Bunyan—Fox and the Society of Friends—The
Punishment of James Naylor—Expulsion of Roger Williams—Other Religious Sects—Literature: Milton
—His Works—Cowley—Butler—Dryden—Minor Poets—Dramatists of the Restoration—Prose
Writers: Milton and Dryden—Hobbes—Clarendon—Baxter—Bunyan—Waiton—Evelyn and Pepys—
Founding of the Royal Society—Physical Science—Discoveries of Napier, Newton and Flamsteed—
Mathematicians and Chemists—Harvey and Worcester—Painting, Sculpture, and Engraving—Coinage—
Music—Furniture—Costume—Manners and Customs—State of London—Sports and Amusements—
Country Life—Travelling—The Clergy—Yeomen—Village Sports—Growth of the Revenue and
Commerce—Growing prosperity of the North of England—The Navigation Act—Norwich and Bristol—
Postal Arrangements—Advantages Derived from the Industries of the Foreign Refugees—The East India
Company—Condition of the People: Wages—The Poor Law—Efforts of Philanthropists

CHAPTER XII.

[viii]

396

448

476

REIGN OF WILLIAM AND MARY.

Accession of William and Mary—Discontent of the Church and the Army—William's First Ministry—His
Dutch Followers—The Convention becomes a Parliament—Oath of Allegiance—Settlement of the
Revenue—Suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act—The Mutiny Bill—Settlement of Religion—The
Coronation—Declaration of War with France—Violence of the Revolution in Scotland—Parties in the
Scottish Parliament—Letter from James—Secession of Dundee—Edinburgh in Arms—Settlement of the
Government—Dundee in the Highlands—Battle of Killiecrankie—Mackay Concludes the War—
Revolution in Ireland—Panic among the Englishry—Londonderry and Enniskillen Garrisoned—
Negotiations of Tyrconnel—His Temporary Success—Landing of James—He Enters Dublin—His
Journey into Ulster—The Siege of Londonderry—It is Saved—Legislation of the Irish Parliament—
Arrival of Schomberg—Factiousness of the English Whigs—State of the English Army in Ireland—
Renewed Violence of the Whigs—The Corporation Act Thrown Out—William Threatens to Leave
England—Dissolution of Parliament—Tory Reaction—Venality of the New Parliament—Settlement of the
Revenue—Whig Propositions—The Act of Grace—Preparations for War—A Jacobite Plot—William
goes to Ireland—Progress of the War under Schomberg—Gradual Improvement of his Position and Ruin
of the Jacobite Army—The Battle of the Boyne—Flight of James—William Enters the Irish Capital—
News from England—Siege of Limerick—Battle of Beachy Head—Landing of the French in Torbay—
Courage of the English People—Settlement of Scotland—Marlborough's Successes in Ireland—
Parliament Grants Liberal Supplies—Preston's Plot Thwarted—William Sets Out for Holland—Vigour of
Louis—Fall of Mons—Trial of Jacobite Conspirators—Treason in High Places—Punishment of the Non-
Jurors—The Continental Campaign—Condition of Ireland—Arrival of St. Ruth—Siege of Athlone—
Battle of Aghrim—Second Siege and Capitulation of Limerick

CHAPTER XIII.

REIGN OF WILLIAM AND MARY.

Proceedings in Parliament—Complaints against Admiral Russell—Treason in the Navy—Legislation
against the Roman Catholics—The East India Company—Treasons Bill—The Poll Tax—Changes in the
Ministry—Marlborough is deprived of his Offices—His Treachery—The Queen's Quarrel with the
Princess Anne—William goes Abroad—Fall of Namur—Battle of Steinkirk—Results of the Campaign—
The Massacre of Glencoe—Proposed Invasion of England—James's Declaration—Russell's Hesitation
overcome by the Queen—Battle of La Hogue—Gallant Conduct of Rooke—Young's Sham Plot—
Founding of Greenwich Hospital—Ill Success of the Fleet—Discontent of the People—Complaints in the
Lords and Commons—The Land Tax—Origin of the National Debt—Liberty of the Press—The
Continental Campaign—Battle of Landen—Loss of the Smyrna Fleet—Attack on the Navy—New
Legislation—Banking Schemes of Chamberlayne and Paterson—The Bank of England Established—
Ministerial Changes—Negotiations for Peace—Marlborough's Treason and the Death of Talmash—
Illness and Death of Queen Mary

CHAPTER XIV.

Reign of WILLIAM III. (continued).

