Cassells Illustrated History of England by AUTHOR

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Title: Cassell's History of England, Vol IV (of 8)
From the Fall of Marlborough to the Peninsular War

Author: Anonymous

Release Date: July 25, 2017 [EBook #55186]

Language: English

Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1

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CASSELL'S

HISTORY OF ENGLAND

FROM THE FALL OF MARLBOROUGH

TO THE PENINSULAR WAR

WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS,

INCLUDING COLOURED

AND REMBRANDT PLATES

VOL IV

THE KING'S EDITION

CASSELL AND COMPANY, LIMITED

LONDON, NEW YORK, TORONTO AND MELBOURNE

MCMIX

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

CONTENTS

PAGE

1

24

CHAPTER I.

THE REIGN OF QUEEN ANNE (concluded).

Meeting of Parliament—Eugene's Visit to England—Ministerial Attacks on the Dutch—Meeting of the
Negotiators at Utrecht—The Question of the Spanish Throne—Sham Fighting against the French—
Debates on the Peace in Parliament—Withdrawal of the English Troops—Consequent Triumph of the
French—Bolingbroke's Visit to Paris—Break-up of the Grand Alliance—More Negotiations with the
Pretender—Death of Godolphin—Marlborough retires to the Continent—Signature of the Peace—The
Treaty of Commerce—Its Rejection by the Commons—The Whereabouts of the Pretender—Dissolution
of Parliament—The General Election—Intrigues with St. Germains—Bolingbroke's Activity—His Friends
in Office—The Empire and Spain make Peace—The Pretender declines Overtures to Change his Religion
—Illness of the Queen—Tax on Newspapers—Attack upon the "Public Spirit of the Whigs"—Steele
expelled the House—Proposals against the Pretender and for bringing over the Electoral Prince—
Counter-scheme for bringing over the Pretender—Obstacles to the Scheme—The Queen's Letter to the
Elector—Death of the Electress Sophia—The Schism Bill—Its Progress through the Houses—Reward
for the Apprehension of the Pretender—Fall of Oxford—Bolingbroke's Jacobite Cabinet—Illness of the
Queen—The Whig Coup d'État—Ruin and Desperation of the Jacobites—Death of Anne—
Proclamation of George I.

CHAPTER II.

THE REIGN OF GEORGE I.

Peaceful Accession of George I.—His Arrival—Triumph of the Whigs—Dissolution and General Election
—The Address—Determination to impeach the late Ministers—Flight of Bolingbroke and Ormonde—
Impeachment of Oxford—The Riot Act—The Rebellion of 1715—Policy of the Regent Orleans—
Surrender of the Pretender's Ships—The Adventures of Ormonde and Mar—The Highlands declare for
the Pretender—Mar and Argyll—Advance of Mackintosh's Detachment—Its Surrender at Preston—
Battle of Sheriffmuir—Arrival of the Pretender—Mutual Disappointment—Advance of Argyll—Flight of
the Pretender to France—Punishment of the Rebels—Impeachment of the Rebel Lords—The Septennial
Act—The King goes to Hanover—Impossibility of Reconstructing the Grand Alliance—Negotiations with
France—Danger of Hanover from Charles XII.—And from Russia—Alarm from Townshend—
Termination of the Dispute—Fresh Differences between Stanhope and Townshend—Dismissal of the
Latter—The Triple Alliance—Project for the Invasion of Scotland—Detection of the Plot—Dismissal of
Townshend and Walpole—They go into Opposition—Walpole's Financial Scheme—Attack on Cadogan
—Trial of Oxford—Cardinal Alberoni—Outbreak of Hostilities between Austria and Spain—Occupation
of Sardinia—Alberoni's Diplomacy—The Quadruple Alliance—Byng in the Mediterranean—Alberoni
deserted by Savoy—Death of Charles XII.—Declaration of War with Spain—Repeal of the Schism Act
—Rejection of the Peerage Bill—Attempted Invasion of Britain—Dismissal of Alberoni—Spain makes
Peace—Pacification of Northern Europe—Final Rejection of the Peerage Bill—The South Sea Company
—The South Sea Bill—Opposition of Walpole—Rise of South Sea Stock—Rival Companies—Death of
Stanhope—Punishment of Ministry and Directors—Supremacy of Walpole—Atterbury's Plot—His
Banishment and the Return of Bolingbroke—Rejection of Bolingbroke's Services—A Palace Intrigue—
Fall of Carteret—Wood's Halfpence—Disturbances in Scotland—Punishment of the Lord Chancellor
Macclesfield—The Patriot Party—Complications Abroad—Treaty of Vienna—Treaty of Hanover—
Activity of the Jacobites—Falls of Ripperda and of Bourbon—English Preparations—Folly of the
Emperor—Attack on Gibraltar—Preliminaries of Peace—Intrigues against Walpole—Death of George I.

CHAPTER III.

THE REIGN OF GEORGE II.

Accession of George II.—Characters of the King and Queen—Adroit Tactics of Walpole—Rise and Fall
of Compton—Attitude of the Opposition—Congress of Soissons—Causes of Dispute with Spain—
Stanhope's successful Negotiations with King Philip—Retirement of Townshend—Walpole Supreme—
Peace Abroad and at Home—Walpole's System of Wholesale Bribery and Corruption—The Public
Prisons—Duel between Pulteney and Lord Hervey—The Excise Scheme—Great Outcry—Withdrawal of
the Bill—Walpole's Vengeance—Attack on the Septennial Act—Wyndham's Speech—Depression of the
Opposition—Definitive Peace of Vienna—Gin Act—The Porteous Riots—The Prince of Wales and the
Opposition—Application for an Increase of his Allowance—Birth of George III.—Death of Queen
Caroline—Attempt to Reduce the Army—Disputes with Spain—"Jenkins' Ear"—Walpole's Negotiations
—Secession of the Opposition—Further Difficulties with Spain—Declaration of War—Privateers and
Reprisals—Vernon's Victory—Frederick invades Silesia—Assistance of England—Parliament meets—

57

79

111

Sandys' Motion—Walpole's Defence—Disasters of Maria Theresa—She throws herself on the Magyars
—Misfortunes of the English Fleets—Vernon repulsed from Carthagena—Power slips from the Hands of
Walpole—His last Battles—The Chippenham Election Petition—His Fall

CHAPTER IV.

REIGN OF GEORGE II. (continued).

