Cassells History of England Vol I of 8 by Anonymous

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Title: Cassell's History of England, Vol. I (of 8)
From the Roman Invasion to the Wars of the Roses
Author: Anonymous
Release Date: March 10, 2015 [eBook #48451]
Language: English
Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CASSELL'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND, VOL. I (OF
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From the painting by W. H. Margetson

From the painting by W. H. Margetson.

HIS MAJESTY KING EDWARD VII.

[See larger version]

CASSELL'S

HISTORY OF ENGLAND

FROM THE ROMAN INVASION
TO THE WARS OF THE ROSES

WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS,

INCLUDING COLOURED

AND REMBRANDT PLATES

VOL. I

THE KING'S EDITION

CASSELL AND COMPANY, LIMITED

LONDON, NEW YORK, TORONTO AND MELBOURNE

MCMIX

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

PAGE

2

19

25

31

38

CONTENTS

CHAPTER I.

THE ROMAN RULE IN BRITAIN.

Earliest Notices of the British Isles—The Celts—Their Settlement in Britain—Their Character and
Customs—Druidism—Its Organisation and Authority—Its Tenets—Stonehenge and other Remains—
Cæsar's Preparations—The First Invasion—Peril of the Romans and their Retirement—The Second
Invasion—Cæsar's Battles with Cassivelaunus—Claudius in Britain—The Resistance of Caractacus—His
Defeat and Capture—His Speech before Claudius—The Conquest of Anglesea—Boadicea's Rebellion—
The Capture of Camulodunum and London—Her Defeat and Death—Agricola in Britain—His
Campaigns and Administration—His Campaign against the Caledonians—His Recall—The Walls of
Hadrian and Severus—Rivals to the Emperor—Constantine's Accession—Christianity in Britain—
Invasions of the Picts and Scots—Dismemberment of the Roman Empire and Departure of the Romans—
Divisions and Administration of Britain under the Romans

CHAPTER II.

ROMAN REMAINS IN BRITAIN.

Two Varieties of Masonry—Dover Castle—Richborough Castle—Newport Gate, Lincoln—Hadrian's
Wall—Its Direction and Construction—Outworks—Ornamental Detail—Roman Roads and Camps

CHAPTER III.

THE FOUNDATION OF THE ENGLISH KINGDOMS AND THEIR CONVERSION TO

CHRISTIANITY.

The Jutes, Angles, and Saxons—Their Village Communities—Larger Combinations, Gradations of Rank
—Morality and Religion—Hengist and Horsa found the Kingdom of Kent—The Kingdoms of Sussex,
Wessex, and Essex—The Anglian Kingdoms—Mercia—The Welsh—Gregory and St. Augustine—
Augustine and Kent—Conversion of Northumbria—England becomes Christian—The Greatness of
Mercia—King Offa

CHAPTER IV.

RISE OF WESSEX AND OF THE SOCIAL SYSTEM OF ENGLAND.

Ceawlin and his Successors—Cedwalla—Ina—Subjection to Mercia—Accession of Egbert—He
subdues his Rivals—His Wars with the Welsh and Danes—Land-owning System—Local Assemblies—
The Hundred Moot—The Shire Moot and its Business—Methods of Trial and Punishments—The
Wergild—The Witena-gemot—Its Powers—The King—Class Distinctions—The Church

CHAPTER V.

THE DANISH INVASIONS AND THE REIGN OF ALFRED.

Character of the Invaders—Reign of Ethelwulf—Reigns of Ethelbald and Ethelbert—The Conquest of
East Anglia—Battles near Reading—The Accession of Alfred—The Extinction of the Kingdom of Mercia
—The Invasion of Wessex—The Year 878—Alfred at Athelney—Death of Hubba—Victory of Alfred
and the Treaty of Wedmore—Renewal of the War—Alfred's fleet—Expeditions of Hastings—Remainder
of the Reign—Character of Alfred—His Rules of Life—His Legislation—Encouragement of Learning

CHAPTER VI.

EDWARD THE ELDER AND DUNSTAN.

Settlement of the Danes—Edward the Elder and his Cousin—Reconquest of the Danelagh—Edward
becomes King of all England—Conspiracy of Alfred against Athelstan—Wars in Northumbria—The
Death of Edwin—The Battle of Brunanburgh—The Power of Athelstan—Edmund's Wars with the Danes
—Their Submission to Edmund—Rebellion and Reconquest—The Conquest of Cumberland—Death of
Edmund—Final Conquest of Northumberland—The Rise of Dunstan—His Banishment—Edgar's

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63

66

75

83

Rebellion—His Accession to the Throne—Wars with the Welsh—Dunstan Archbishop of Canterbury—
His Ecclesiastical Policy—The Reign of Edward the Martyr—Dunstan's Struggles with the Opposition—
Death of the King

CHAPTER VII.

ETHELRED THE UNREADY.

The Retirement of Dunstan—Character of Ethelred—Sweyn in Denmark—Character of the Invasions and
the Resistance—The Danegeld—The Arrival of Sweyn—Ethelred's Expedition—The Massacre of St.
Brice's Day—Return of Sweyn—Defeats of the English—Edric Streona—Failure of the English Fleet—
Treacheries of Edric—Death of St. Alphege—Sweyn's Conquest of England and his Death—Return of
Ethelred and Departure of Canute—Misgovernment of the King—Canute's Return and the Death of
Ethelred

CHAPTER VIII.

