Case in Semitic: Roles, Relations, and Reconstruction PDF
Preview Case in Semitic: Roles, Relations, and Reconstruction
Case in Semitic OXFORD STUDIES IN DIACHRONIC AND HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS generaleditors AdamLedgewayandIanRoberts,UniversityofCambridge advisoryeditors CynthiaAllen,AustralianNationalUniversity;RicardoBermúdez-Otero,UniversityofMan- chester;TheresaBiberauer,UniversityofCambridge;CharlotteGalves,UniversityofCampinas; GeoffHorrocks,UniversityofCambridge;PaulKiparsky,StanfordUniversity;AnthonyKroch, University of Pennsylvania; David Lightfoot, Georgetown University; Giuseppe Longobardi, UniversityofYork;DavidWillis,UniversityofCambridge published 1 FromLatintoRomance MorphosyntacticTypologyandChange AdamLedgeway 2 ParameterTheoryandLinguisticChange EditedbyCharlotteGalves,SoniaCyrino,RuthLopes,FilomenaSandalo,and JuanitoAvelar 3 CaseinSemitic Roles,Relations,andReconstruction RebeccaHasselbach 4 TheBoundariesofPureMorphology DiachronicandSynchronicPerspectives EditedbySilvioCruschina,MartinMaiden,andJohnCharlesSmith 5 TheHistoryofNegationintheLanguagesofEuropeandtheMediterranean VolumeI:CaseStudies EditedbyDavidWillis,ChrisLucas,andAnneBreitbarth 6 ConstructionalizationandConstructionalChanges ElizabethTraugottandGraemeTrousdale Foracompletelistofbookspublishedandinpreparationfortheseriesseepp.354–55 Case in Semitic Roles, Relations, and Reconstruction REBECCA HASSELBACH 1 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,ox26dp, UnitedKingdom OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries #RebeccaHasselbach2013 Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted FirstEditionpublishedin2013 Impression:1 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthe priorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermitted bylaw,bylicenceorundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographics rightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeofthe aboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,atthe addressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable ISBN 978–0–19–967180–9 PrintedbytheMPGPrintgroup,UK Contents Seriespreface vii Listoftables viii Listofabbreviations x Bibliographicalabbreviations x Otherabbreviations x 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Methodologicalconsiderations 1 2 TheSemiticcasesystem:basicevidenceandtraditionalreconstruction 16 2.1 Semiticevidence 16 2.2 Conflictingevidence 36 2.3 Alternativereconstructions 47 2.4 Evidenceforcasesystemsinnon-SemiticbranchesofAfro-Asiatic 72 2.5 Summary 87 3 Linguistictypology 90 3.1 Typologicalhierarchiesandtheconceptofmarkedness 91 3.2 Grammaticalrolesandrelations 96 3.3 Head-anddependent-marking 107 3.4 Case 110 3.5 Wordorderandtypologicaluniversals 116 3.6 Typologyandhistoricalreconstruction 120 3.7 Summary 123 4 GrammaticalrolesandthealignmentofSemitic 125 4.1 Introduction 125 4.2 Verbalindexationofs,a,andp 126 4.3 Nominalmarkingofs,a,andp 139 4.4 Themarkingofgrammaticalrolesfollowingcertainparticles suchas’innaandhinnē 142 4.5 Syntacticpivotsincoordinationandrelativization 145 4.6 Passivizationandtheuseof’et-inHebrew 150 4.7 Wordorder 165 4.8 Summary 181 vi Contents 5 Head-anddependent-markinginSemitic 182 5.1 Introduction 182 5.2 Evidence 187 5.3 Historicalreconstruction 243 5.4 Summary 254 6 ThefunctionofcasemarkersinSemitic 258 6.1 The“Nominative”–u 258 6.2 The“Genitive”–i 264 6.3 The“Accusative”–a 266 6.4 The“Absolute”ending–Ø 313 6.5 ReconstructionoftheSemiticbasiccases 322 7 Conclusions 327 Bibliography 333 Index 347 Series preface Modern diachronic linguistics has important contacts with other subdisciplines, notably first-language acquisition, learnability theory, computational linguistics, sociolinguistics and the traditional philological study of texts. It is now recognized in the wider field that diachronic linguistics