Effects of Walpole's Administration—Formation of the new Ministry—Attitude of the Malcontents—
Committee of Inquiry into Walpole's Administration—Walpole's Protectors—Ministerial Measures—
Prorogation of Parliament—Disasters of the French—British Diversion in the Netherlands—Opening of
Parliament—The German Mercenaries—Amendment of the Gin Act—George goes to Germany—Stair
and De Noailles in Franconia—Stair in a Trap—Bold Resolution of King George—The Battle of
Dettingen—Resignation of Stair—Retreat of the French—Negotiations for Peace—Treaty of Worms—
Pelham becomes Prime Minister—The Attacks of Pitt on Carteret—Attempted Invasion of England—Its
Failure—Progress of the French Arms—Frederick II. invades Bohemia—His Retirement—Resignation of
Carteret—Pelham strengthens his Ministry—Death of the Emperor—Campaign in Flanders—Battle of
Fontenoy—Campaign of Frederick II.—The Young Pretender's Preparations—Loss of the Elizabeth—
Landing in the Hebrides—The Highland Clans join him—The first Brush—Raising of the Standard—
Cope's Mistake—He turns aside at Dalwhinnie—Charles makes a Dash for Edinburgh—The March to
Stirling—Flight of the Dragoons—The "Canter of Coltbridge"—Edinburgh surprised by the Highlanders—
Charles marching against Cope—Battle of Prestonpans—Delay in marching South—Discontent of the
Highland Chiefs—The Start—Preparations in England—Apathy of the Aristocracy—Arrival of the Duke
of Cumberland—Charles crosses the Border—Capture of Carlisle—The March to Derby—Resolution to
retreat—"Black Friday"—The Retreat—Recapture of Carlisle—Siege of Stirling—Battle of Falkirk—
Retreat to the Highlands—Cumberland's Pursuit—Gradual Collapse of the Highlanders—Battle of
Culloden—Termination of the Rebellion—Cruelty of the Duke of Cumberland—Adventures of the Young
Pretender—Trials and Executions—Ministerial Crisis

CHAPTER V.

REIGN OF GEORGE II. (concluded).

Progress of the War on the Continent—Lethargic Condition of Politics—Battle of Laufeldt—Capture of
Bergen-op-Zoom—Disasters of the French on the Sea and in Italy—Negotiations for Peace—Congress
of Aix-la-Chapelle—Conditions of Peace—Peace at Home—Commercial Treaty with Spain—Death of
the Prince of Wales—Popular feeling against the Bill for Naturalising the Jews—Lord Hardwicke's
Marriage Act—Foundation of the British Museum—Death of Pelham—Newcastle's Difficulties—Failure
of Robinson—Approaching Danger from America—A State of Undeclared War—The Battles of
Boscawen and Braddock—George's Anxiety for Hanover—Subsidiary Treaties against Prussia—Pitt's
Opposition—Debate in the House of Commons—Danger of England—French Expedition against
Minorca—The Failure of Byng—Newcastle resigns—Attempts to form a Ministry—Devonshire succeeds
—Weakness of the Ministry—Coalition against Prussia—Alliance with England—Commencement of the
Seven Years' War—Frederick conquers Saxony—Gloominess of Affairs—Court-Martial on Byng, and
his Death—Dismissal of Pitt—The Pitt and Newcastle Coalition—Failure of the Attack on Rochefort and
of that on Louisburg—Convention of Closter-Seven—Frederick's Campaign; Kolin, Rossbach, and Lissa
—Successes elsewhere—Wolfe and Clive—Battle of Plassey—Capture of Louisburg—Ticonderoga and
Fort Duquesne—Attacks on St. Malo and Cherbourg—Victory of Crefeld—Frederick's Campaign—
Commencement of 1759; Blockade of the French Coast—Pitt's Plans for the Conquest of Canada—
Amherst's and Prideaux's Columns—Wolfe before Quebec—Position of the City—Wolfe fails to draw
Montcalm from his Position—Apparent Hopelessness of the Expedition—Wolfe scales the Heights of
Abraham—The Battle—Successes in India—Battle of Quibéron—Frederick's Fortunes—Campaign of
Ferdinand of Brunswick—Battle of Minden—Glorious Termination of the Year—French Descent on
Carrickfergus—Attempt of the French to Recover Quebec— Their Expulsion from North America—
Frederick's Fourth Campaign—Successes of Ferdinand of Brunswick—Death of George II.

CHAPTER VI.

PROGRESS OF THE NATION FROM THE REVOLUTION TO 1760.

The Church after the Revolution—The Non-Jurors—The Act of Toleration—Comprehension Bill—Laxity
of Religion—The Wesleys and Whitefield—Foundation of Methodism—Extension of the Movement—
Literature—Survivors of the Stuart Period—Prose Writers: Bishop Burnet—Philosophers: Locke—

[vi]

141

168

183

Bishop Berkeley, etc.—Novelists: Fielding, Richardson, Smollett, and Sterne—Dr. Davenant—Bentley—
Swift—Addison—Addison and Steele—Bolingbroke—Daniel Defoe—Lady Mary Wortley Montagu—
Poets: Pope—His Prose Writings—Gay, Prior, Young, etc.—James Thomson, Allan Ramsay, Gray, and
Minor Lights—Dramatists—Physical Science: Astronomers—Mathematicians—Electricians—Chemists
—Medical Discoverers—Music: Purcell—Italian Music—Handel—Church Music—The Academy of
Ancient Music and other Societies—Architecture—Wren and his Buildings—St. Paul's—His Churches
and Palaces—Vanbrugh—Gibbs—Hawksmoor—Minor Architects—Painting and Sculpture: Lely and
Kneller—Other Foreign Painters and Decorators—Thornhill—Other English Artists—Hogarth and his
Works—Exhibition of British Artists—Sculptors—Shipping, Colonies, Commerce, and Manufactures—
Increase of Canals—Woollen and Silk Trades—Irish Linens—Lace—Iron, Copper, and other Industries
—Increase of the large Towns

CHAPTER VII.

REIGN OF GEORGE III.

Accession of George III.—His Conduct—Ascendency of Bute—Meeting of Parliament—Enthusiastic
Reception of the King's Speech—Bute's Cabals—Hostility to Pitt—Ministerial Changes—Marriage of the
King—Queen Charlotte—Misfortunes of Frederick—Ferdinand of Brunswick's Campaign—Defeat of
the French in the East and West Indies—Negotiations for Peace—Pitt's large Demands—Obstinacy of
Choiseul—The Family Compact suspected—Resignation of Pitt—Bute's Ministry—War with Spain—
Abandonment of Frederick—Policy of the new Czar—Resignation of Newcastle—Bute at the Head of
the Treasury—Successes in the West Indies—Capture of Manila—Bute's Eagerness for Peace—The
Terms—Bute's Unpopularity—Close of the Seven Years' War—Successes of Clive—Defeat of the
Dutch in India—Final Overthrow of the French in India—Fate of the Count de Lally—Bute and the
Princess of Wales—The Cider Tax—Bute's Vengeance—His Resignation—George Grenville in Office—
No. 45 of the North Briton—Arrest of Wilkes—His Acquittal—Vengeance against him—The King
negotiates with Pitt—Wilkes's Affairs in Parliament—The Wilkes Riots—The Question of Privilege—The
Illegality of General Warrants declared—Wilkes expelled the House—Debates on General Warrants—
Rejoicing in the City of London

CHAPTER VIII.