EDMUND IRONSIDE AND CANUTE.

A Double Election—Battles of Pen Selwood and Sherstone—Treacheries of Edric—Division of the
Kingdom—Death of Edmund—Election of Canute—His Treatment of his Rivals—The four Earldoms—
Canute's Marriage with Emma—His Popular Government—His Expeditions to Northern Europe—
Submission of the King of Scots—Canute at Rome—The Story of his Rebuke to his Courtiers—His
Death

CHAPTER IX.

EARL GODWIN AND HAROLD.

Harold and Harthacanute—The Murder of Alfred—Accession of Harthacanute—His Reconciliation with
Godwin—The Punishment of Worcester—Edward the Confessor—His Election—Influx of Normans—
The Family of Godwin—Conduct of Sweyn—The Outbreak at Dover—Godwin's Rebellion and
Outlawry—William of Normandy's Visit to England—Godwin's Attempt to Return—His Appearance in
the Thames—His Restoration to Power—Death of Godwin—His Place taken by Harold—Siward's
Invasion of Scotland and his Death—Death of Leofric and Punishment of Ælfgar—Church Building of
Harold and Edward—Harold's Conquest of Wales—Turbulence of Tostig—Death of the Atheling
Edward—Candidature of Harold

CHAPTER X.

THE NORMAN INVASION.

The Normans—Their Settlement in France—Their Gradual Civilization—Richard the Good—Robert the
Devil—William's earlier years—His Consolidation of Power—Harold's Adventures in Normandy and the
Story of his Oath to William—Death and Character of Edward—Election of Harold—William's Claims—
He Obtains the Sanction of the Church—His Preparations—Proceedings of Tostig—Harold's Forces
dwindle—Invasion of Tostig and Harold Hardrada—Battle of Stamford Bridge—Landing of William—
Harold in London—Desertion of Edwin and Morcar—Negotiations—Harold at Senlac—Account of the
Battle—Death of Harold and Discomfiture of the English—His Burial—Legend of his Escape

CHAPTER XI.

ENGLISH AND NORMAN ARCHITECTURE AND CUSTOMS.

Saxon Architecture; Theories about it—Documentary Evidence—Ancient Churches—Characters of the
Saxon Style—Illustrations from an Anglo-Saxon Calendar—Old Manuscripts—English Scholarship—
Music and the Minstrels—Musical Instruments—Games and Sports—Costume—The Table—Household
Furniture—Material Condition of the People—Norman Costumes—Condition of Learning and the Arts—
Refinement of the Normans—The Bayeux Tapestry

CHAPTER XII.

THE REIGN OF WILLIAM I.

[iv]

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123

132

152

After Hastings—Election of Edgar Atheling—Submission of London and Accession of William—Tumult
during his Coronation—Character of his Government—Return to Normandy—Affairs during his Absence
—Suppression of the First English Rebellion—Rebellion in the North—The Last National Effort—The
Reform of the Church—The Erection of Castles—Plan of a Norman Castle—End of Edwin and Morcar
—"The Last of the Saxons"—Affairs in Maine—Conspiracy of the Norman Nobles—The Execution of
Waltheof—Punishment of Ralph the Wader—The Story of Walcher of Durham—Expeditions to Scotland
and Wales—Quarrels between William and his Sons—Domesday Book—The Creation of the New
Forest—Punishment of Odo of Bayeux—The Death of William—Incidents at his Burial—Character of
William

CHAPTER XIII.

REIGN OF WILLIAM II.

William's Surname—How he obtained the Throne—Rising in favour of his Brother Robert—Bishop
Odo's Ill-fortune—Surrender of Rochester Castle—Flight of Odo—Failure of the Conspiracy—Death of
Lanfranc—William's Misrule—Randolf the Firebrand—Appointment of Anselm to Canterbury—Rufus
Invades Normandy—Treaty between the Brothers—Siege of Mount St. Michael—Malcolm Canmore's
Inroad into England—Building of Castle at Carlisle—Death of Malcolm—Illness of William—His
Treachery towards Robert—Welsh Marauders—Earl Mowbray's Hard Fortune—The King's Exactions
—He obtains possession of Normandy—The Hunt in the New Forest—Death of the Red King

CHAPTER XIV.

THE FIRST CRUSADE.

The Institution of Chivalry—Affairs in the Holy Land—Pilgrimages—Persecution of Christians—Peter the
Hermit—Crusade Decided on—Progress of Peter's Mission—The Council of Clermont—Attitude of
Pope Urban—The Truce of God—Expedition of Walter the Penniless—Excesses of the Crusaders—
Defeat of the Christians by the Turks—Conduct of the Emperor Alexius—Disaster in Hungary—Geoffrey
de Bouillon—March of his Army—Robert of Normandy and his Troops—Imprisonment of Hugh of
Vermandois—Arrival of Godfrey before Constantinople—The Byzantine Court—The Church of Santa
Sophia—Scenes of Magnificence—Reception of Godfrey by the Emperor—Tancred's Army leaves Italy
—Bohemond's Submission—Count Raymond at Constantinople—Arrival of Robert of Normandy
—Siege of Nicæa—Treachery of the Emperor—Severe Struggle with the Turks—Bravery of Robert—
Flight of the Turks—Crusaders' Sufferings on their March—Siege and fall of Antioch—Defeat of the
Persians—Pestilence at Antioch—Arrival of the Crusaders before Jerusalem—Fall of the City—
Vengeance of the Crusaders—Godfrey elected King of Jerusalem—Hospitallers and Templars—Close of
the First Crusade

CHAPTER XV.