Rising Hopes of the Jacobites—Expulsion of Trevor for Venality—Examination of the Books of the East
India Company—Impeachment of Leeds—The Glencoe Inquiry—The Darien Scheme—Marlborough's
Reconciliation with William—Campaign of 1695—Surrender of Namur—William's Triumphant Return—
General Election and Victory of the Whigs—New Parliament—Re-establishment of the Currency—
Treasons Bill passed—A Double Jacobite Plot—Barclay's Preparations—Failure of Berwick's
Insurrection Scheme—William Avoids the Snare—Warnings and Arrests—Sensation in the House of
Commons—Trial and Execution of the Conspirators—The Association Bill becomes Law—Land Bank
Established—Commercial Crisis—Failure of the Land Bank—The Bank of England supplies William with
Money—Arrest of Sir John Fenwick—His Confession—William ignores it—Good Temper of the
Commons—They take up Fenwick's Confession—His Silence—A Bill of Attainder passes both Houses
—Execution of Fenwick—Ministerial Changes—Louis desires Peace—Opposition of the Allies—French
Successes—Terms of Peace—Treaty of Ryswick—Enthusiasm in England

CHAPTER XV.

REIGN OF WILLIAM III. (concluded).

William Meets his Parliament—Reduction of the Standing Army—Visit of Peter the Great—Schemes of

502

535

574

Louis—The East India Company—Spanish Partition Scheme—Its Inception and Progress—Somers's
Hesitation—The Treaty is Signed—New Parliament—Tory Reaction—Dismissal of the Dutch Guards—
William forms an Intention of Quitting England—Attack on the late Ministry—Jobbery in the Admiralty—
Paterson's Darien Scheme—Douglas's Reasons against It—Enthusiasm of the Scots—Departure of the
First Expedition and its Miserable Failure—The Untimely End of the Second Expedition—Second
Partition Scheme—Double-dealing of the French—New Parliament—Attack on Somers—Report on the
Irish Grants—Resumption Bill passed—William's Unpopularity—Death of the Duke of Gloucester—
Conclusion of the New Partition Treaty and its Results—Charles makes over his Dominions to the French
Candidate—His Death—Disgust of William at Louis's Duplicity—Tory Temper of the House—The
Succession Question—Debates on Foreign Policy—The Succession Act passed—New Negotiations with
France—Attack on the Whig Ministers—Acknowledgment of the Spanish King—Impeachment of the
Whigs—The Kentish Petition—Its Reception by the House—The Legion Memorial—Panic in the House
—Violent Struggle between the two Houses—The Impeachments dropped—William goes Abroad—The
Grand Alliance and its Objects—Beginning of the War—Death of James II.—Louis acknowledges the
Pretender—Reaction in England—New Parliament and Ministry—The King's Speech—British Patriotism
is Roused—Voting of Supplies—The Bills of Attainder and Abjuration—Illness and Death of William—
His Character

CHAPTER XVI.

THE REIGN OF QUEEN ANNE.

Accession of the Queen—Meeting of the Houses of Parliament—Scotland and Ireland—Power of
Marlborough—The Revenue—Tory Colour of the Ministry—The Coronation—Declaration of War—
Marlborough goes to the Seat of War—General Aspect of Affairs—Marlborough's Difficulties—His
Campaign—Operations by Sea—Meeting of Parliament—Supply—Marlborough's Dukedom—The
Occasional Conformity Bill—Dismissal of Rochester—Opening of the Campaign of 1703—Fall of Bonn
—Failure to take Antwerp—Savoy and Portugal join the Allies—Visit of the Archduke Charles to
England—The
Storm—Jacobite
Conspiracy—Ashby versus White—Queen Anne's Bounty—

Marlborough's Great Plans—The States-General hoodwinked—His March—Dismay of the French—
Junction with Eugene—Advance on the Danube—Assault of the Schellenberg—The Prince of Baden's
Conceit—Approach of Tallard—The Eve of Blenheim—The Battle—Conclusion of the Campaign—
Marlborough's Diplomacy—Capture of Gibraltar—Battle of Malaga—Proceedings in Parliament—The
Campaign of 1705—Attempt to recover Gibraltar—Peterborough's Exploits in Spain—Proposal to Invite
the Electress Sophia to England—Consequent Legislation—Battle of Ramillies—Eugene relieves Turin—
Disasters in Spain—Meeting of the Commissioners for the Union—Condition of the Treaty—Opposition
in Scotland—Riots in Edinburgh—Conduct of the Opposition—The Measure carried by Bribery—Its
Discussion in the English Parliament—The Royal Assent given

CHAPTER XVII.

THE REIGN OF QUEEN ANNE (continued).