can make a novel contribution to linguistic theory, to historical linguistics and arguably to cognitive science more widely. Thisseriesprovidesaforumforworkinbothdiachronicandhistoricallinguistics, including work on change in grammar, sound, and meaning within and across languages; synchronic studies of languages in the past; and descriptive histories of oneormorelanguages.Itisintendedtoreflectandencouragethelinksbetweenthese subjectsandfieldssuchasthosementionedabove. The goal of the series is to publish high-quality monographs and collections of papersindiachroniclinguisticsgenerally,i.e.studiesfocussingonchangeinlinguis- tic structure, and/or change in grammars, which are also intended to make a contribution to linguistic theory, by developing and adopting a current theoretical model, by raising wider questions concerning the nature of language change or by developing theoretical connections with other areas of linguistics and cognitive science as listed above. There is no bias towards a particular language or language family,ortowardsaparticulartheoreticalframework;workinalltheoreticalframe- works,and work based on the descriptive tradition of language typology,as well as quantitativelybasedworkusingtheoreticalideas,alsofeatureintheseries. AdamLedgewayandIanRoberts UniversityofCambridge September2011 List of tables Table2.1 CasemarkinginOldAkkadian,OldBabylonian,andOldAssyrian 17 Table2.2 CasemarkinginNeoAssyrian(after1000bc) 19 Table2.3 CasemarkinginNeoBabylonian 20 Table2.4 CasemarkinginClassicalArabic 23 Table2.5 CasemarkinginUgaritic 24 Table2.6 NominalinflectionofSabaic 27 Table2.7 Gecezcasesystem 27 Table2.8 nomandgenpronominalsuffixesinPhoenician 30 Table2.9 DevelopmentofthirdpersonsingsuffixesinPhoenician 30 Table2.10 TheProtoSemiticcasesystem 36 Table2.11 EarlySemiticloanwordsinSumerian 43 Table2.12 Rabin’sreconstructionofSemitic“states” 67 Table2.13 Figuigcaseprefixesofnounswithword-initialconsonant 74 Table2.14 CasemarkersinCushitic 77 Table2.15 TheProtoCushiticcasesystemaccordingtoSasse 78 Table2.16 NominalmarkinginOmotic 81 Table2.17 SummaryofmostcommonlyfoundnommarkersinBerber, Cushitic,andOmotic 84 Table2.18 SummaryofmostcommonlyfoundaccmarkersinBerber, Cushitic,andOmotic 85 Table3.1 Nounmodifierordercontinuum 119 Table3.2 VariationsinnounmodifierorderinEthiopianSemitic 121 Table4.1 BasicverbalandpronominalformsinAkkadian,Gecez,andCA 128 Table4.2 Consonantalcorrespondencesofobjsuffixesandindependent pronouns 134 Table4.3 Firstpersonpossessivesuffixes 135 Table4.4 Summaryofconsonantalandvocalicpersonmarkers 135 Table4.5 PronounsinBeja(Cushitic) 136 Table4.6 PronounsinMokilko(Chadic) 136 Table4.7 Constituentorderinverbalandverblessclauses 178 Table5.1 Headsanddependentsatphrase,clause,andsentencelevel 183 Listoftables ix Table5.2 Head-anddependent-markingcategories 185 Table5.3 Nichols’analysisofAmharic,Arabic,andHebrew 186 Table5.4 SummaryofmarkingpatternsattestedinSemitic 237 Table5.5 Numericalpresentationofmarkingpatterns 240 Table5.6 ProposedetymologiesofmainprepositionsinAkkadian 244 Table5.7 Prepositionsfunctioningassubordinatingconjunctionsin Akkadian 245 Table5.8 ProposedProtoSemiticmarkingpatternsaccordingto constructiontype 254 Table5.9 NumericalrepresentationofProtoSemiticmarkingpatterns 254 Table5.10 NumericalrepresentationofProtoSemiticmarkingpatterns accordingtoconstructiontype 255 Table5.11 HypotheticalmarkingpatternsofProtoSemiticwithout caseinflection 256 Table5.12 NumericalrepresentationofProtoSemiticmarkingpatterns withoutcaseinflection 256 Table6.1 SummaryoffunctionsoftheaccinclassicalSemiticlanguages 292 Table6.2 Functionof–ainearlySemiticpns 293 Table6.3 UseoftheunmarkedformofthenouninclassicalSemitic languages 319 Table6.4 UseoftheunmarkedformofthenouninearlySemiticpns 321 Table6.5 ArchaicProtoSemiticreconstructionofcaseendings 326
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