REIGN OF GEORGE III. (continued).

The American Colonies and their Trade—Growing Irritation in America—The Stamp Act—The
American Protest—The Stamp Act passed—Its Reception in America—The King's Illness—The
Regency Bill—The Princess Dowager omitted—Her Name inserted in the Commons—Negotiations for a
Change of Ministry—The old Ministry returns—Fresh Negotiations with Pitt—The first Rockingham
Ministry—Riots in America—The Stamped Paper destroyed—Pitt's Speech—The Stamp Act repealed
—Weakness of the Government—Pitt and Temple disagree—Pitt forms a Ministry—And becomes Lord
Chatham—His Comprehensive Policy—The Embargo on Wheat—Illness of Chatham—Townshend's
Financial Schemes—Corruption of Parliament—Wilkes elected for Middlesex—Arrest of Wilkes—
Dangerous Riots—Dissolution of the Boston Assembly—Seizure of the Liberty Sloop—Debates in
Parliament—Continued Persecution of Wilkes—His Letter to Lord Weymouth—Again expelled the
House—His Re-election—The Letters of Junius—Luttrell declared elected for Middlesex—Incapacity of
the Ministry—Partial Concessions to the Americans—Bernard leaves Boston—He is made a Baronet
—"The Horned Cattle Session"—Lord Chatham attacks the Ministry—Resignations of Granby and
Camden—Yorke's Suicide—Dissolution of the Ministry

CHAPTER IX.

REIGN OF GEORGE III. (continued).

Lord North—He forms a Ministry—Chatham declaims against Secret Influence—Grenville's Election
Committee—Lord North's Conciliatory Measures—Determination of the Bostonians—The Boston
Massacre—Trial of the Soldiers—Apparent Success of North's Measures—Affair of the Falkland Islands
—Promptitude of the Ministry—The Quarrel composed—Trials of Woodfall and Almon—The Right of
Parliamentary Reporting—Strengthening of the Ministry—Quarrels in the City—The Royal Marriage Act
—Fate of the Queen of Denmark—Anarchical Condition of Poland—Interference of Russia—Deposition
of Poniatowski—Frederick's Scheme of Partition—It is ratified—Inquiry into Indian Affairs—Lord
North's Tea Bill—Lord Dartmouth and Hutchinson—The Hutchinson Letters—Dishonourable Conduct of
Franklin—Establishment of Corresponding Committees—Burning of the Gaspee—Destruction of the Tea

[vii]

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217

246

—Franklin avows the Publication of the Letters—Wedderburn's Speech—The Boston Port Bill—The
Massachusetts Government Bill—The Coils of Coercion—Virginia joins Massachusetts—Gage dissolves
the Boston Assembly—He fortifies Boston Neck—The General Congress—A Declaration of Rights—
The Assembly at Concord—They enrol Militia—Seizure of Ammunition and Arms—Meeting of
Parliament—Chatham's conciliatory Speech—His Bill for the Pacification of the Colonies—Its Fate—
Lord North's Proposal—Burke's Resolutions—Prorogation of Parliament—Beginning of the War

CHAPTER X.

REIGN OF GEORGE III. (continued).

Gage attempts to seize American Arms—Skirmish at Lexington—Blockade of Boston—The Second
Congress at Philadelphia—Washington chosen Commander-in-Chief—Fall of Ticonderoga and Crown
Point—Washington at Boston—Battle of Bunker's Hill—The Olive Branch Petition—Condition of the
American Army—Expedition against Canada—Capture of Montreal—Arnold's Expedition—His Junction
with Montgomery—Failure of the Attack on Quebec—The Employment of German Mercenaries—
Washington seizes Dorchester Heights—Evacuation of Boston—Howe retires to Halifax—The War in
Canada—Thomas's Retreat—Sullivan evacuates Canada—The War in the South—Attack on Charleston
—Paine's Pamphlet, "Common Sense"—New York and Virginia decide for Independence—Debate in
Congress—Report of the Committee—Arbitrary Proceedings—The Declaration—Overtures to France—
Arrival of Lord Howe—Position of Washington—Howe's Overtures—Battle of Brooklyn—Washington's
Retreat—His Desperate Position—Howe receives a Deputation from Congress—Washington retires Step
by Step—Cornwallis's Pursuit—Close of the Campaign—The Articles of Confederation published by
Congress—Fresh Overtures to France—Parliament votes large Sums of Money—John the Painter—
Chatham demands a Cessation of Hostilities—Washington's Change of Tactics—Surprise of Trenton—
Washington outmanœuvres Cornwallis—He recovers New Jersey—Difficulties of Congress—Howe
advances against Washington—Alteration of Howe's Plans—Battle of the Brandywine—Howe crosses
the Schuylkill—Cornwallis enters Philadelphia—Battle of Germantown—Washington at Valley Forge—
Burgoyne's Plan of Campaign—His Advance—St. Clair's Defeat—Burgoyne on the Hudson—The
Beginning of his Misfortunes—Battle of Bemus's Heights—Burgoyne's Message to Clinton—He is
surrounded—He attempts to cut his Way through—The Surrender of Saratoga—Clinton's Failure to
relieve Burgoyne—Close of the Campaign

CHAPTER XI.

REIGN OF GEORGE III. (continued).