Negotiations for Peace—The Ministry becomes Whig—Harley—Marlborough and Charles of Sweden—
The Allies in Spain—Battle of Almanza—The French Triumphant in Spain—Attack on Toulon—
Destruction of Shovel's Fleet—Jacobitism in Scotland—First Parliament of Great Britain—Abigail Hill—
The Gregg Affair—Retirement of Harley and St. John from the Ministry—Attempted Invasion of Scotland
—Campaign of 1708—Battle of Oudenarde—Capture of Lille—Leake takes Sardinia and Minorca—
Death of Prince George of Denmark—The Junto—Terrible Plight of France—Marlborough's Plans for
1709—Louis Negotiates with Holland—Torcy's Terms—Ultimatum of the Allies—Rejection of the Terms
—Patriotism of the French Nation—Fall of Tournay—Battle of Malplaquet—Meeting of Parliament—Dr.
Sacheverell's Sermons—His Impeachment resolved upon—Attitude of the Court—The Trial and
Sacheverell's Defence—The Riots—Dispersal of the Rabble—The Sentence—Bias of the Queen—The
Tories in Power—Renewed Overtures for Peace—Their Failure—The Campaigns in the Netherlands and
in Spain—Brihuega and its Consequence—Marlborough's Reign at an End—Unpopularity of
Marlborough—Dismissal of the Duchess—Triumph of the Tories—Guiscard's Attack on Harley—
Popularity of Harley—Marlborough's Last Campaign—Failure of the Attack on Quebec—The Ministry
determine to make Peace—Overtures to the Pretender—He refuses to Change his Religion—Gualtier's
Mission to Versailles—Indignation of the Dutch—The Basis of Negotiations—Signing of the Preliminaries
—Excitement Abroad and at Home—Prorogation of Parliament—Strengthening of the Ministry—
Debates in the two Houses—The Whigs adopt the Occasional Conformity Bill—Creation of Peers—
Dismissal of Marlborough from his Employments—Walpole expelled the House

[ix]

[x]

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE

Christ Church, Oxford, from St. Aldate's (looking West)
1

The Clock Tower, Dublin Castle
5

Charles demanding the Surrender of the Five Members
9

Lord Falkland
13

St. Mary's Church, Nottingham
17

Hampden mortally Wounded at Chalgrove
21

Archbishop Laud's Library, East Quadrangle, John's College,

Oxford
25

Prince Rupert
28

Siege-piece of Charles I.—Newark (Half-crown)
29

Siege-piece of Charles I.—Pontefract (Shilling)
29

Siege-piece of Charles I.—Beeston (Two Shillings)
29

Siege-piece of Charles I.—Colchester (Ten Shillings, Gold)
29

St. Margaret's, Westminster
33

Interview between Charles and the Earl of Denbigh
36

Roundhead Soldiers
37

Charles at the Battle of Naseby
41

Cavalier Soldiers
45

Raglan Castle
49

Flight of Charles from Oxford
53

Queen Henrietta's Drawing-room and Bedroom, Merton

College, Oxford
57

Lord Fairfax
61

Cornet Joyce's Interview with Charles
64

Fairfax House, Putney
65

Lord Clarendon
69

Carisbrooke Castle, Isle of Wight
73

Rising of the London Apprentices on behalf of Charles
76

Execution of Sir Charles Lucas and Sir George Lisle
77

Arrival of Charles under Guard at Hurst Castle
81

Trial of Charles
85

Charles's Farewell Interview with the Duke of Gloucester

and the Princess Elizabeth
89

Oliver Cromwell
93

Assassination of Dr. Dorislaus
97

Great Seal of the Commonwealth
101

Dunbar
105

Cromwell on his way to London after the Battle of Worcester
108

Henry Ireton
109

Royal Museum and Picture Gallery, The Hague
113

Cromwell addressing the Long Parliament for the Last Time
117

Token of the Commonwealth (Copper)
121

Broad of the Commonwealth (Gold)
121

[x]

Crown of the Commonwealth (Silver)
121

The Great Hall, Hampton Court Palace
125

John Milton
129

The Royalist Plotters at Salisbury insulting the Sheriff
132

The Painted Chamber, Westminster
133

Admiral Blake
137

Cromwell refusing the Crown
141

Arrest of Conspirators at the "Mermaid"
145

John Thurloe
149

The Manor House, Wimbledon (1660)
153

Richard Cromwell
156

Reception of Monk in the City of London
157

Interior of the Painted Chamber, Westminster (looking East)
161

Landing of Charles II. at Dover
164

Cecil, Second Lord Baltimore
169

Cheapside and the Cross in 1660
172

The "Globe" Theatre, Southwark (with the "Rose"

