Case Studies in Physiology and Nutrition

172 Pages·2009·2.846 MB·English

by  Lynne Berdanier, Carolyn D Berdanier

Case Studies in
PHYSIOLOGY
and
NUTRITION

Case Studies in
PHYSIOLOGY
and
NUTRITION
Lynne Berdanier (cid:127) Carolyn D. Berdanier

Boca Raton London New York
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Contents
Chapter 1 How to Use This Book ............................................................................................1
What Is a Case Study? ....................................................................................................................1
Sample Case Study: Derrick’s Malaise .........................................................................................2
Where Can I Find the Answers to These Problems? .................................................................3
Where Does the Analysis Part Come In? .....................................................................................3
Key Words and Their Meanings: Look Up the Unfamiliar Terms .....................................3
Read the Relevant Literature ....................................................................................................3
Organize Your Information ......................................................................................................4
Prepare a Summary for Yourself of the Previous Key Points ..............................................4
What Do the Terms Used in This Book Mean? ...........................................................................4
Learning Activity 1.1 ......................................................................................................................8
Learning Activity 1.2 ......................................................................................................................9
Chapter 2 Disease .....................................................................................................................11
What Is a Disease? ........................................................................................................................11
How Is Disease Studied? Who Studies Disease? ......................................................................12
Do We Keep Track of Disease? ....................................................................................................12
What Causes a Disease to Develop? ...........................................................................................12
What Are Signs and Symptoms? ................................................................................................13
What Kinds of Laboratory Work Could Be Helpful in Describing the Case? ......................13
What Kinds of Tissues Can Be Used for Laboratory Assessment? ........................................14
How Long Does a Disease Last? .................................................................................................14
Learning Activity 2.1: Epidemiology Case Study ....................................................................16
Suspected Legionnaires’ Disease in Bogalusa .....................................................................16
The Story ..........................................................................................................................16
Background on Bogalusa ...............................................................................................17
Conclusion .......................................................................................................................19