THE REIGN OF HENRY I.

Accession of Henry I.—Robert's Delay in Italy—The Charter of Liberties—Henry's Popularity—Offers
his Hand to Matilda—Her Lineage—Obstacles to the Marriage—The Church decides in Favour of it—
London at this Period—Coronation of Matilda—Roger of Salisbury—The Marriage—Punishment of
William's Favourites—Arrival of Robert in Normandy—Prepares to Attack Henry—Anselm's Services to
Henry—Peace effected between the Brothers—Henry's Dispute with Anselm—Strange Policy of the
Pope—The Dispute Settled—Death of Anselm—The Earl of Shrewsbury Outlawed—Visit of Robert to
England—Campaigns in Normandy—Robert and Edgar Atheling taken Prisoners—Fate of Edgar—
Captivity and Death of Robert—Normandy in Possession of Henry—The English King and his Nephew
—Return of the King to England—Betrothal of Henry's Daughter Matilda to the Emperor of Germany—
War with the Welsh—Death of the Queen—Renewed War in Normandy—Henry before the Council of
Rheims—Battle of Brenneville—Treaty of Peace—Shipwreck and Death of the King's Son—Henry's
Grief—Character of Prince William—More Trouble in Normandy—The Empress Matilda declared
Successor to the Throne—Her Marriage with the Count of Anjou—Death of William of Normandy—Last
Years of the King's Life—Death of Henry

CHAPTER XVI.

REIGN OF KING STEPHEN.

Stephen of Blois—Arrival in England—His Coronation—Pope Innocent's Letter—Claims of Matilda—

[v]

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187

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212

The Earl of Gloucester's Policy—Revolt of the Barons—The King of Scotland Invades England—The
Battle of Northallerton—Outrage on the Bishops of Salisbury, Lincoln, and Ely—The Synod of
Winchester—Landing of the Empress Matilda—Outbreak of Civil War—Battle at Lincoln—Defeat and
Capture of Stephen—Matilda's Arrogant Behaviour—Rising of the Londoners and Flight of Matilda—
London Re-occupied by the King's Adherents—Matilda Besieged in Winchester—Exchange of the Earl
of Gloucester for the King—Stephen Resumes the Crown—Reign of Terror—Siege of Oxford—Flight of
Matilda—Desultory Warfare—Death of the Earl of Gloucester—Stephen's Quarrel with the Church—
The Interdict Removed—Further Dangers from Normandy—Divorce of Eleanor—Her Marriage with
Prince Henry—Landing of Henry in England—Unpopularity of the War—Violence and Death of Eustace
—Treaty Arranged between Henry and the King—Death of Stephen

CHAPTER XVII.

THE REIGN OF HENRY II.

Accession of Henry Plantagenet—Royal Entry into Winchester—Expulsion of the Flemings—Henry's
Dealings with the Barons—Siege of Bridgenorth Castle—The King's Quarrel with Geoffrey—Henry's
Magnificence—War with, and Submission of, the Welsh—The King in Brittany—Alarm of the King of
France at Henry's Schemes of Aggrandisement—Henry's Designs on Toulouse—Origin of Scutage—
Peace with Louis—The People of Languedoc—Louis' Third Marriage—Fresh Rupture between the Two
Kings—Marriage of Henry's Son and Louis' Daughter—The Two Popes—Renewed Reconciliation

CHAPTER XVIII.

THE REIGN OF HENRY II.(continued).—CAREER OF THOMAS BECKET.

Early Life of Becket—Rapid Advance in the King's Service—Magnificence of his Embassy to Paris—The
King, the Chancellor, and the Beggar—Depravity of the Clergy—Becket's Reforming Zeal—Appointed
Archbishop of Canterbury—Extraordinary Change in his Habits—At Frequent Issue with the King—The
Council of Clarendon—Becket Defies the King—Popularity with the People—His Flight from
Northampton—Arrival at St. Omer—Obtains the Support of Louis and the Pope—Henry's Edict of
Banishment—Defeat of the English by the Welsh—Insurrection in Brittany—Becket Excommunicates his
Opponents—Henry's Anger—The Pope's Action against Becket—Interview between Becket and the
King—The Two Reconciled—Return of Becket to England—His Christmas Sermon—The King's Fury—
The Vow of the Conspirators—Scene in Becket's House—Murder of the Archbishop—Henry's Grief—
Review of Becket's Career

CHAPTER XIX.

THE REIGN OF HENRY II. (concluded).