Theatre in the Distance), in 1613
173

Hawthornden in 1773
177

Scene at the Funeral of Chillingworth
181

William Harvey
184

Reduced Facsimile of Front Page of No. 26 of "A Perfect Diurnall" 185
Shopkeeper and Apprentice in the Time of Charles I.
189

Great Seal of Charles II.
193

Charles II.
197

Arrest of Argyll
200

Shilling of Charles II.
205

Halfpenny (with Figure of Britannia) of Charles II.
205

Crown of Charles II.
205

Five-Guinea Piece of Charles II.
205

Sir Harry Vane taking Leave of his Wife and Friends
209

The Great Plague: Scene in the Streets of London
213

Thumbscrew
214

The Great Plague: The Maniac pronouncing the Doom of London
217

Pie Corner, Smithfield, where the Great Fire reached its Limits
220

George Monk, Duke of Albemarle
221

Tilbury Fort
225

Samuel Pepys
229

The Assault on Sir John Coventry
232

Anthony Ashley Cooper, First Earl of Shaftesbury
237

View in the Hague: The Gevangenpoort in which Cornelius

and John De Witt were imprisoned (1672)
241

Sir William Temple
245

Titus Oates before the Privy Council
249

Thomas Osborne, first Duke of Leeds
253

Hôtel de Ville, Paris, in the Eighteenth Century
257

Assassination of Archbishop Sharp
260

The Duke of Monmouth
265

Arrival of Charles at Oxford
268

Escape of Argyll
273

The Rye House
277

Trial of Lord William Russell
281

The Bass Rock
284

Great Seal of James II.
289

James II.
293

The Last Sleep of Argyll
297

The Cross, Bridgewater, where Monmouth was proclaimed King
300

Monmouth's Interview with the King
304

Judge Jeffreys
309

Fourpenny Piece of James II.
311

Five-Guinea Piece of James II.
311

Windsor Castle, from the Brocas
313

Parliament Hall, Edinburgh
317

John Dryden
321

James doing Homage to the Papal Nuncio
324

The Seven Bishops entering the Tower
329

View in the Hague: The Hall of the Knights in the Binnenhof
333

William of Orange embarking to join the "Brill"
337

William of Orange entering Exeter
341

James hearing of the Landing of William of Orange
345

Roger Williams leaving his Home in Massachusetts
353

Milton dictating "Paradise Lost" to his Daughters
357

Samuel Butler
361

John Bunyan
364

Gresham College, where the Royal Society was first Housed
365

Sir Isaac Newton
369

Evelyn "Discovering" Grinling Gibbons
372

Costumes of the Time of Charles II.
377

Chelsea Hospital
380

May-Day Revels in the Time of Charles II.
384

Ships of the Time of Charles II.
385

The Old East India House in 1630
389

Great Seal of William and Mary
396

Kensington Palace
397

William III.
400

Mary II.
401

Covenanters evicting an Episcopalian Clergyman
405

Battle of Killiecrankie: The Last Charge of Dundee
409

The Mountjoy and Phœnix breaking the Boom at Londonderry
416

Landing of Marshal Schomberg at Carrickfergus
417

Five-Guinea Piece of William and Mary
420

Crown of William and Mary
420

[xi]