Meeting of Parliament—Lord Chatham's Amendment to the Address—The News of Saratoga—Treaty
between France and America—Washington in Valley Forge—Intrigues against him—Violation of
Burgoyne's Convention—Debates in Parliament—Attempt to bring Chatham into the Ministry—Lord
North's Conciliation Bills—The French Note—Patriotism of the Nation—The King refuses to send for
Chatham—His last Speech and Death—Honours to his Memory—Burke's Measure of Irish Relief—
Repeal of Laws against Roman Catholics—Explosion of Scottish Bigotry—Turgot's Warnings—Naval
Engagement off Ushant—Failure of Lafayette's Canadian Expedition—Clinton compelled to evacuate
Philadelphia—Failure of Lord North's Commissioners—D'Estaing and Sullivan attempt to take Rhode
Island—Subsequent Proceedings of D'Estaing—Courts martial of Keppel and Palliser—The Irish
Volunteers—Spain declares War—Military Preparations—Junction of the French and Spanish Fleets—
They retire from the Channel—D'Estaing in the West Indies—His Attempt on Savannah—Weakness of
Lord North's Ministry—Meeting of Parliament—Lord North's Irish Bill—Richmond, Shelburne, and
Burke attempt Economic Reforms—The Meeting at York petitions for Reform of Parliament—Burke's
Economic Scheme—North's Manœuvre—Further Attempts at Reform—The Westminster Meeting—
Dunning's Motion—Defeat of his later Resolutions—"No Popery" in Scotland—Lord George Gordon's
Agitation—The Riots and their Progress—Their Suppression—Trial of the Prisoners—Rodney relieves
Gibraltar—Destruction of English Merchantmen—Disputes with Holland—The Armed Neutrality of the
North—Capture of Charleston—Declaration of South Carolina—Battle of Camden—Expedition into
North Carolina—Arrival of the French Squadron—Rodney in the West Indies—Arnold's Treachery—
Trial and Death of André—Breach with Holland—Attacks on Jersey and Gibraltar—Mutiny in the Army
of Washington—Arnold's Raids in Virginia—Cornwallis in North Canada—His Engagements with Greene
—His March into Virginia—Rawdon and Greene—Battle of Eutaw Springs—Siege of York Town—The
American Armies close round him—Cornwallis compelled to Surrender

CHAPTER XII.

284

307

REIGN OF GEORGE III. (continued).

Rodney takes St. Eustatia—Destruction of Dutch Commerce—Loss of Minorca—Naval Actions—
Meeting of Parliament—Vehemence of the Opposition—Losses in the West Indies—Breaking up of the
Ministry—Their Defeat on Conway's Motion—Lord North's Resignation—Shelburne refuses the
Premiership—New Whig Government—Agitation in Ireland—Grattan's Motion for Legislative
Independence—The Volunteer Meeting at Dungannon—Grattan's Motion carried—Demands of the Irish
Parliament conceded—Flood's Agitation—Economic Reforms—Pitt's Motion for Parliamentary Reform
—Unsuccessful Negotiations for Peace—Rodney's Victory over De Grasse—Lord Howe's Exploits—
The Siege and Relief of Gibraltar—Negotiations for Peace—Folly of Oswald and Duplicity of Shelburne
—The Negotiations continued—Franklin throws over Vergennes—Conclusion of a Secret Treaty
between England and America—Fate of the American Royalists—Announcement of the Peace in
Parliament—Terms of Peace with France, Spain, and Holland—Opposition to the Peace—Coalition of
Fox and North—Fall of Shelburne—Pitt's Attempt to form a Ministry—The Coalition in Office—Reform
and the Prince of Wales—Fox's India Bill—Its Introduction—Progress of the Measure—The King's
Letter to Temple—Reception of the News in the Commons—Dismissal of the Ministry—Pitt forms a
Cabinet—Factious Opposition of Fox—Pitt's India Bill—He refuses to divulge his Intentions—The Tide
begins to Turn—Attempt at a Coalition—Increasing Popularity of Pitt—Fox's Resolution—The
Dissolution—"Fox's Martyrs"

CHAPTER XIII.

REIGN OF GEORGE III. (continued).

Victory of Pitt—The King's delight—Pitt's Finance—The India Bill—Pitt's Budget—The Westminster
Election—The Scrutiny—Fox is returned—The Volunteers in Ireland—Flood's Reform Bill—Riots in
Ireland—Pitt's Commercial Policy for Ireland—Opposition of the English Merchants—Abandonment of
the Measure—Pitt's Reform Bill—His Administrative Reforms—Bill for fortifying Portsmouth and
Plymouth—Pitt's Sinking Fund—Favourable Reception of the Bill—Pitt's Excise Bill—Commercial Treaty
with France—Impeachment of Warren Hastings—Retrospect of Indian Affairs: Deposition of Meer Jaffier
—Resistance of Meer Cossim—Massacre of Patna—Battle of Buxar and Capture of Allahabad—Clive's
Return to India—Settlement of Bengal and Oude—Domestic Reforms—Rise of Hyder Ali—His Treaty
with the English—He is defeated by the Mahrattas—Deposition of the Rajah of Tanjore—Failure of Lord
Pigot to reinstate him—Lord North's Regulating Bill—Death of Clive—Warren Hastings becomes
Governor-General—His dealings with the Famine—Treatment of Reza Khan and the Nabob of Bengal—
Resumption of Allahabad and Corah—Massacre of the Rohillas—Arrival of the New Members of
Council—Struggle for Supremacy—Robbery of Cheyte Sing—Nuncomar's Charges—His Trial and
Execution—Hastings' Constitutional Resignation—His Final Victory—Wars against the Mahrattas—
Hyder Ali's Advance—Defeat of Baillie—Energy of Hastings—Victories of Sir Eyre Coote—Capture of
Dutch Settlements—Naval Engagements between the British and French—Death of Hyder Ali—Tippoo
continues the War—He invokes Peace—Hastings' Extortions from Cheyte Sing—Hastings' visit to
Benares—Rising of the People—Rescue of Hastings and Deposition of Cheyte Sing—Extortion from the
Begums of Oude—Parliamentary Inquiries—Hastings' Reception in England—Burke's Motion of
Impeachment—Pitt's Change of Front—The Prince of Wales and the Whigs—Inquiry into his Debts—
Alderman Newnham's Motion—Denial of the Marriage with Mrs. Fitzherbert—Sheridan's Begum Speech
—Impeachment of Hastings—Growth of the Opposition to the Slave Trade—The Question brought
before Parliament—Evidence produced—Sir W. Dolben's Bill—Trial of Warren Hastings—Speeches of
Burke, Fox, and Sheridan—Illness of the King—Debates on the Regency Bill—The King's Recovery—
Address of the Irish Parliament to the Prince of Wales

CHAPTER XIV.

REIGN OF GEORGE III. (continued).