Events in Ireland—The Irish People—Henry's Designs in Ireland—Nicholas Breakspeare (Pope Adrian
IV.)—The King of Leinster's Outrage—Dermot obtains Henry's Patronage—Siege of Wexford—
Strongbow in Ireland—Siege of Waterford—Henry and the Norman Successes in Ireland—Arrival of
Henry near Waterford—His Court in Dublin—The King Returns to England—His Eldest Son Rebels—
The Younger Henry at the French Court—The English King's Measures of Defence—Defeat of the
Insurgent Princes—Success of the King's Cause in England—Henry's Penance—Capture of King William
of Scotland—Revival of Henry's Popularity—The King Forgives his Rebellious Sons—Period of
Tranquillity—Fresh Family Feuds—The King at Limoges—Death of Princes Henry and Geoffrey—
Affairs in Palestine—The Pope's Call to Arms for the Cross—The Saladin Tithe—Richard's Quarrel with
his Father—Henry Sues for Peace—The Conference at Colombières—Death of the King—Richard
before his Father's Corpse—Character of Henry II.—The Story of Fair Rosamond

CHAPTER XX.

NORMAN ARCHITECTURE.

Introduction of Norman Architecture—Remains of Saxon Work—Canterbury Cathedral—St. Albans and
other Edifices—Periods of Norman Architecture—Its Characteristics—Towers—Windows—Doorways
—Porches—Arches—Piers and Pillars—Capitals—Mouldings and Ornaments

CHAPTER XXI.

REIGN OF RICHARD I.: THE THIRD CRUSADE.

[vi]

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235

277

251

Richard's Show of Penitence—His Coronation—Massacre of the Jews—Results of the Second Crusade
—Richard raises Money for the Third Crusade—The Regency—Departure for the Holy Land—The
Sicilian Succession—The Quarrel concerning Joan's Dower—Richard's Prodigality—His Interview with
the Monk, Joachim—Treachery of Philip, and Richard's Repudiation of Alice—Richard's Betrothal to
Berengaria—Adventures on the Coast of Cyprus, and the Conquest of the Island—The Siege of Acre
and its Fall—Dissension between Richard and Philip, and Return of the Latter to France—Massacre of
Prisoners on Both Sides—The Battle of Azotus—Occupation of Jaffa—The Advance towards Jerusalem
—Quarrels among the Crusaders, and Negotiations with Saladin—Chivalry of Saladin—Death of
Conrad, and Charges brought against Richard—Last Advance upon Jerusalem—Battle of Jaffa—Truce
with Saladin

CHAPTER XXII.

REIGN OF RICHARD I. (concluded).

Shipwreck of Richard—His Arrival in Austria—His Capture by the Archduke Leopold—He is
surrendered to the Emperor of Germany—Events in England—Renewed Persecution of the Jews—The
Massacre at York—Quarrel between Longchamp and Pudsey—Stories about Longchamp—His Rupture
with John, and Temporary Compromise—Imprisonment of Geoffrey of York—Longchamp takes Refuge
in the Tower—His Deposition and Flight to France—Intrigues between John and Philip—Rumours of
Richard's Imprisonment—The Story of Blondel—Richard before the Diet—Loyalty of Richard's Subjects,
and Collection of the Ransom—Richard's Reception in England—His Expedition to France—
Administration of Hubert Walter—William Fitz-Osbert—Recommencement of Hostilities with France—
The Bishop of Beauvais—Defeat of Philip—Death of Richard before Chaluz—His Character

CHAPTER XXIII.

JOHN AND THE GREAT CHARTER.

Accession of John—His Position—Arthur of Brittany—Peace between John and Philip of France—John's
Marriage with Isabella of La Marche—Rupture with France—The Struggle Begins—Capture of Arthur—
The Stories of his Death—The Loss of Normandy—Peace with Philip—Quarrel with the Pope—The
Kingdom Laid under an Interdict, and Excommunication of John—John's Desperate Measures—
Expedition to Ireland—John is deposed—Arrival of Pandulph in England—Surrender of the Kingdom to
the Pope—Successes of John—Langton Arrives in England—He Becomes Leader of the Baronial Party
—The Battle of Bouvines—Insurrection in England—The Barons Confront John—His Intrigues—Meeting
at Brackley—Occupation of London—The Meeting at Runnymede—Greatness of the Occasion—
Provisions of the Charter—Duplicity of John—Siege of Rochester—John in the North—His Cause
Supported by the Church—The Crown offered to Louis of France—He Enters London—Sieges of
Dover and Windsor—Reported Conspiracy—John's Disaster at the Wash—His Death and Character

CHAPTER XXIV.

THE REIGN OF HENRY III.

Accession of the King—Renewal of the Great Charter—Messages of Conciliation—Battle of Lincoln—
Destruction of the French Fleet—Departure of Louis—Reduction of Albemarle—Resumption of the
Royal Castles—War with France—Characters of Richard of Cornwall and Henry III.—Fall of Hubert de
Burgh—Peter des Roches—Henry is his own Minister—The House of Provence—The King's Marriage
Articles—The Marriage and Entry into London—Influx of Foreigners—Papal Aggressions—Persecution
of the Jews—Oppression of the Londoners—A Religious Ceremony

CHAPTER XXV.

THE REIGN OF HENRY III. (concluded).