Fourpenny Piece of William and Mary
420

Halfpenny of William and Mary
420

Henry VII.'s Chapel, Westminster Abbey
424

William Penn
425

James entering Dublin after the Battle of the Boyne
429

The French retreating from Torbay
433

Edinburgh Castle in 1725
436

The Duke of Marlborough
441

The Assault of Athlone
444

Scene at the Removal of the Irish Soldiers from Limerick
445

George Saville, Marquis of Halifax
449

Lady Marlborough and the Princess Anne at the Queen's

Drawing-Room
453

Glencoe: Scene of the Massacre
457

Greenwich Hospital
464

Burning of Blount's Pamphlet by the Common Hangman
465

Louis XIV.
469

Costumes of the Time of William and Mary
473

William Paterson
477

Five-Guinea Piece of William
480

Half-Crown of William
480

Surrender of Boufflers
481

Conspirators landing at Romney Marsh
485

Bishop Burnet
489

Old Mercers' Hall, where the Bank of England was first

Established
492

Lady Fenwick interceding for her Husband
493

Lord Somers
497

William's triumphant Procession to Whitehall
500

View in the Hague: Old Gate in the Binnenhof, with the

Arms of the County of Holland
505

Charles Montague, Earl of Halifax
509

Scene at the Departure from Leith of the Darien Expedition
513

The Royal Palace of Whitehall, from the Thames, in the beginning

of the 17th Century
520

Captain Kidd before the Bar of the House of Commons
525

The Pretender proclaimed King of England by Order of

Louis XIV.
529

View in the Hague: Chamber of the States-General in

the Binnenhof
533

Bishop Burnet announcing her Accession to Anne
537

Lord Godolphin
541

View in Lisbon: The Práça de Dom Pedro
545

The King of Spain at Windsor: His Gallantry to the

Duchess of Marlborough
549

Prince Eugene of Savoy
553

Frontispiece
To face p. 50

" 71
" 102
" 145
" 209
" 210
" 225

" 233

" 302

" 402
" 430
" 433
" 471
" 503

" 289

" 545

The Battle of Blenheim
557

Queen Anne
561

Great Seal of Queen Anne
568

The People of Edinburgh Escorting the Duke of Hamilton

to Holyrood Palace
569

Costumes of the Reign of Queen Anne
572

Wreck of Sir Cloudesley Shovel's Fleet
577

Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough
581

London Coffee House in the Reign of Queen Anne
585

Five-Guinea Piece of Queen Anne
588

Farthing of Queen Anne
588

Two-Guinea Piece of Queen Anne
588

Robert Harley, Earl of Oxford
589

Drinking to the Health of Dr. Sacheverell
592

Making Friends with Mrs. Masham
593

The Duke of Marlborough's Interview with Queen Anne
597

The Fracas in the Privy Council
601

Marlborough House in the Time of Queen Anne
604

Henry St. John (afterwards Viscount Bolingbroke)
605

LIST OF PLATES

Charles I. on his Way to Execution, 1649. (By Ernest Crofts, R.A.)
Map of England during the Civil War, 1642-1649.
The Children of Charles I. (By Miss Margaret I. Dicksee)
Death of the Princess Elizabeth, Carisbrooke Castle, Sept. 8th, 1650. (By C. W. Cope, R.A.)
Cromwell Refusing the Crown. (By J. Schex)
Rescued from the Plague, London, 1665. (By F. W. W. Topham, R.I.)
Charles II. and Nell Gwynn. (By E. M. Ward, R.A.)
The Great Fire of London, 1666. (By Stanhope A. Forbes, A.R.A.)
The Disgrace of Lord Clarendon after his Last Interview with the King in Whitehall Palace, 1667. (By E.
M. Ward, R.A.)
The Ante-Chamber of Whitehall during the Last Moments of Charles II., 1685. (By E. M. Ward, R.A.)
"After Sedgemoor." (By W. Rainey, R.I.)
Covenanters Preaching. (By Sir George Harvey, R.S.A.)
William III. at the Battle of the Boyne. (By Jan Wyck)
A Lost Cause: Flight of James II. after the Battle of the Boyne, 1690. (By Andrew C. Gow, R.A.)
The Founding of the Bank of England, 1694. (By George Harcourt)
Peter the Great at Deptford Dockyard. (By Daniel Maclise, R.A.)
H.R.H. Princess Anne of Denmark, afterwards Queen of England. (By W. Wissing and J. Vandervaart)

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[xiii]

By permission of Messrs. S. Hildesheimer & Co., Ld.

CHARLES I. ON HIS WAY TO EXECUTION, 1649.

From the Picture by ERNEST CROFTS, R.A.

[See larger version]

CHRIST CHURCH, OXFORD, FROM ST. ALDATE'S (LOOKING WEST.)

[See larger version]

CASSELL'S

Illustrated History of England.

CHAPTER I.

THE GREAT REBELLION.

Condition of Ireland—Roger Moore's Pilgrimage—Negotiations of the Anglo-Irish with Charles—Hugh
M'Mahon betrays the Plot—Rising of the Native Irish—Massacre of Protestants—Measures taken by the
English Parliament—Return of Charles to London—The Grand Remonstrance—The King's Answer—His
Lieutenant of the Tower—Riots in London—Blunder of the Bishops—Attempted Arrest of the Five
Members—Charles leaves London—The Queen goes to Holland—Charles at York—His Repulse from

[1]

Hull—Preparations for War—The Royal Standard Raised—Prince Rupert's Headstrong Folly—Battle of
Edge Hill—Charles marches on London—He returns to Oxford—Cromwell in the East—The Queen in
Yorkshire—Death of Hampden—Parliamentary Disasters—Battle of Newbury—Death of Lord Falkland
—Negotiations with the Scots and Irish—Death of Pym—Royal Parliament at Oxford—Battle of
Marston Moor—Disastrous Failure of Essex in Cornwall—Second Battle of Newbury—The Self-denying
Ordinance—The New-modelled Army.

