Case studies in infectious disease

609 Pages·2010·15.277 MB·English

by  Peter Lydyard;Michael Cole;J B Holton;William L Irving;Nino Porakishvili;All authors

Peter M. Lydyard
Michael F. Cole
John Holton
William L. Irving
Nino Porakishvili
Pradhib Venkatesan
Katherine N. Ward
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2010. Peter M. Lydyard, Emeritus Professor of
To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s Immunology, University College Medical
collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk. School, London, UK and Honorary
Professor of Immunology, School of
Vice President: Denise Schanck
Biosciences, University of Westminster,
Editor: Elizabeth Owen
London, UK. Michael F. Cole, Professor
Editorial Assistant: Sarah E. Holland
of Microbiology & Immunology,
Senior Production Editor: Simon Hill
Georgetown University School of
Typesetting: Georgina Lucas
Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.
Cover Design: Andy Magee
JohnHolton, Reader and Honorary
Proofreader: Sally Huish
Consultant in Clinical Microbiology,
Indexer: Merrall-Ross International Ltd
Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences,
University College London and University
©2010 by Garland Science, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
College London Hospital Foundation Trust,
London, UK. William L. Irving, Professor
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly
and Honorary Consultant in Virology,
regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and
University of Nottingham and Nottingham
sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed.
University Hospitals NHS Trust,
Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and
Nottingham, UK. Nino Porakishvili,
information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume
Senior Lecturer, School of Biosciences,
responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of
University of Westminster, London, UK
their use. All rights reserved. No part of this book covered by the
and Honorary Professor, Javakhishvili
copyright heron may be reproduced or used in any format in any form
Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia.
or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including
Pradhib Venkatesan, Consultant in
photocopying, recording, taping, or information storage and retrieval
Infectious Diseases, Nottingham University
systems—without permission of the publisher.
Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK.
Katherine N. Ward, Consultant Virologist
The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, that the
and Honorary Senior Lecturer, University
drug doses in this book are correct. Readers must check up to date
College Medical School, London, UK and
product information and clinical procedures with the manufacturers,
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Agency, UK.
ISBN 0-203-85687-2 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN 978-0-8153-4142-0
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Case studies in infectious disease / Peter M Lydyard ... [et al.].
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
SBN 978-0-8153-4142-0
1. Communicable diseases--Case studies. I. Lydyard, Peter M.
[DNLM: 1. Communicable Diseases--Case Reports. 2. Bacterial
Infections--Case Reports. 3. Mycoses--Case Reports. 4. Parasitic Diseases--
Case Reports. 5. Virus Diseases--Case Reports. WC 100 C337 2009]
RC112.C37 2009
616.9--dc22
2009004968
Published by Garland Science, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC,
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Preface
The idea for this book came from a successful course in a medical school
setting. Each of the forty cases has been selected by the authors as being
those that cause the most morbidity and mortality worldwide. The cases
themselves follow the natural history of infection from point of entry of
the pathogen through pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and
treatment. We believe that this approach provides the reader with a logi-
cal basis for understanding these diverse medically-important organisms.
Following the description of a case history, the same five sets of core ques-
tions are asked to encourage the student to think about infections in a
common sequence. The initial set concerns the nature of the infectious
agent, how it gains access to the body, what cells are infected, and how the
organism spreads; the second set asks about host defense mechanisms
against the agent and how disease is caused; the third set enquires about
the clinical manifestations of the infection and the complications that can
occur; the fourth set is related to how the infection is diagnosed, and what
is the differential diagnosis, and the final set asks how the infection is man-
aged, and what preventative measures can be taken to avoid the infection.
In order to facilitate the learning process, each case includes summary bul-
let points, a reference list, a further reading list and some relevant reliable
websites. Some of the websites contain images that are referred to in the
text. Each chapter concludes with multiple-choice questions for self-test-
ing with the answers given in the back of the book.
In the contents section, diseases are listed alphabetically under the
causative agent. A separate table categorizes the pathogens as bacterial,
viral, protozoal/worm/fungal and acts as a guide to the relative involve-
ment of each body system affected. Finally, there is a comprehensive glos-
sary to allow rapid access to microbiology and medical terms highlighted
in bold in the text. All figures are available in JPEG and PowerPoint® for-
mat at www.garlandscience.com/gs_textbooks.asp
We believe that this book would be an excellent textbook for any course in
microbiology and in particular for medical students who need instant
access to key information about specific infections.
Happy learning!!
The authors
March, 2009
Acknowledgments
In writing this book we have benefited greatly from the advice of many microbiologists and immunologists. We would like to thank the
following for their suggestions in preparing this edition.
William R. Abrams (New York University College of Dentistry, University Medical Center, USA); Awewura Kwara (Warren
USA); Abhijit M. Bal (Crosshouse Hospital, UK); Keith Alpert Medical School of Brown University, USA); Jerika T.