The King's Misfortunes Abroad and Exactions at Home—Ambition and Rapacity of the Church of Rome
—The Council of Lyons—The Kingdom of Sicily—Henry Accepts the Crown for his Son—Consequent
Extortions—Richard becomes King of the Romans—Disputes between the King and the Barons—Simon
de Montfort—He becomes Leader of the National Party—The Mad Parliament and the Provisions of
Oxford—Banishment of Aliens—Government of the Barons—Peace with France—Henry is Absolved
from the Provisions of Oxford—The Barons Oppose Him—Outbreak of Hostilities—The Award of
Amiens—The Battle of Lewes—The Mise of Lewes—Supremacy of Leicester—The Exiles Assemble at
Damme—The Parliament of 1265—Escape of Prince Edward—Battle of Evesham and Death of De

290

314

319

335

363

Montfort—Continuance of the Rebellion—The Dictum de Kenilworth—Parliament of Marlborough—
Prince Edward goes on Crusade—Deaths of Henry D'Almaine, Richard of Cornwall, and the King—
Character of Henry

CHAPTER XXVI.

ARCHITECTURE OF THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY.

Transition from Norman to Gothic Architecture—The Period of Change—The Early English Style—
Examples and Characteristics of the Style—Towers—Windows—Doorways—Porches—Buttresses—
Pillars—Arches—Mouldings and Ornaments—Fronts

CHAPTER XXVII.

THE REIGN OF EDWARD I.

Accession of Edward—His Adventures while on Crusade—Death of St. Louis—Arrival of Edward at
Acre—Fall of Nazareth—Events at Acre—Departure from Palestine—Edward in Italy—The "Little
Battle of Châlons"—Dealings with the Flemings—Edward lands at Dover—Persecution of the Jews—
Edward's Designs on Wales—Character of the Welsh—Rupture with Llewelyn—Submission of the
Welsh—Conduct of David—Second Welsh Rising—Death of Llewelyn—Execution of David—
Annexation of Wales—Edward on the Continent—Sketch of Scottish History—Attack of the
Norwegians—Deaths in the Royal Family—Death of Alexander—Candidature of Robert Bruce—Death
of the Maid of Norway—Candidates for the Throne—Meeting at Norham—Edward's Supremacy
Acknowledged—He Decides in Favour of Balliol

CHAPTER XXVIII.

REIGN OF EDWARD I. (concluded).

Banishment of the Jews—Edward's Restorative Measures—Edward's Continental Policy—Quarrel with
France—Undeclared War—Edward Outwitted by Philip—Re-conquest of Wales—The War with
France—Position of Balliol—He is placed under Restraint—Edward Marches Northwards—Fall of
Berwick—Battle of Dunbar—Submission of Balliol and Scotland—Settlement of Scotland—Sir William
Wallace—He heads the National Rising—Robert Bruce joins him—Submission of the Insurgents—Battle
of Stirling Bridge—Invasion of England—Edward Defeats Wallace at Falkirk—Regency in Scotland—
Oppression of the Clergy—The Barons refuse to help Edward—The Expedition to Flanders—A
Constitutional Struggle—Peace with France—The Pope claims Scotland—Defeat of the English—
Edward's Vengeance—Capture and Death of Wallace—Bruce takes his place—Death of Comyn—
Defeats of the Scots—Death of Edward—His Character and Legislation—Sketch of the growth of the
English Parliament

CHAPTER XXIX.

REIGN OF EDWARD II.

Character of the new King—Piers Gaveston—The King's Marriage—Gaveston is Dismissed to Ireland—
His Return—Appointment of the Lords Ordainers—Their Reforms—Gaveston Banished—His
Reappearance—Rebellion of the Nobles and Death of Gaveston—Successes of Bruce in Scotland—The
Battle of Bannockburn—The Establishment of Scottish Independence—Edward Bruce in Ireland—Power
of Lancaster—The Despensers—They are Banished—Sudden Activity of the King—Battle of
Boroughbridge—The King's Vengeance—Peace with Scotland—Conspiracies against Edward—
Machinations of the Queen—She Lands in England—Edward is Deserted and taken Prisoner—
Dethronement of Edward—Indignation against Isabella—Murder of Edward—The Lessons of the Reign
—Abolition of the Templars

CHAPTER XXX.

THE REIGN OF EDWARD III.

The Regency—War with Scotland—Edward is Baffled—Peace with Scotland, and Death of Bruce—
Kent's Conspiracy—Overthrow of Mortimer—Edward assumes Authority—Relations with Scotland—
Balliol Invades Scotland—Battle of Dupplin Moor—Edward supports Balliol—Battle of Halidon Hill—
Scottish Heroines—Preparations for War with France—The Claims of Edward—Real Causes of the

[vii]

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449

486

515

Quarrel—Alliances and Counter-Alliances—Edward Lands in Flanders—Is Deserted by his Allies and
Returns to England—Battle of Sluys—Dispute with Stratford—The Breton Succession Question—
Renewal of the War—Derby in Guienne—Edward Lands in Normandy—Battle of Creçy

CHAPTER XXXI.

EDWARD III. (concluded).

Siege of Calais—Battle of Neville's Cross—Capture of the Scottish King—Institution of the Garter—The
Black Death—Disturbances in France excited by the King of Navarre—Battle of Poitiers—The King of
France taken Prisoner and brought to England—Disorders in France—Affairs in Scotland—Fresh
Invasion of France—The Peace of Bretigny—Return of King John to France—Disorders of that Kingdom
—The Free Companies—Expedition of the Black Prince into Castile—Fresh Campaign in France—
Decline of the English Power there—Death of the Black Prince—Death of Edward III.—Character of his
Reign and State of the Kingdom

CHAPTER XXXII.