Unsettled Condition of Europe—Machinations of Russia and Austria against Turkey—Disasters of the
Austrians—Capture of Oczakoff—Further Designs of Catherine—Intervention of Pitt—Gustavus of
Sweden invades Russia—His temporary Check—He remodels the Diet and pursues the War—Joseph
renews the War—Disaffection in Hungary—Revolution in the Austrian Netherlands—Abolition of the
Joyeuse Entrée—The Emperor declared to have forfeited the Crown—The Austrian Troops retired to
Luxembourg—Death of Joseph—Outbreak of the French Revolution—Efforts of Turgot and his
Successors to introduce Reforms—Loménie de Brienne—Recall of Necker—Assembly of the States
General—The Third Estate becomes the National Assembly—The Meeting in the Tennis Court—
Contemplated Coup d'État—Project of a City Guard—Dismissal of Necker—Insurrection in Paris—The
City Guard—Capture of the Bastille—The Noblesse renounce their Privileges—Bankruptcy and Famine

[viii]

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418

—"O Richard, O Mon Roi!"—The Women and the National Guard march on Versailles—The King
brought to Paris—Effect of the Revolution in England—Different Views of Burke and Fox—Rejection of
Flood's Reform Bill—The Nootka Sound Affair—Satisfaction obtained from Spain—Motions of Reform
in the Irish Parliament—Convention of Reichenbach—Continuance of the War between Sweden and
Russia—Renewal of the War with Tippoo Sahib—Debates in Parliament—Discussions on the Eastern
Question—The Canada Bill—It is made the occasion of Speeches on the French Revolution—Breach
between Fox and Burke—Abuse of Burke by the Whigs—Wilberforce's Notice for immediate
Emancipation—Colonisation of Sierra Leone—Bill for the Relief of Roman Catholics—Fox's Libel Bill—
Burke's "Reflections on the French Revolution"—Replies of Mackintosh and Paine—Dr. Price—Dr.
Priestley—The Anniversary of the taking of the Bastille—The Birmingham Riots—Destruction of
Priestley's Library—Suppression of the Riots—Mildness of the Sentences

CHAPTER XV.

REIGN OF GEORGE III. (continued).

Progress of the French Revolution—Death of Mirabeau—Attempted Flight of the King from Paris—
Attitude of the Sovereigns of Europe—The Parties of the Right and of the Left—The Girondists—
Decrees against the Emigrants—Negotiations between Marie Antoinette and Pitt—Condition of the
French Army—Session of 1792; Debates on Foreign Affairs—Marriage of the Duke of York—The
Prince of Wales's Allowance—The Budget—The Anti-Slavery Movement—Magistracy Bill—Attempts
at Reform—The Society of the Friends of the People—Proclamation against Seditious Writings—Fox's
Nonconformist Relief Bill—Prorogation of Parliament—Associations and Counter-Associations—Lord
Cornwallis's War against Tippoo Sahib—Capture of Seringapatam—Peace with Tippoo—Embassy to
China—Designs of the Powers against Poland—Catherine resolves to strike—Invasion of Poland—
Neutrality of England—Conquest of Poland—Imminence of War between France and Austria—It is
declared—Failure of the French Troops—The Duke of Brunswick's Proclamation—Insurrection of the
10th of August—Massacre of the Swiss—Suspension of the King—Ascendency of Jacobinism—
Dumouriez in the Passes of the Argonne—Battle of Valmy—Retreat of the Prussians—Occupation of the
Netherlands by the French Troops—Custine in Germany—Occupation of Nice and Savoy—Edict of
Fraternity—Abolition of Royalty—Trial and Death of the King—Effect of the Deed on the Continent—
The Militia called out in England—Debates in Parliament on War with France—The Alien Bill—Rupture
of Diplomatic Relations with France—War declared against Britain—Efforts to preserve the Peace—
They are Ineffectual

CHAPTER XVI.

THE REIGN OF GEORGE III. (continued).

Invasion of Holland by Dumouriez—He is defeated at Neerwinden and goes over to the Enemy—Second
Partition of Poland—The Campaign in the Netherlands—And on the Rhine—The English Fleets in the
Channel and West Indies—Siege of Toulon—First appearance of Napoleon Buonaparte—Fall of Lyons
—The Reign of Terror—Insurrection in La Vendée—Its brutal Suppression—Worship of the Goddess of
Reason—Opposition to the War in England—Prosecutions for Sedition—Trials in Scotland—Discussions
on the subject in Parliament—Arrests of Horne Tooke, Thelwall, Hardy, and others—Battle of the First of
June—The War in the West Indies—Annexation of Corsica—The Campaign of 1794—The Prussian
Subsidy—Successes of Pichegru against the Austrians—The Struggle for the Sambre—Loss of Belgium
—Danger of Holland—The War in the South—The Reign of Terror continues—The Festival of the
Supreme Being—Death of Robespierre and his Associates—The Thermidorians—Final extinction of
Poland—The Portland Whigs join the Ministry—Trials of Hardy, Horne Tooke, and their Associates—
Opening of Parliament—The Budget—Attempts at Reform—Marriage of the Prince of Wales—His
Allowance—The French occupy Holland—It becomes a Republic—Prussia and Spain leave the
Coalition, but the War continues—Campaigns on the Rhine and in Italy—The War in La Vendée and in
Brittany—The Expedition from England planned—Destruction of the Expedition at Quibéron—Extinction
of the War in La Vendée—Establishment of the Directory—Attack on George the Third—The Budget—
Pitt's first Negotiations for Peace—Failure of Lord Malmesbury's Mission—Successes in the West Indies
and Africa—Expedition to Bantry Bay—The Campaign of 1796—Retreat of the French—Napoleon's
Italian Campaign—The Battles of Arcole—A new British Loan—Suspension of Cash Payments—
Grievances of the Seamen—Mutiny at Portsmouth—Its Pacification—Mutiny at the Nore—Descent on
the Welsh Coast—Campaign of 1797—Preliminaries of Leoben—Treaty of Campo Formio—Lord
Malmesbury's Mission to Lille

CHAPTER XVII.

[ix]

460

485

REIGN OF GEORGE III. (continued).

Sympathy in Ireland for the French Revolution—Intrigues with the French—Attitude of the Roman
Catholics—Failure of Fitzwilliam's Efforts at Reform—Open Rebellion begins—The Mission of Fitzgerald
and O'Connor to France—Disclosure of the Conspiracy—Arrest of Fitzgerald and his Confederates—
Outbreak of the Rebellion—Battle of Vinegar Hill—Arrival of Humbert's Expedition—Its brief Success
and Surrender—Suicide of Wolfe Tone—Desire of France to invade England—Napoleon advises the
Expedition to Egypt—He gives Nelson the slip—His gigantic Projects—Surrender of Malta—Nelson's
Pursuit—Napoleon's Campaign—Battle of the Pyramids—Surrender of Cairo—Battle of the Nile (or
Aboukir Bay)—Pitt's second Coalition—The Income Tax—Projected Union of Great Britain and Ireland
—Proclamation of the Parthenopean Republic—Italy regained by the Coalition—Suppression of the
Revolution in Naples—The Allies in Holland—Napoleon's March into Syria—His Defeat at Acre—Battle
of Aboukir—Napoleon returns to France—Coup d'État of the 18th Brumaire—Death of Tippoo Sahib
—Napoleon's Letter to the King—The Union with Ireland—Means by which it was carried—Its
Reception in England—Napoleon crosses the Alps—Battle of Marengo—The French recover Lombardy
—Battle of Hohenlinden—Treaty of Lunéville—Corn Riots—Breach with Russia—Pitt's Resignation—
The King's Illness—The Addington Ministry—Revival of the Armed Neutrality—Battle of Copenhagen—
Peace between Britain and the Northern Powers—The Expedition to Egypt—Battle of Alexandria—
Evacuation of Egypt by the French—Negotiations for Peace—Treaty of Amiens

CHAPTER XVIII.