Bodger (University of Liverpool, UK); Carolyn Hovde Bohach Lam (Loma Linda University, USA); Robert A. Lamb
(University of Idaho, USA); Robert H. Bonneau (The (Northwestern University, USA); Audrey Lenhart (Liverpool
Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, USA); School of Tropical Medicine, UK); Michael D. Libman
Dov L. Boros (Wayne State University, USA); Thomas J. (McGill University, Canada); David Lindsay (Virginia
Braciale (University of Virginia Health Systems, USA); Technical University, USA); Dennis Linton (University of
Stephen M. Brecher (VA Boston Healthcare System USA); Manchester, UK); Martin Llewelyn (Brighton and Sussex
Patrick J. Brennan (Colorado State University, USA); Christine Medical School, UK); Diana Lockwood (London School of
M. Budke (Texas A&M University, USA); Neal R. Chamberlain Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK); Francesco A. Mauri
(A.T. Still University of Health Sciences/KCOM, USA); (Imperial College, UK); Don McManus (Queensland Institute
Dorothy H. Crawford (University of Edinburgh, UK); Jeremy of Medical Research, Australia); Keith R. Matthews (University
Derrick (University of Manchester, UK); Joanne Dobbins of Edinburgh, UK); Ernest Alan Meyer (Oregon Health and
(Bellarmine University, USA); Michael P. Doyle (University of Science University, USA); Manuel H. Moro (National
Georgia, USA); Sean Doyle (National University of Ireland); Institutes of Health, USA); Kristy Murray (The University of
Gary A. Dykes (Food Science Australia); Stacey Efstathiou Texas Health Science Center, USA); Tim Paget (The
(University of Cambridge, UK); Roger Evans (Raigmore Universities of Kent and Greenwich at Medway, UK); Andrew
Hospital, UK); Ferric C. Fang (University of Washington Pekosz (Johns Hopkins University, USA); Lennart Philipson
School of Medicine, USA); Robert William Finberg (Karolinska Institute, Sweden); Gordon Ramage (University of
(University of Massachusetts Medical School, USA); Joanne Glasgow, UK); Julie A. Ribes (University of Kentucky, USA);
Flynn (University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, USA); Alan Bernard Rickinson (University of Birmingham, UK);
Scott G. Franzblau (University of Illinois at Chicago, USA); Adam P. Roberts (University College London, UK); Nina
Caroline Attardo Genco (Boston University School of Salama (Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and
Medicine, USA); Geraldo Gileno de Sá Oliveira (Oswaldo University of Washington, USA); John W. Sixbey (Louisiana
Cruz Foundation, Brazil); John W. Gow (Glasgow Caledonian State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, USA);
University, UK); Carlos A. Guerra (University of Oxford, UK); Deborah F. Smith (York Medical School University of York,
Paul Hagan (University of Glasgow, UK); Anders P. Hakansson UK); John S. Spencer (Colorado State University, USA);
(SUNY at Buffalo, USA); Tim J. Harrison (University College Richard Stabler (London School of Hygiene & Tropical
London, UK); Robert S. Heyderman (Liverpool School of Medicine, UK); Catherine H. Strohbehn (Iowa State
Tropical Medicine, UK); Geoff Hide (University of Salford, University, USA); Sankar Swaminathan (University of Florida
UK); Stuart Hill (Northern Illinois University, USA); Stephen Shands Cancer Center, USA); Clive Sweet (University of
Hogg (University of Newcastle, UK); Malcolm J. Horsburgh Birmingham, UK); Clarence C. Tam (London School of
(University of Liverpool, UK); Michael Hudson (University of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK); Mark J. Taylor (Liverpool
North Carolina at Charlotte, USA); Karsten Hueffer School of Tropical Medicine, UK); Yasmin Thanavala (Roswell
(University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA); Paul Humphreys Park Cancer Institute, USA); Christian Tschudi (Yale
(University of Huddersfield, UK); Ruth Frances Itzhaki University, USA); Mathew Upton (University of Manchester,
(University of Manchester, UK); Aras Kadioglu (University of UK); Juerg Utzinger (Swiss Tropical Institute, Switzerland);
Leicester, UK); A. V. Karlyshev (Kingston University, UK); Julio A. Vázquez (National Institute of Microbiology, Institute
Ruth A. Karron (Johns Hopkins University, USA); Stephanie of Health Carlos III, Spain); Joseph M. Vinetz (University of
M. Karst (Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, California, San Diego, USA); J. Scott Weese (University of
USA); C. M. Anjam Khan (University of Newcastle, UK); Guelph, Canada); Lee Wetzler (Boston University School of
Peter G.E. Kennedy (University of Glasgow, UK); Martin Medicine, USA); Peter Williams (University of Leicester, UK);
Kenny (University of Bristol, UK); H. Nina Kim (University of Robert Paul Yeo (Durham University, UK); Qijing Zhang
Washington, USA); George Kinghorn (Royal Hallamshire (Iowa State University, USA); Shanta M. Zimmer (Emory
Hospital, UK); Michael Klemba (Virginia Polytechnic Institute University School of Medicine, USA); Prof G. Janossy
and State University, USA); Brent E. Korba (Georgetown (University College, London, UK).