THE REIGN OF RICHARD II.

Accession of the King—Attitude of John of Gaunt—Patriotic Government—Insurrection of the Peasantry
—John Ball—The Poll-tax—Wat Tyler—The Attack on London—The Meeting at Mile End—Death of
Wat Tyler, and Dispersion of the Insurgents—Marriage of the King—Expedition of the Bishop of
Norwich—Death of Wycliffe—Unpopularity of Lancaster—He Retires to Spain—Gloucester Attacks the
Royal Favourites—Committee of Reform—The Lords Appellant—The Wonderful Parliament—Richard
sets Himself Free—His Good Government—Expedition to Ireland—Marriage with Isabella of France—
The King's Vengeance—Banishment of Hereford and Norfolk—Arbitrary Rule of the King—His Second
Visit to Ireland—Return of Hereford—Deposition and Murder of Richard

CHAPTER XXXIII.

THE SOCIAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND.

Power of the Church—Ecclesiastical Legislation—Rapacity of the Papacy—Resistance of the Clergy—
The Bull "Clericis Laicos"—Contests between the Civil and Ecclesiastical Power—The Scottish Church—
Literature, Science and Art—State of Learning—The Nominalists and Realists—Medicine—The
Universities—Men of Learning and Science—Roger Bacon and his Contemporaries—Historians—
Growth of the English Language—Poetry—Architecture—The Early Decorated Style and its
Characteristics—Domestic Buildings—Sculpture and Painting—Music—Commerce, Coinage, and
Shipping—Manners, Customs, Dress, and Diversions

CHAPTER XXXIV.

REIGN OF HENRY IV.

His Coronation—The Insecurity of his Position—He courts the Clergy and the People—Sends an
Embassy to France—Conspiracy to Assassinate him—Death of King Richard—Rumours of his Escape to
Scotland—Expedition into Scotland—Revolt of Owen Glendower—Battle of Homildon Hill—The
Conspiracy of the Percies—The Battle of Shrewsbury, where they are Defeated—Northumberland
Pardoned—Accumulating Dangers—Second Rebellion of the Percies with the Archbishop of York—The
North Reduced—The War in Wales—Earl of Northumberland flies thither—The Plague—Battle of
Bramham Moor—Reduction of the Welsh—Expedition into France—Death of Henry

CHAPTER XXXV.

THE REIGN OF HENRY V.

Character of the King—Oldcastle's Rebellion—Attempts to Reform the Church—Henry's Reasons for
the French War—Distracted Condition of France—Henry's Claims on the French Throne—Conspiracy
of Cambridge—Fall of Harfleur—The March to Calais—The Battle-field of Agincourt—Events of the
Battle—Visit of Sigismund to England—French Attack on Harfleur—Anarchy in France—Alliance
between the Queen and the Burgundians—Henry's Second Invasion—Final Rebellion and Death of
Oldcastle—Reduction of Lower Normandy—Siege and Capture of Rouen—Negotiations for Peace—
Henry Advances on Paris—Murder of Burgundy—His Son Joins Henry—Treaty of Troyes—Defeat of

[viii]

545

576

the English at Beaugé—Henry in Paris—His Death

CHAPTER XXXVI.

HENRY VI.

Arrangements during the Minority—Condition of France—Death of Charles VI.—Bedford's Marriage—
Battle of Crévant—Release of the Scottish King—Battle of Verneuil—Gloucester's Marriage and its
Consequences—Rivalry of Gloucester and Beaufort—Siege of Orleans—Battle of the Herrings—Joan of
Arc—The March to Orleans—Relief of the Town—March to Rheims—Coronation of Charles—The
Repulse from Paris—Capture of the Maid—Her Trial and Death—Coronation of Henry—Bedford
Marries again—Congress of Arras—Death of Bedford—The Tudors—Contests between Beaufort and
Gloucester—Henry's Marriage—Deaths of Gloucester and Beaufort—Disasters in France—Fall and
Death of Suffolk

INDEX

IONA CATHEDRAL.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

page

Landing of the Romans on the Coast of Kent
1

Stonehenge
4

Stonehenge (restored)
4

Druids inciting the Britons to oppose the Landing of the Romans
5

Julius Cæsar
8

Caractacus before Claudius
9

Britons with Coracle
12

Roman Soldiers passing over a Bridge of Boats
13

Roman Soldiers leaving Britain
17

Coins of the Roman Republic and the Empire
20

Newport Gate, Lincoln
21

Transverse Section of the Roman Wall
22

Longitudinal View of the Roman Wall
22

Cornice from Vendalana (Chesterholm)
22

Capital from Cilurnum (Walwick Chesters)
23

Doorway from Bird-Oswald
23

Roman Masonry at Colchester
23

Basement of Station on the Roman Wall
23

Roman Urns
24

Glastonbury Abbey
25

Treaty of Hengist and Horsa with Vortigern
28

[ix]

Edwin of Northumbria and the Christian Missionaries
32

Meeting of the Shire-Moot
33

Map of England showing the Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms and Danish Districts
37