Chapter 3 Homeostasis ............................................................................................................21
What Is Homeostasis? ..................................................................................................................21
How Is Homeostasis Regulated? ................................................................................................21
What Is the Relevance of Homeostatic Control to Our Understanding of the
Physiology of Nutrition? ..............................................................................................................23
Malnutrition as Part of a Homeostatic Disturbance ................................................................24
Sodium .......................................................................................................................................25
Potassium ..................................................................................................................................26
Chloride .....................................................................................................................................26
Calcium ......................................................................................................................................27
Magnesium ................................................................................................................................28
Other Instances of Homeostatic Regulation .............................................................................28
Growth and Development ......................................................................................................28
Obesity .......................................................................................................................................28
Homeostasis in Body Weight Regulation ..................................................................................30
Treatment of Obesity ...............................................................................................................30
Drugs in the Treatment of Obesity ........................................................................................31
Diet Products ............................................................................................................................31
Bariatric Surgery ......................................................................................................................32
Conclusion .................................................................................................................................33
Learning Activity 3.1: Keeping a Food Diary ...........................................................................34
Case Study 3.1: Marcus Wants to Stop Gaining Weight ..........................................................35
Problem Analysis and Resolution ..........................................................................................36
Case Study 3.2: Susie’s Goldfish Jumps Out of the Bowl .........................................................37
Problem Analysis and Resolution ..........................................................................................37
Case Study 3.3: Beth Decides .......................................................................................................38
Problem Analysis and Resolution ..........................................................................................38
Case Study 3.4: Baby Bo Can’t Get Enough ...............................................................................40
Problem Analysis and Resolution ..........................................................................................40
Case Study 3.5: Discovering a Concentration Camp ...............................................................42
Problem Analysis and Resolution ..........................................................................................42
Chapter 4 Blood .........................................................................................................................43
Causes of Nutritional Anemia ....................................................................................................43
Pharmacological Treatment of Iron Deficiency ...................................................................46
Toxicology of Iron Overload ...................................................................................................46
Other Nutrients and Anemia ........................................................................................47
Non-Nutritional Anemia .........................................................................................................48
Blood Groups .................................................................................................................................48
Blood Clotting................................................................................................................................49
White Cells .....................................................................................................................................50
Blood Pressure ...............................................................................................................................51
Learning Activity 4.1: Your Nutritional Status .........................................................................53
Case Study 4.1: Cynthia Has an Automobile Accident ............................................................54
Problem Analysis and Resolution ..........................................................................................54
Case Study 4.2: Nebraska Pioneer Women ................................................................................55
Problem Analysis and Resolution ..........................................................................................55
Case Study 4.3: Maureen Decides to Adopt Vegetarianism ...................................................56
Problem Analysis and Resolution ..........................................................................................56
Chapter 5 You Are What You Eat ...........................................................................................57
Dietary Guidelines ........................................................................................................................57
Diet Assessment ............................................................................................................................57
Nutritional Assessment ................................................................................................................61
Laboratory Tests ............................................................................................................................62
Case Study 5.1: Elise Complains of Trouble Driving at Night ................................................64
Problem Analysis and Resolution ..........................................................................................64
Case Study 5.2: Uncle John Is an Alcoholic ...............................................................................65
Problem Analysis and Resolution ..........................................................................................65
Case Study 5.3: Little Lizzie Has Scurvy ...................................................................................66
Problem Analysis and Resolution ..........................................................................................66
Chapter 6 How Is Food Used? ................................................................................................67
How Do We Get the Nutrients in the Food into Our Bodies? ................................................67
Absorption .....................................................................................................................................67
Protein Digestion ..........................................................................................................................68
Amino Acid Absorption ..............................................................................................................69
Carbohydrate Digestion ...............................................................................................................69
Carbohydrate Absorption ............................................................................................................71
Lipid Digestion and Absorption .................................................................................................71
Case Study 6.1: Steven Has a Belly Ache ...................................................................................75
Problem Analysis and Resolution ..........................................................................................75
Case Study 6.2: John Has a Pain ..................................................................................................76
Problem Analysis and Resolution ..........................................................................................76
Case Study 6.3: Emily’s Baby .......................................................................................................77
Problem Analysis and Resolution ..........................................................................................77
Case Study 6.4: Herbert Is on a Food Supplement Kick ..........................................................78
Problem Analysis and Resolution ..........................................................................................78
Case Study 6.5: Herman Is Convinced He Has Heart Trouble ...............................................79
Problem Analysis and Resolution ..........................................................................................79
Chapter 7 We Are What We Inherit ......................................................................................81
What Is a Gene? What Is Our Genotype? What Is Our Phenotype? What Is the
Difference between the Terms, Genotype and Phenotype? ...................................................81
How Do We Inherit Our Genotype and Phenotype? ..............................................................83
How Does Our Environment Shape the Phenotypic Expression of Our Genotype? .........84
Learning Activity 7.1: Your Family Tree ....................................................................................88
Case Study 7.1: An African Adventure ......................................................................................89
Problem Analysis and Resolution ..........................................................................................89
Case Study 7.2: BoBo Hates Milk; It Gives Him a Tummy Ache ............................................90
Problem Analysis and Resolution ..........................................................................................90
Case Study 7.3: Sylvia, Raymond, and Reginald Have a Fat Mother with
Type 2 Diabetes .............................................................................................................................91
Problem Analysis and Resolution ..........................................................................................91
Chapter 8 Pets and People .......................................................................................................93
How the Immune System Works ................................................................................................93
Antibodies ......................................................................................................................................95
Types of Diseases of the Immune System .................................................................................96
Case Study 8.1: The Horse with the Flying Tail ........................................................................98
Problem Analysis and Resolution ..........................................................................................98
Case Study 8.2: Chuck Has a Parakeet .......................................................................................99
Problem Analysis and Resolution ..........................................................................................99
Case Study 8.3: Elizabeth Has a Dog Problem........................................................................100
Problem Analysis and Resolution ........................................................................................100
Case Study 8.4: Betty Changes Allegiances ............................................................................101
Problem Analysis and Resolution ........................................................................................101
Case Study 8.5: Julia Is Thin ......................................................................................................102
Problem Analysis and Resolution ........................................................................................102
Chapter 9 Food and Health ...................................................................................................103
Food Safety ..................................................................................................................................103
Food-Borne Pathogens................................................................................................................103
Bacteria ....................................................................................................................................103
Viruses .....................................................................................................................................105
Eukaryotic Contaminants (Molds and Parasites) ..............................................................106
Recognition ..................................................................................................................................106
Prevention ....................................................................................................................................106
Case Study 9.1: Traveler’s Tummy .............................................................................................107
Problem Analysis and Resolution ........................................................................................107
Case Study 9.2: Oh Those Tomatoes! ........................................................................................109
Problem Analysis and Resolution ........................................................................................109
Case Study 9.3: Jesse and His Family Get Sick .......................................................................110
Problem Analysis and Resolution ........................................................................................110
Chapter 10 Stones and Bones .................................................................................................111
Bone Mineralization ...................................................................................................................111
Bone Diseases ..............................................................................................................................111
Osteoporosis ............................................................................................................................113
Osteomalacia ...........................................................................................................................114
Skeletal Problems Associated with Renal Disease .................................................................114
Other Diseases of the Bone ........................................................................................................114
Renal Stone Disease ....................................................................................................................115
Types of Stones .......................................................................................................................115
Case Study 10.1: Aunt Tillie Is Getting Shorter ......................................................................117
Problem Analysis and Resolution ........................................................................................117
Case Study 10.2: Mike Writhes on the Floor ...........................................................................118
Problem Analysis and Resolution ........................................................................................118
Case Study 10.3: Bertha Takes a Fall.........................................................................................119
Problem Analysis and Resolution ........................................................................................119
Chapter 11 Age and Nutrition ................................................................................................121
The Aging Process ......................................................................................................................121
Age-Related Changes in Metabolism .......................................................................................123
Case Study 11.1: Grandma Is Tired ...........................................................................................125
Problem Analysis and Resolution ........................................................................................125
Case Study 11.2: Lydia Has Palpitations ..................................................................................126
Problem Analysis and Resolution ........................................................................................126
Chapter 12 Getting from Here to There—Muscle .............................................................127
Types of Muscle and Their Function ........................................................................................127
How Nutrition Affects Muscle Function .................................................................................129
Muscle Problems .........................................................................................................................130
Learning Activity 12.1: Your Basal Energy Need ...................................................................131
Learning Activity 12.2: Activity Cost .......................................................................................132
Learning Activity 12.3: Exploring Performance-Enhancing Products ...............................134
Case Study 12.1: Jason Is a Cyclist ............................................................................................135
Problem Analysis and Resolution ........................................................................................135
Case Study 12.2: Jackson Aspires to Play Professional Football ..........................................136
Problem Analysis and Resolution ........................................................................................136
Case Study 12.3: Tonya Has a Heart Attack ............................................................................137
Problem Analysis and Resolution ........................................................................................137
Case Study 12.4: Edward Enlists in the Army ........................................................................138
Problem Analysis and Resolution ........................................................................................138
Glossary .......................................................................................................................................139
Index .............................................................................................................................................149