The causes which drove the Irish to rebellion were for the most part of long standing. Their religion had been ruthlessly
persecuted; their property had been confiscated by whole provinces at a time; their ancient chiefs had been driven from
their lands, and many of them exterminated. Elizabeth, James, and Charles, had proffered them new titles on condition
of making large sacrifices, but had never kept their word, and at this moment, the graces promised by Charles to
tolerate their religion and confirm the titles of their estates, were unfulfilled. The example of the Scots had aroused them
to the hope of achieving a like triumph. Their great enemy the Earl of Strafford had fallen, but, on the other hand, they
were menaced by Parliament with a still more fierce persecution, and even an avowed extermination of their religion.
They believed that the Scottish Presbyterians would join with avidity in the attempt to subdue them, and come in for a
share of the plunder of their estates; and they now seized on the idea of rising and reclaiming their ancient power and
property. True, they were not one united people like the Scots: there were the ancient Irish, and the Anglo-Irish of the
pale, that is, English settled in Ireland holding the estates of the expelled native chiefs, but keeping themselves aloof from
the Irish. Yet many of the pale were Catholics, and the Catholic religion was the unanimous object of attachment on the
part of the natives. The Parliament and the Scottish settlers in the north were banded against this religion, and this
produced a counter-bond between the Catholic natives and the Catholics of the pale. From the British Parliament
neither of these parties had anything to hope for on the score of religion; but the king was in need of aid against this
Parliament, and it occurred to them that they might make common cause with him.
Roger Moore, a gentleman of Kildare, entered into this scheme with all the impetuosity of his nation. He saw the lands
of his ancestors for the most part in the hands of English and Scottish settlers, and he made a pilgrimage into almost
every quarter of Ireland to incite his countrymen to grasp this opportunity, when the king and Parliament of England
were engrossed by their disputes, to recover their rights. Everywhere he was listened to with enthusiasm, and the
natives held themselves ready to rise, and take a terrible vengeance on the usurpers of their lands at the first signal. The
great chiefs of Ulster, Cornelius Maguire, Baron of Enniskillen, and Sir Phelim O'Neil, who had become the chieftain of
the sept of Tyrone after the death of the son of the late persecuted Tyrone, fell into his views with all their followers. The
Catholic members of the pale were more disposed to negotiate with Charles than to rush into insurrection against his
authority. They knew that it was greatly to his interest at this moment to conciliate his Irish subjects, and they
despatched to him a deputation previous to his journey to Scotland, demanding the ratification of those graces for which
he had received the purchase money thirteen years before, and offering in return their warmest support to his authority
in Ireland. Charles received them very graciously, promised them the full satisfaction of all their demands, and by Lord
Gormanstown, who headed the deputation, and on whom he lavished the most marked attentions, he sent word to the
Earls of Ormond and Antrim to secure in his interest the eight thousand troops which had been raised by Strafford, to
keep them in efficient discipline, to augment rather than decrease their number, and to surprise the castle of Dublin,
where they would find twelve thousand stand of arms.
But the English Parliament were by no means unaware of the danger from the army in Ireland, which consisted almost
entirely of Catholics. They insisted on its being disbanded, as promised by the king on the Scottish pacification. He was
not able to prevent this, and signed the order; but at the same time sent secret instructions by Gormanstown to Ormond
and Antrim, to frustrate this by enlisting the whole body as volunteers to serve the King of Spain in Flanders.
At this juncture Sir William Parsons and Sir John Borlase were at the head of the English Government in Ireland; they
were in the interest of the Parliament, and were detested by almost all classes of Irish. Sir John Clotworthy, in the
House of Commons, had openly declared that "the conversion of the Papists in Ireland was only to be effected by the
Bible in one hand, and the sword in the other." Pym was reported to have said that they would not leave a priest in
Ireland; and at a public entertainment Parsons had echoed those sentiments by declaring that "in a twelvemonth not a
Catholic would be left in that country." The Irish were, therefore, delighted with their success with the king, and
Gormanstown and his associates hastened home again, with two Bills signed by the king, granting the possession of
lands which had been held sixty years, and setting aside all the sequestrations made by Strafford. But Parsons and
Borlase, aware that the passing of these Bills would attach Ireland to the interests of the king, defeated the object by
proroguing Parliament a few days before the arrival of the deputies.
It was now resolved by Ormond and Antrim to defer any movement till the reassembling of the Irish Parliament in
November, when they could at the same moment secure Dublin castle and the persons of Parsons and Borlase, and
issue in the name of the two Houses his Majesty's concession to the people of Ireland. But the native Irish, stimulated
by the addresses of Moore, could not wait so long. They determined to rise, without waiting for the combined force, on
the 23rd of October. Two hundred and twenty men were to surprise the castle, but at the time appointed only eighty
appeared. They concluded to wait till the next day for the arrival of the rest, but that night one Hugh M'Mahon, in a
drunken fit, betrayed the secret to Owen O'Connelly, a servant of Sir John Clotworthy, and a Protestant. He instantly
carried the news to Sir William Parsons; the city gates were closed, and a quick search was made for the conspirators.
All but M'Mahon and Lord Maguire escaped, but the castle was saved.
Ignorant of the failure of the plot, the people of Ulster rose on the appointed day. Charlemont and Dungannon were