REIGN OF GEORGE III. (continued).

Napoleon's Plans of Conquest—Sebastiani's Report—Napoleon's Complaints against the British Press—
Espionage and Confiscation—He continues his Continental Aggressions—Napoleon's Interview with Lord
Whitworth—Imminence of War—Negotiations for Pitt's Return to Office—War Declared—Napoleon
arrests British Subjects in France—Seizure of Hanover—Emmett's Rebellion—Naval Attacks on the
French Coast—The Mahratta War—Battle of Assaye—Successes of General Lake—Battle of Laswaree
—Battle of Argaum—Conclusion of the War—Renewed Illness of George III.—Increasing Opposition of
Pitt—He offers to undertake the Government—He forms a Tory Ministry—Wilberforce's Abolition
Motion—The Additional Force Bill—Scheme for blowing up the French Fleet—War with Spain—The
Georges Conspiracy—Murder of the Duke D'Enghien—Napoleon becomes Emperor—His Letter to the
British King—The Condition of Europe—Lord Mulgrave's Reply to the Letter—Ministerial Changes—
Weakness of the Ministry—Attack on Lord Melville—Whitbread's Motion—Melville's Defence—His
Impeachment voted—Secession of Lord Sidmouth—The European Coalition—Hastened by Napoleon's
Aggressions—Rashness of Austria—Invasion of Bavaria—Napoleon marches on the Rhine—Capitulation
of the Austrian Army at Ulm—Occupation of Vienna—Battle of Austerlitz—Treaties of Schönbrunn and
Pressburg—The Baltic Expedition—Expedition to Naples—Naval Affairs—Nelson's Pursuit of
Villeneuve—Calder's Engagement—Battle of Trafalgar—Death of Nelson—Continuation of the Mahratta
War—Lord Lake's Engagements with Holkar—Siege of Bhurtpore—Defeat of Meer Khan—The Rajah
of Bhurtpore makes Peace—Treaties with Scindiah and Holkar—Death of Pitt—Payment of his Debts by
the Nation

CHAPTER XIX.

REIGN OF GEORGE III. (continued).

The Ministry of "All the Talents"—Fox informs Napoleon of a supposed Scheme for his Assassination—
Futile Negotiations for Peace—Windham's Army Bills—Resolutions against the Slave Trade passed—
Inquiry into the Conduct of the Princess of Wales—British Expeditions: Stuart in Calabria—Battle of
Maida—Continued Resistance of the Neapolitans—Recapture of the Cape of Good Hope—Expedition
to Buenos Ayres—Naval Successes: Victories of Duckworth, Warren, and Hood—Cochrane's
Daredevilry—Napoleon's subject Kingdoms—Prussia makes Complaints—Napoleon prepares for War
—Murder of Palm—Isolation of Prussia—Imbecility of their Plan of Campaign—Battle of Jena—
Napoleon in Berlin—He seizes Brunswick—Complete Subjugation of Germany—Settlement of Germany
—The Berlin Decrees—Napoleon rouses the Poles—Campaign against Benningsen—Death of Fox—
Ministerial Changes—Votes in Supply—An Administrative Scandal—Abolition of the Slave Trade—
Measures of Roman Catholic Relief—Dismissal of the Grenville Ministry—The Duke of Portland's
Cabinet—Hostile Motions in Parliament—The General Election—Irish Coercion Bills—Failure of the
Expeditions planned by the late Ministry: Buenos Ayres—The Expedition to the Dardanelles—Expedition
to Alexandria—Attack on Rosetta—Withdrawal of the Expedition—War between Russia and Turkey—
Secret Articles of the Treaty of Tilsit—Bombardment of Copenhagen and Capture of the Danish Fleet—
Seizure of Heligoland—The Campaign in Europe—Battle of Eylau—Benningsen's Retreat—Napoleon on

[x]

516

546

586

the Vistula—Fall of Dantzic—Battle of Friedland—Alexander resolves to make Peace—The Meeting on
the Niemen—Treaty of Tilsit.

CHAPTER XX.

REIGN OF GEORGE III. (continued).

Napoleon's Designs on Spain—The Continental System—Treaty of Fontainebleau—Junot marches on
Portugal—Flight of the Royal Family—The Milan Decree—The Pope imprisoned in the Quirinal—
Imbecility of the Spanish Government—Quarrels of the Spanish Royal Family—Occupation of the
Spanish Fortresses—The King's Preparations for Flight—Rests at Madrid—Abdication of Charles IV.—
Murat occupies Madrid—The Meeting at Bayonne—Joseph becomes King of Spain—Insurrection in
Spain—The Junta communicates with England—Ferocity of the War—Operations of Bessières,
Duchesne, and Moncey—Dupont surrenders to Castanos—Joseph evacuates Madrid—Siege of
Saragossa—Napoleon's Designs on Portugal—Insurrection throughout the Country—Sir A. Wellesley
touches at Corunna—He lands at Figueras—Battle of Roliça—Wellesley is superseded by Burrard—
Battle of Vimiera—Arrival of Dalrymple—Convention of Cintra—Inquiry into the Convention—
Occupation of Lisbon—Napoleon's preparations against Spain—Wellington is passed over in Favour of
Moore—Moore's Advance—Difficulties of the March—Incompetency of Hookham Frere—Napoleon's
Position in Europe—The Meeting at Erfurth—Napoleon at Vittoria—Destruction of the Spanish Armies
—Napoleon enters Madrid—Moore is at last undeceived—The Retreat—Napoleon leaves Spain—
Moore retires before Soult—Arrival at Corunna—The Battle—Death of Sir John Moore—The Ministry
determine to continue the War—Scandal of the Duke of York—His Resignation—Charges against Lord
Castlereagh—Wellesley arrives in Portugal—He drives Soult from Portugal into Spain—His Junction with
Cuesta—Position of the French Armies—Folly of Cuesta—Battle of Talavera—State of the
Commissariat—Wellesley's Retreat—French Victories—The Lines of Torres Vedras—The Walcheren
Expedition—Flushing taken—The Troops die from Malaria—Disastrous Termination of the Expedition—
Sir John Stuart in Italy and the Ionian Islands—War between Russia and Turkey—Collingwood's last
Exploits—Attempt of Gambier and Cochrane on La Rochelle.