Danish Ships
40

Alfred in the Neat-Herd's Hut
41

The "Lady of the Mercians" Fighting the Welsh
45

Ethelwulf's Ring
48

Anlaff entering the Humber
49

Dunstan rebuking Edwy in the Presence of Elgiva
52

Edgar the Peaceable being rowed Down the Dee by eight Tributary Princes
53

Assassination of Edward the Martyr
56

Crucifixion of St. Peter and Martyrdom of other Saints
57

Martyrdom of Alphege
61

Meeting of Edmund Ironside and Canute on the Island of Olney
64

The Riot at Dover
69

The Death of Siward
72

Taking Sanctuary
73

Harold taken Prisoner by the Count of Ponthieu
76

Pevensey Castle
77

William I., surnamed the Conqueror
80

Death of Harold at the Battle of Hastings
81

Gateway of Battle Abbey
84

Building of the Tower of Babel
85

Tower of Sompting Church
86

Window (Saxon) of Deerhurst Church, Gloucester
87

Window (Saxon) of Jarrow Church, Durham
87

Doorway (Saxon) of Barnack Church, Northamptonshire
87

Anglo-Saxon Calendar
88

Anglo-Saxon Calendar
89

Anglo-Saxon Calendar
90

Saxon Calendar
91

Fragment of Copy of the Evangelists, in Latin
91

First Two Lines of Horace's Ode to Mæcenas
92

English Writing of the Sixth Century
92

English Dinner Party
92

Gleemen Juggling
93

Balancing
93

Musical Instruments
93

Dance with Lyre and Double Flute
93

Grand Organ, with Bellows and Double Keyboard
94

Harp of the Ninth Century
94

English Game of Bowls
95

Ladies Hunting
95

Norman Costumes of the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries
96

Hawking Party in the Eleventh Century
97

Hawking
98

Harold
98

Umbrella for Hawks
98

The Lure
99

Sword Play
99

Ancient Quintain
99

Bob Apple
100

Saxon Costumes
100

Saxon Costumes
100

English Crowns
100

English Shoes
101

English Dinner Party
101

Cloak-pin, Buckle, and Pouch of the Twelfth Century
101

Early English Candlestick
102

English Bed
102

Chairs
102

Saxon Comb and Comb-Case
102

Norman Vessel of the Twelfth Century
103

Norman Soldiers
103

Norman Bowmen of the Eleventh Century
103

Woman Spinning
104

Sacramental Wafer Box of the Twelfth Century
104

Incidents copied from the Bayeux Tapestry
105

Incidents copied from the Bayeux Tapestry
106

Great Seal of William I.
109

Plan of a Norman Castle
112

Norman and Saxon Arms
114

Waltheof's Confession
116

Robert asking His Father's Pardon
120

Fitz-Arthur forbidding the Burial of William
121

Departure of Bishop Odo from Rochester
124

William II., surnamed Rufus
125

Great Seal of William II.
128

Surrender of Bamborough Castle
129

St. Helena discovering the True Cross
132

Initiation into the Order of Knighthood
133

Pope Urban II. preaching the First Crusade in the Market-Place of Clermont
136

The Mosque of Santa Sophia, Constantinople
137

Bird's-Eye View of Christian Constantinople
140

Circus and Hippodrome of Christian Constantinople
141

Statue of Godfrey de Bouillon, Brussels
144

Robert of Normandy rallying the Crusaders
145

Throne of the Emperor of Constantinople
147

Costume of Empress of Constantinople
147

Procession of the Crusaders round the Walls of Jerusalem
148

Pilgrim, Palmer, Hospitaller, Templar Knight, and Conventual Templar
149

Great Seal of Henry I.
153

Robert of Normandy paying Court to the Lady Sibylla
156

Marriage of Henry I. and Matilda
157

Duke Robert's Son before King Henry
161

Shipwreck of Prince William
164

Henry I.
165

Stephen
168

Great Seal of Stephen
169

Silver Penny of Stephen
172

Interview between the Empress Matilda and Queen Maud
173

Flight of Matilda from Oxford Castle
176

Great Seal of Henry II.
177

English Costumes in the Time of Henry II.
181

Silver Penny of Henry II.
183

Heroism of St. Clair at the Siege of Bridgenorth Castle
184

Becket before his Enemies in the Council Hall at Northampton
185

Henry II.
189

Repulse of the English at Corwen
192

Interview between Becket and King Henry
193

The Murder of Becket in Canterbury Cathedral
197

The Siege of Waterford
200

Henry on His Way to Becket's Tomb
205

Henry receiving the News of John's Treachery
209

Crown of the Twelfth Century
211

St. Clement's, Sandwich, showing the Norman Tower
212

The Chapel in the White Tower, Tower of London
213

Portion of Doorway, Durham Cathedral
215

Castle Rising, Norfolk
216

Richard I.
217

Coronation of Richard in Westminster Abbey: the Procession along the Aisle
220

View in Genoa: the Dogana
221

Isaac of Cyprus begging for the Release of His Daughter
225

Richard at the Battle of Azotus
228

Fountain near Jaffa
229

Jaffa, from the Sands
232

Richard landing at Jaffa
233

Richard assailed by the Austrian Soldiers
237

Arrest of Archbishop Geoffrey in a Monastery at Dover
240

South-West View of Old St. Paul's, showing the Chapter-House, &c.
241

Great Seal of Richard I.
244

Reception of Richard on His Return from the Continent
245

Map of the English Possessions in France
248

Bertrand in Presence of Richard
249

John
253

Great Seal of John
256

Murder of Prince Arthur
257

Interior of Rouen Cathedral
261

John doing Homage to the Pope's Legate
264

St. Peter's Church, Northampton
265

John refusing to sign the Articles of the Barons
269

Runnymede, from Cooper's Hill
272

Specimen of the Writing of the Great Charter
273

The Disaster to John's Army at the Wash
276

Winchester Cathedral
277

Defeat of the French Fleet in the English Channel
281

Great Seal of Henry III.
284

Banquet at the Marriage of Henry and Eleanor of Provence
285

Henry III.
288

[x]