[2]

[3]

surprised by Sir Phelim O'Neil, Mountjoy by O'Quin, Tanderagee by O'Hanlan, and Newry by Macginnis. In little
more than a week all the open country in Tyrone, Monaghan, Longford, Leitrim, Fermanagh, Cavan, Donegal, Derry,
and part of Down, were in their hands. The other colonies in which there were English or Scottish plantations followed
their example, and the greater part of Ireland was in a dreadful state of anarchy and terror. The Protestant people on
the plantations fell beneath the butchering revenge of the insurgents, or fled wildly into the fortified towns. The horrors of
the Irish massacre of 1641 have assumed a fearful place in history; the cruelties, expulsions, and oppressions of long
years were repaid by the most infuriated cruelty. Men, women, and children, fell indiscriminately in the onslaught, and
they who escaped, says Clarendon, "were robbed of all they had, to their very shirts, and so turned naked to endure the
sharpness of the season, and by that means, and for want of relief, many thousands of them perished by hunger and
cold."
Great care has been taken by Catholic writers to contradict these accounts, and to represent the atrocities committed as
of no extraordinary extent. They remind us that no accounts of these barbarous slaughters were transmitted in the
reports to the English Parliament, which would have been only too glad to spread, and even exaggerate bloody deeds
of the Catholics. They reduce the number of people slain during the whole insurrection to about ten thousand, instead of
the grossly exaggerated statements of Milton in his "Iconoclastes," that there were one hundred and fifty-four thousand
in Ulster alone, or of Sir John Temple, that three hundred thousand were slain or expelled altogether. But nothing less
than a most frightful massacre could have left the awful impression which still lives in tradition, and the calculations of
moderate historians do not make the number massacred less than from fifteen thousand to twenty thousand. The Earl of
Castlehaven, a Catholic, says that all the water in the sea could not wash from the Irish the taint of that rebellion. Whilst
remembering the vengeance, however, we must never forget the long and maddening incentives to it. Much blame was
attached to the Deputy-Governors, Borlase and Parsons, who, shut up in security in Dublin, took no measures for
suppressing the insurgents. They were charged with purposely allowing the rebellion to spread, in order that there might
be more confiscations, in which they would find their own benefit; but it must not be forgotten that they had few soldiers
on whom they could rely, for these were nearly all Catholics; nor did the insurgents escape without severe chastisement
in many places, for wherever there was a trusty garrison, the soldiers easily repelled the disorderly mob of plunderers;
and Sir Phelim O'Neil suffered during the month of November severe losses.
Before Charles reached England, O'Connelly, the discoverer of the plot, arrived in London, with letters from the lords
justices, and was called before the House of Lords to relate all that he knew. They immediately invited the House of
Commons to a conference on the state of Ireland, and on the better providing for the security of England. They
presented O'Connelly with five hundred pounds in money, and settled on him an annuity of two hundred pounds a year.
It was resolved to look well after the Catholics in England, and to put the ports into a state of defence. The Commons
voted that two hundred thousand pounds should be set apart for the requirements of Ireland; that six thousand foot and
two thousand horse should be raised for service there; and that the fleet should carefully guard its coast. The Earl of
Leicester, the Lord-Lieutenant, was desired to furnish a list of the most suitable officers for the service, and arms and
ammunition were prepared in haste, to be despatched to Dublin. A pardon was offered to all rebels who laid down their
arms by a certain day, at the same time that a reward was set on the heads of the leaders. But the Commons did not
stop there; they passed a resolution never to tolerate the Catholic worship either in Ireland or in any part of his
Majesty's dominions. Commissioners were appointed to disarm the recusants in every part of the kingdom; pursuivants
were sent out in every direction to seize priests and Jesuits; orders were given for the trial of all such persons; and the
king was advised not to pardon or reprieve them. The queen's chapel was closed, her priests were dismissed, her
confessor was sent to the Tower, and no less than seventy Catholic lords and gentlemen were denounced by the
Commons to the Lords, as persons who ought to be secured to prevent them from doing injury to the State.
Such was the condition of things when Charles arrived in London. He was well received by the Lord Mayor and
aldermen of the city, and in return gave them an entertainment at Hampton Court; but he was greatly chagrined at the
proceedings of the Commons, telling them that they were converting the war in Ireland, which was a civil war, into a
war of religion. He took umbrage also at Parliament sitting with a guard round their House. The Earl of Essex, on the
king's arrival, surrendered his command of the forces south of the Trent to the king, and announced to the Lords that
having resigned his commission, he could no longer furnish the guard. A message was sent from the Houses, requesting
the king to restore them the guard, but he refused, saying he saw no occasion for it; but the Commons let him know that
many dangerous persons, Irish and others, were lurking about, and that the "Incident" in Scotland, and the late attempt
to surprise the castle in Dublin, warned them of their danger; and that not only must they have a guard, but they must
nominate the commander of it themselves.
Whilst Charles was pondering on the answer which he should return to this unwelcome message, Sir Ralph Hopton
appeared at Hampton Court with another address from the Commons yet more ominous. This bore the alarming title of
a "Remonstrance on the state of the kingdom." It had been drawn up and passed by the Commons before the king
came back from Scotland, that is, on the 22nd of November; and it was resolved to present it to him on his return. It
was the act of the Commons alone, and had not been carried even there without a violent debate, which lasted till two
o'clock in the morning, the House having sat that day eighteen hours. The heat to which the proposal gave rise was
such, that Sir Philip Warwick says, "We had sheathed our swords in each others' bowels, had not the sagacity and
calmness of Mr. Hampden, by a soft speech, prevented it." Cromwell is reported by Clarendon to have said to Lord
Falkland as they came out, that had it not been carried, he would have sold all and gone to America. "So near," adds
the Royalist historian, "was the poor kingdom at that time to its deliverance."
And yet this famous Remonstrance was only carried by a majority of nine, according to Clarendon; according to others,