CHAPTER XXI.

REIGN OF GEORGE III. (continued).

Austria gets ready for War—Napoleon's Preparations—Invasion of Bavaria by Austria—The Archduke
Charles driven from Bavaria—Occupation of Vienna—Battle of Aspern—The Spirit of Revolt in
Germany: Schill and Brunswick—Battle of Wagram—Peace of Vienna—Victories of the Tyrolese—
Death of Hofer—The Betrayal of Poland and Italy—Deposition of the Pope—Ministerial Dissensions—
Death of Portland, and Reconstruction of the Ministry—Inquiry into the Walcheren Expedition—
Imprisonment of Gale Jones—Burdett committed to the Tower—The Piccadilly Riots—Arrest of Burdett
—Debates in the House of Commons—Agitation for Parliamentary Reform—Liberation of Burdett—
Remaining Events of the Session—Condition of Spain—Soult's victorious Progress—He fails at Cadiz—
The Guerilla War—Massena sent against Wellington—Capture of Ciudad Rodrigo—Capitulation of
Almeida—Battle of Busaco—The Lines of Torres Vedras—Massena baffled—Condition of the rival
Armies—Victories in the East and West Indies—The War in Sicily.

INDEX.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE

St. James's Palace, in the Time of Anne
1

Dean Swift
5

The English Plenipotentiaries insulted in the Streets of Utrecht
9

Sir Richard Steele
13

Welfen Castle, Hanover
17

Anne making the Duke of Shrewsbury Lord Treasurer
21

[xi]

Great Seal of George I.
25

The Earl of Mar raising the Pretender's Standard
29

Retreat of the Highlanders from Perth
33

James Edward Stuart, the "Old Pretender"
37

Sea Fight off Cape Passaro
41

The South Sea Bubble
45

George I.
49

Bartholomew Fair, London, in 1721
53

Five-Shilling Piece of the South Sea Company
56

Five-Guinea Piece of George II.
56

Walpole's Quarrel with Townshend
61

Sir Robert Walpole
65

The Porteous Mob
69

Great Seal of George II.
73

Maria Theresa and the Hungarian Parliament
77

George II.
85

Interior of the House of Commons in 1742
89

The Landing of Prince Charlie
93

Prince Charles Edward Stuart (the "Young Pretender")
97

Prince Charlie's Vanguard at Manchester
101

Culloden House
105

The Standard of Prince Charlie's Bodyguard, taken at Culloden
108

The End of the '45
109

Flora Macdonald
113

Wedding in the Fleet
117

Defeat of General Braddock in the Indian Ambush
121

London Bridge in 1760
125

Lord Clive
129

Surprise of Frederick at Hochkirch
132

Admiral Rodney bombarding Le Hâvre
133

Death of Wolfe
137

Martello Tower on the Plains of Abraham, Quebec
140

George Whitefield preaching
141

John Wesley
144

Interior of the Jerusalem Chamber, Westminster Abbey
145

Henry Fielding
149

Costumes of the Period of George II.
153

Mrs. Arabella Hunt singing to Queen Mary
156

Handel
157

St. Paul's Cathedral, London, and Ludgate Hill, as it was
161

William Hogarth
165

Great Seal of George III.
169

George III.
173

Temple Bar in 1800
176

Lord Bute and the Londoners
177

John Wilkes
181

Revenue Cutters capturing an American Smuggling Vessel
185

Troops escorting the Stamped Paper to the City Hall, New York
189

The Mob releasing Mr. Wilkes on his Way to Prison
193

William Pitt, Earl of Chatham
197

Affray at Boston between the Soldiers and Rope-Makers
201

Spade Guinea of George III.
204

Five-Shilling Piece of George III.
204

Twopenny Piece of George III.
204

Press-Gang at Work
205

Boston "Boys" disguised as Indians throwing the Tea
Chests into the Harbour
209

Benjamin Franklin
213

American Twenty Dollars Bill (1775)
216

Montgomery's Assault on the Lower Town, Quebec
221

Signatures to the Declaration of Independence
225

Washington crossing the Delaware
229

American Bill of Credit (1775)
233

Washington and his Men at Valley Forge
237

George Washington
241

Surrender of Burgoyne at Saratoga
245

Washington at Valley Forge: By the Camp Fire
249

Death of the Earl of Chatham
253

The Saucy "Arethusa" and the "Belle Poule"
257

Lord North
261

"No Popery" Rioters assaulting Lord Mansfield
265

Dr. Johnson viewing the Scene of some of the "No Popery" Riots
269

Old Newgate
273

Arrest of Major André
277

Surrender of Lord Cornwallis, York Town
281

Edmund Burke
285

Henry Grattan
289

The Attack on the "Ville de Paris"
293

Map of the United States at the Time when they gained their Independence
297

The Mansion House, London, in 1760
301

Charles James Fox
305

General Election of 1784: Master Billy's Procession to Grocer's
Hall—Pitt presented with the Freedom of the City of London
308

General Election of 1784: The Hustings, Covent Garden;
The Westminster Deserter drummed out of the
Regiment—Defeat of Sir Cecil Wray
309

View of London from the Tower to London Bridge in the
latter Part of the 18th Century
313

Deposition of Meer Jaffier
317

The Great Mogul entering the English Camp
320

Warren Hastings
321

Benares
325

Surrender of Baillie to Hyder Ali
329

Arrest of the Rajah of Benares
333

Richard Brinsley Sheridan
337

The Trial of Warren Hastings
341

Carlton House, London (1780)
345

William Pitt
348

Expulsion of the Professors from the University of Antwerp
353

Notre Dame, Paris
357

The French Revolution: Costume of Lady of the Period
360

The French Revolution: Costume of 1790
360

The French Revolution: Costume "à la Robespierre"
361

Tricoteuse, or knitting Woman, of the National Convention
361

The Conquerors of the Bastille
365

The Bastille
369

Captain Cook
373

Scene in the House of Commons: Breach between Burke and Fox
377

William Wilberforce
381

The Priestley Riots at Birmingham
385

The Count de Mirabeau
389

Government House, Calcutta
393

View in Old Paris: Rue de Pirouette, North Side of Les Halles
397

The Royal Family of France on their Way to the Assembly
401

Marie Antoinette (1783)
405

View in Old Paris: The Porte au Blé, from the End of
the Old Cattle Market to the Pont Notre Dame
409