Silver Penny of Henry III.
292

Gold Penny of Henry III.
292

View in Sicily: the Amphitheatre, Syracuse
293

Henry's Quarrel with De Montfort
296

The Barons submitting their Demands to Henry
297

Oxford Castle
301

Flight of Queen Eleanor: the Scene at London Bridge
304

Lewes (Sussex)
305

Battle of Evesham: King Henry in Danger
309

Prince Edward introducing Adam Gourdon to the Queen
312

Interior of the Temple Church, London
313

The Choir of Lincoln Cathedral
317

Capital from Salisbury Cathedral
318

Capital from Lincoln Cathedral
318

Tooth Ornament from Lincoln Cathedral
318

View in Tunis
321

Great Seal of Edward I.
324

Edward I.
325

Llewelyn's Last Fight
328

Edward presenting his Infant Son to the Welsh
329

Norham Castle
333

Earl Warrenne showing his Title to his Estates
336

The Sailors' Quarrel near Bayonne
337

The Coronation Chair and "Stone of Destiny," Westminster Abbey
341

The Abbot of Arbroath before King Edward
344

The Abbey Craig and Wallace Monument, near Stirling, with the Ochil Hills
345

Revolt of the Barons against the King
349

Penny of Edward I. Groat of Edward I. Halfpenny of Edward I.
352

Dunfermline Abbey and Church
353

Wallace on his Way to Westminster Hall
356

Capture of Bruce's Wife and Daughter at Tain
357

South Transept, Westminster Abbey
361

Great Seal of Edward II.
364

Edward II.
365

Piers Gaveston and the Barons
368

Piers Gaveston before the Earl of Warwick
369

The Bore-Stone, Bannockburn, in which Bruce planted his Standard
372

Bannockburn: Bruce reviewing his Troops before the Battle
373

The Auld Brig, Stirling
376

Halfpenny of Edward II. Penny of Edward II.
377

Escape of Roger Mortimer from the Tower
381

Berkeley Castle
385

Great Seal of Edward III.
388

Robert Bruce's last Orders to Douglas
392

Melrose Abbey
393

Edward III.
396

Interrupting Balliol's Christmas Dinner
397

Black Agnes at the Siege of Dunbar Castle
401

Porch of the Golden Virgin: Amiens Cathedral
404

The Countess De Montfort inciting the People of Rennes to resist the French King 409
The Church of St. Etienne: Caen
413

Edward the Black Prince
416

The Black Prince at the Battle of Creçy
417

View in Calais: Rue de la Citadelle showing the Belfry
421

Queen Philippa interceding for the Burgesses of Calais
425

Edward receiving King John of France
429

Coins of the Reign of Edward III.
432

The Church of Notre Dame, Calais
433

The Cathedral, Coutances
436

Marcel and the Dauphin of France
437

The Black Prince and the French King's Herald
441

John Wycliffe appearing in St. Paul's Cathedral to answer the Charge of Heresy
445

Alice Perrers at the Death-bed of Edward III.
448

John Wycliffe
453

Great Seal of Richard II.
456

One of Wycliffe's "Poor Priests" preaching to the People
457

Coins of the Reign of Richard II.
461

John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster
465

Betrothal of the Princess Isabella to Richard
469

Arrest of the Duke of Gloucester
473

The Tower of London: the White Tower
480

Conway Castle
481

Arrest of King Richard
485

Costume of Bishop of the Fourteenth Century
488

Facsimile of part of the First Chapter of St. John's Gospel in Wycliffe's Bible
489

The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Century Colleges of Oxford University
493

Geoffrey Chaucer
497

Queen Eleanor's Cross, Northampton
499

Window from Meopham
500

Window from St. Mary's, Beverley
500

Decorated Capital, from Selby
501

Ball Flower, with Roll Moulding and Hollow
502

Four-leaved Flower, with Filleted, Round, and Hollow moulding
502

Minstrels at a Banquet in the Fourteenth Century
504

Fair at Westminster in the Fourteenth Century
505

English Ships of the Fourteenth Century
509

Costumes of the Fourteenth Century
512

English Merrymaking in the Fourteenth Century: riding at the Quintain
513

Henry IV.
517

Great Seal of Henry IV.
520

Arrest of the Conspirators at Cirencester
521

Charge of the Scots at Homildon Hill
525

Warkworth Castle
529

Shilling of Henry IV.
532

The French Fleet arriving at Milford Haven
533

The Dukes of Orleans and Burgundy, at the Church of the Augustines
537

Prince Henry before Judge Gascoigne
541

King at Table (Fourteenth Century)
544