[4]

by eleven. It was, as Clarendon describes it, "a very bitter representation of all the illegal things that had been done from
the first hour of the king's coming to the crown, to that minute." It consisted of two hundred and six clauses, and dealt
among other matters with the war against the French Protestants; the innovations in the Church; the illegal imposition of
ship-money; forced loans; the cruelties of the Star Chamber and High Commission; the forcing of episcopacy on
Scotland; the forcing of it on the Irish by Strafford, and all the other illegal proceedings there; the opposition of the king
and his ministers to necessary reforms; and the plotting of the queen with the Papists at home and abroad. It went on to
remind the king of what they had done in pulling down his evil counsellors, and informed him that other good things
were in preparation.

THE CLOCK TOWER, DUBLIN CASTLE.

[See larger version]

The king the next day delivered his answer in the House of Lords, protesting, as usual, his good intentions, telling the
Commons, before he removed evil counsellors, they must point out who they were and bring real facts against them; at
the same time he significantly reminded them that he had left Scotland in perfect amity with him, so that they might infer
that they were not to look for support against him there, and calling on them to stir themselves in aiding him to put down
the rebellion in Ireland. Matters continued getting worse every day between the king and Parliament. From the 8th to
the 20th of December there was a sullen humour between them. So far from granting the Parliament the usual guard,
Charles had posted a guard of his own near the Commons. They summoned the commander of the guard before them,
pronounced its being placed there a breach of their privileges, and demanded that it should be removed. On the 14th of
December Charles objected to their ordering the impressment of soldiers from Ireland, that being his prerogative, but
that he would permit it for the time on the understanding that his right was not thereby affected. The next day the
Commons passed an order for the printing and publishing of their Remonstrance, which measure they had failed to carry
at the same time as the Remonstrance itself. This had a great effect with the public, and the king, in a restless, angry
humour, prevailing in nothing against the House, sought to strengthen himself by getting into the Tower a lieutenant of his
own party. But in this movement he was equally injudicious and equally unfortunate. Charles dismissed Sir William
Balfour, who had honestly resisted his warrant and refused a bribe of Strafford to permit his escape; but to have
deprived the Commons of any plea for interfering in what was unquestionably his own prerogative, he should have
replaced him by a man of character. Instead of that, he gave the post to Colonel Lunsford, a man of desperate fortunes
and the most unprincipled reputation; outlawed for his violent attacks on different individuals, and known to be capable
of executing the most lawless designs. The City immediately petitioned the Commons against the Tower being in the
hands of such a man; the Commons called for a conference with the Lords on the subject, but the Lords refused to
meddle in what so clearly was the royal prerogative. The Commons then called on them to enter the protest they had
made on their books; but the Lords took time to consider it. On Thursday, December 23rd, a petition was addr...