vii
Table of Contents
Case 1 Aspergillus fumigatus 1 Case 24 Neisseria gonorrhoeae 303
Case 2 Borrelia burgdorferi and related species 19 Case 25 Neisseria meningitidis 315
Case 3 Campylobacter jejuni 33 Case 26 Norovirus 329
Case 4 Chlamydia trachomatis 41 Case 27 Parvovirus 339
Case 5 Clostridium difficile 63 Case 28 Plasmodiumspp. 347
Case 6 Coxiella burnetti 73 Case 29 Respiratory syncytial virus 361
Case 7 Coxsackie B virus 99 Case 30 Rickettsiaspp. 371
Case 8 Echinococcus spp. 107 Case 31 Salmonella typhi 383
Case 9 Epstein-Barr virus 115 Case 32 Schistosomaspp. 393
Case 10 Escherichia coli 129 Case 33 Staphylococcus aureus 403
Case 11 Giardia lamblia 139 Case 34 Streptococcus mitis 419
Case 12 Helicobacter pylori 149 Case 35 Streptococcus pneumoniae 429
Case 13 Hepatitis B virus 161 Case 36 Streptococcus pyogenes 439
Case 14 Herpes simplex virus 1 177 Case 37 Toxoplasma gondii 453
Case 15 Herpes simplex virus 2 187 Case 38 Trypanosoma spp. 463
Case 16 Histoplasma capsulatum 197 Case 39 Varicella-zoster virus 475
Case 17 Human immunodeficiency virus 217 Case 40 Wuchereria bancrofti 485
Case 18 Influenza virus 235
Case 19 Leishmania spp. 249
Glossary 495
Case 20 Leptospira spp. 261
Answers to Multiple Choice Questions 513
Case 21 Listeria monocytogenes 269
Case 22 Mycobacterium leprae 277 Figure Acknowledgments 566
Case 23 Mycobacterium tuberculosis 291 Index 573
viii
Pathogens by type and body systems affected
Guide to the relative involvement of each body system affected by the infectious organisms
described in this book: the organisms are categorized into bacteria, viruses, and
protozoa/fungi/worms.
Organism Resp MS GI H/B GU CNS CV Skin Syst L/H
Bacteria
Borrelia burgdorferi 4+ 1+ 1+
Campylobacter jejuni 4+ 2+
Chlamydia trachomatis 2+ 4+ 2+
Clostridium difficile 4+
Coxiella burnetti 4+ 4+
Escherichia coli 4+ 4+ 4+ 4+
Helicobacter pylori 4+
Leptospira spp. 4+ 4+ 4+
Listeria monocytogenes 2+ 4+ 2+ 4+
Mycobacterium leprae 2+ 4+
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 4+ 2+
Neisseria gonorrhoeae 4+ 2+
Neisseria meningitidis 4+ 4+
Rickettsia spp. 4+ 4+ 4+
Salmonella typhi 4+ 4+
Staphylococcus aureus 1+ 1+ 2+ 1+ 4+ 1+
Streptococcus mitis 1+ 4+
Streptococcus pneumoniae 4+ 4+
Streptococcus pyogenes 3+ 4+ 3+
Viruses
Coxsackie B virus 1+ 1+ 4+ 1+
Epstein-Barr virus 2+ 4+
Hepatitis B virus 4+
Herpes simplex virus 1 2+ 4+ 4+
Herpes simplex virus 2 4+ 2+ 4+
Human immunodeficiency virus 2+ 2+ 4+
Influenza virus 4+ 1+ 1+
Norovirus 4+
Parvovirus 2+ 3+ 4+ 2+
Respiratory syncytial virus 4+
Varicella-zoster virus 2+ 2+ 4+
INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS BY BODY SYSTEM ix
Protozoa/Fungi/Worms
Aspergillusfumigatus 4+ 1+ 2+
Echinococcus spp. 2+ 4+
Giardia lamblia 4+
Histoplasmacapsulatum 3+ 1+ 4+
Leishmania spp. 4+ 4+
Plasmodium spp. 4+ 4+
Schistosoma spp. 4+ 4+ 4+
Toxoplasma gondii 2+ 4+
Trypanosoma spp. 4+ 4+ 4+
Wuchereria bancrofti 4+
The rating system (+4 the strongest, +1 the weakest) indicates the greater to lesser involvement of the body system.
KEY:
Resp = Respiratory: MS = Musculoskeletal: GI = Gastrointestinal
H/B = Hepatobiliary: GU = Genitourinary: CNS = Central Nervous System
Skin = Dermatological: Syst = Systemic: L/H = Lymphatic-Hematological