Trial of Louis XVI.
413

Robespierre
417

View in the Old Town, Warsaw
420

Retreat of the Royalists from Toulon
421

Napoleon Buonaparte, Lieutenant of Artillery
425

The Tolbooth, Edinburgh
429

Calvi, Corsica
432

St. Just
433

Paris under the Reign of Terror: a Vain Appeal
437

The Palace of the Tuileries, Paris
441

La Roche-Jaquelein and the Republican Soldiers
445

Attack on the Royal Carriage
449

The Cathedral of Milan
453

The Mutiny at Spithead: Hauling down the Red Flag on the "Royal George"
457

The Doge's Palace, Venice
459

Dublin Castle
461

Capture of Wolfe Tone
465

Lord Nelson
469

Napoleon's Coup de Main: Scene in the Hall of the Ancients
473

Genoa
477

Nelson at the Battle of Copenhagen
480

Copenhagen
481

[xii]

Sir Ralph Abercromby
484

Napoleon and his Suite at Boulogne
489

The Jumma Musjid, Delhi
492

The Chase at Argaum
493

Kidnapping of the Duke d'Enghien
497

The Coronation of Napoleon in Notre Dame
501

Herrenhausen Castle, Hanover
505

Lord Collingwood
509

Sailing into Action at Trafalgar
512

The "Victory" at Portsmouth
513

Talleyrand
517

The Queen of Prussia reviewing the Army
525

Napoleon at Rossbach
528

Murat (King of Naples)
529

Charing Cross, London, in 1795
533

The British Fleet passing through the Dardanelles
537

Departure of the British Troops from Alexandria
540

Heligoland
541

The Treaty of Tilsit
545

Flight of the Royal Family of Portugal
548

Capture of Godoy
552

Heroism of the Maid of Saragossa
557

Sir John Moore
561

The Royal Palace, Madrid
564

Burial of Sir John Moore
569

Sir David Baird
573

Map of Spain and Portugal to illustrate the Peninsular War
576

The Bayonet Charge at Talavera
577

The Duke of Wellington
581

The "Mediator" breaking the Boom at La Rochelle
585

Marshal Lannes at Ratisbon
588

The Duke of Brunswick and his Hussars (the Black Brunswickers)
592

Andrew Hofer appointed Governor of the Tyrol
593

George Canning
597

Cadiz
600

Arrest of Sir Francis Burdett
601

Wellington's Retreat from Coimbra
605

LIST OF PLATES.

Prince Charlie's Farewell to Flora Macdonald, 1746.
(By George W. Joy)
Frontispiece

Greenwich Hospital. (By T. B. Hardy)
To face p.
65

George II. at Dettingen, 1743. (By Robert Hillingford)
"
82>

"God Save King James." (By Andrew C. Gow, R.A.)
"
94

Map of England during the Civil War, 1642-1649
"
100

After Culloden: Rebel Hunting. (By Seymour Lucas, R.A.)
"
107

Dr. Johnson in the Ante-room of Lord Chesterfield,
waiting for an Audience, 1748. (By E. M. Ward, R.A.)
"
145

Map of the American Provinces in 1763
"
184

"The Polling." (By W. Hogarth)
"
192

The Declaration of Independence of the United States
of America, July 4th, 1776. (By J. Trumbull)
"
226

Gibraltar. (By Birket Foster, R.W.S.)
"
257

The Gordon Riots. (By Seymour Lucas, R.A.)
"
266

The Defence of Gibraltar by Lord Heathfield, 1782.
(By J. S. Copley, R.A.)

"
294

Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette in the Prison of the
Temple. (By E. M. Ward, R.A.)
"
404

Lady Hamilton Welcoming the Victors of the Nile.
(By R. Hillingford)
"
468

Nelson's Chase after the French Fleet, 1805.
(By Thomas Davidson)
"
497

The Battle of Trafalgar and the Victory of Lord Nelson
over the Combined French and Spanish Fleets, October
21st, 1805. (By Clarkson Stanfield, R.A.)
"
505

The "Victory" towed into Gibraltar after Trafalgar.
(By Clarkson Stanfield, R.A.)
"
510

The Death of Nelson. (By Daniel Maclise, R.A.)
"
521

"Crippled but Unconquered." (By W. L. Wyllie, R.A.)
"
529

Naples, from the Mergellina. (By Birket Foster, R.W.S.)
"
550

PRINCE CHARLIE'S FAREWELL TO FLORA MACDONALD, 1746

From the Painting by George W. Joy.

[See larger version]

ST. JAMES'S PALACE, IN THE TIME OF ANNE.

[See larger version]

CASSELL'S

Illustrated History of England

CHAPTER I.

THE REIGN OF ANNE (concluded).

Meeting of Parliament—Eugene's Visit to England—Ministerial Attacks on the Dutch—Meeting of the
Negotiators at Utrecht—The Question of the Spanish Throne—Sham Fighting against the French—
Debates on the Peace in Parliament—Withdrawal of the English Troops—Consequent Triumph of the
French—Bolingbroke's Visit to Paris—Break-up of the Grand Alliance—More Negotiations with the
Pretender—Death of Godolphin—Marlborough retires to the Continent—Signature of the Peace—The
Treaty of Commerce—Its Rejection by the Commons—The Whereabouts of the Pretender—Dissolution
of Parliament—The General Election—Intrigues with St. Germains—Bolingbroke's Activity—His Friends
in Office—The Empire and Spain make Peace—The Pretender declines Overtures to Change his Religion
—Illness of the Queen—Tax on Newspapers—Attack upon the "Public Spirit of the Whigs"—Steele
expelled the House—Proposals against the Pretender and for bringing over the Electoral Prince—
Counter-scheme for bringing over the Pretender—Obstacles to the Scheme—The Queen's Letter to the
Elector—Death of the Electress Sophia—The Schism Bill—Its Progress through the Houses—Reward
for the Apprehension of the Pretender—Fall of Oxford—Bolingbroke's Jacobite Cabinet—Illness of the
Queen—The Whig Coup d'État—Ruin and Desperation of the Jacobites—Death of Anne—
Proclamation of George I.

The Houses of Parliament reassembled on the 17th of January, 1712, and Anne sent word that she was not able to
attend in person, not having recovered sufficiently from her attack of the gout. She announced that the plenipotentiaries
were now assembled at Utrecht, and were already engaged in endeavouring to procure just satisfaction to all the Allies
according to their several treaties, and especially with relation to Spain and the Indies. This was a delusion, for, by our
treaty with the Emperor, we had engaged to secure Spain and the Indies for his son; and it was now, notwithstanding
the assurance in her message regarding them, fully determined to give them up to Philip. There was a strong protest in
the message against the evil declarations that there had been an intention to make a separate peace, though nothing was
more notorious than that the Ministers were resolved, if the Allies did not come to their terms, to go on without them.
The message ended by recommending a measure for the restriction of the liberty of the press. Much alarm was
expressed at the great licence in the publishing of false and scandalous libels, though the Ministers themselves did not

[1]

[2]