Case Endings in Spoken Standard Arabic Hallberg, Andreas

304 Pages·2017·5.22 MB·English

Case Endings in Spoken Standard Arabic
Hallberg, Andreas
2016
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Citation for published version (APA):
Hallberg, A. (2016). Case Endings in Spoken Standard Arabic. [Doctoral Thesis (monograph), Centre for
Languages and Literature]. Lund University, Faculties of Humanities and Theology.
Total number of authors:
1
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CASE ENDINGS IN
SPOKEN STANDARD ARABIC
Statistics, norms, and diversity
in unscripted formal speech
Andreas Hallberg
Lund University
2016
CaseEndingsinSpokenStandardArabic.
CopyrightAndreasHallberg.ThisworkislicensedunderaCreativeCommonsAttribu-
tion4.0Internationallicense.Anopenaccessversionofthisbookisavailableathttps://lup.
lub.lu.se/search/publication/8524489.ItwastypesetbytheauthorwiththeLATEXdocument
preparationsystem.
StudiaOrientaliaLundensia.NovaSeriescanbeorderedviaLundUniversity:http://www.ht.
lu.se/en/serie/sol/.E-mail:[email protected].
isbn978-91-87833-69-4(print)
isbn978-91-87833-70-0(pdf)
issn0281-4528
PrintedinSwedenbyMedia-Tryck,LundUniversity
Lund2016
Abstract
Morphologically marked case is a salient Standard Arabic feature with-
outparallelinArabicdialects.Assuchitisagrammaticalsystemlearned
bynativespeakersofArabicthroughformaleducation.Caseendingsare
traditionallyregardedasanessentialfeatureofStandardArabic,butmor-
phological case endings are used only sporadically in extemporaneous
speech in formal situations where Standard Arabic is the expected vari-
ety. This study investigates how case endings that are used in speech are
distributedinrelationtomorphosyntacticparameterswiththeaimoffind-
ing covert linguistic norms governing where case is and is not marked
in speech. This is done by a quantitative analysis of a corpus consisting
of 17 televised interviews of highly educated native speakers of Arabic.
Only speech by the interviewees was analyzed, totaling 35000 words or
5hand22min.Nounsandadjectivesinthecorpusareannotatedformor-
phosyntactic features, including if and how the case ending is produced.
Thedatashowthattherateofcasemarkingdifferswidelybetweenspeak-
ers,butalsothattherearepatterns,consistentbetweenspeakers,ofhow
case endings are proportionally distributed in various morphosyntactic
contexts.Itwasfoundthatcaseendingsareveryrarelyusedinwordswith
thedefinitearticleal-,inadjectivalattributes,andonwordsattheendof
utterances.Casemarkingisstronglyfavoredonwordswhereitwouldbe
orthographicallyrepresentedinwritingandonwordswithanencliticpro-
noun.Itwasalsofoundthatthesepatternsarenottheresultofspeakers
relying on a set of fixed phrases to include case endings in their speech.
ThefindingspresentedinthisstudyhaveimportantimplicationsforAra-
biccurriculumdevelopment,bothinfirstandsecondlanguageteaching,
andalsoshedlightontheroleoftheuseofcaseendingsinArabicdiglossia.
v
Contents
Abstract v 2.5 Diglossiaasprocess 36
Contents vi 2.6 Codeswitching 39
ListofTables ix 2.7 Summary 41
ListofFigures x
3
ListofAbbreviations xi Arabicasastandard
Transcription xii language 
Acknowledgments xiii
3.1 Standardlanguagesand
1 linguisticvarieties 44
Introduction 
3.2 Normandcodification 45
1.1 Aims 4 3.3 ThecodificationofArabic 48
1.2 Motivation 4 3.4 Standardlanguage
1.3 SpokenStandardArabic 6 ideologyandprescriptivism 52
1.4 Linguisticexamples 8 3.5 Codifiedgrammarand
1.5 Arrangement 9 diglossicvariation 55
3.6 Summary 58
Part I
4
Background Caseintheory,
2 tradition,andpractice 
Arabicasdiglossia 
4.1 Thecasesystemin
2.1 Ferguson’sclassicdiglossia 15 StandardArabic 63
2.2 Multiple-levelmodels 19 4.2 I c rāb 65
2.2.1 Blanc’slevels 20 4.3 Caseintheclassroom 67
2.2.2 Badawī’slevels 21 4.4 Casemarkersand
2.2.3 EducatedSpokenArabic 26 syntacticredundancy 71
2.2.4 Meiseles’‘quadrigossia’ 4.5 Pauseandpausalforms 74
andOralLiteraryArabic 29 4.6 Caseinwriting 75
2.3 Speechandwritingin 4.7 Caseinreadspeech 78
diglossia 32 4.7.1 Orthographyandread
2.4 Inter-speakervariation 34 speech 79
vi
Contents vii
4.7.2 Quranicrecitation 80 6.6 Summary 119
4.8 Caseinspeech:previous 7
Morphosyntactic
research 81
4.8.1 Meiseles(1977) 82 annotation 
4.8.2 Schulz(1981) 83 7.1 Generalconsiderations 121
4.8.3 Elgibali(1985) 83 7.1.1 Underlyingprinciples 122
4.8.4 Parkinson(1994) 85 7.1.2 Grammaticaldescription 123
4.8.5 Magidow(2012) 86 7.2 Formalaspectsofannotation 124
4.9 Summary 88 7.3 Headedness 126
7.4 Inflectionalparadigm 126
Part II
7.5 Definiteness 129
Method 7.6 Casegovernance 131
5 7.6.1 Nominative 132
Material 
7.6.2 Genitive 136
7.6.3 Accusative 139
5.1 Arabiccorpora 91
7.7 Casemarking 148
5.2 Criteria 92
7.7.1 Ambiguity 149
5.2.1 Formality 92
7.8 Codeandtranscription
5.2.2 Extemporaneity 94
checking 157
5.2.3 Topic 95
7.9 Summary 159
5.2.4 Nativespeakers 96
5.2.5 Education 96
Part III
5.2.6 Publicfigures 97
Analysis
5.3 AlJazeeraandLiqā c al-Yawm 97
8
5.4 Applyingcriteria 99
Globalmeasuresand
5.5 Representationofdialects 101
idiosyncraticvariation 
5.6 Thecorpus 103
8.1 Overallratesofcasemarking 164
5.7 Summary 104
8.1.1 Thedisambiguateddataset 164
6 8.1.2 Calculatedoverallcase
Textpreparation 
ratesofcasemarking 167
6.1 Thechatformat 106 8.2 Consistencyincaserates
6.2 Transliteration 107 ofmarking 170
6.3 Lemmatization 109 8.3 Dialectalfeatures 176
6.4 Utterances 111 8.3.1 Casemarkingandthe
6.5 Internalexclusions 112 diglossiccontinuum 179
viii Contents
8.3.2 Caseanddialectin 10.3.1 Coresyntacticpositions 232
individualspeechstyles 182 10.3.2 Normsofcasemarking
8.4 Fixedphrases 188 insyntacticpositions 234
8.4.1 Fixedphrasesand 10.3.3 Subjectsandtopics 236
overallcasemarking 189 10.3.4 Peripheralsyntactic
8.4.2 Thefunctionsoffixed positions 237
phraseswithcasemarking 193 10.4 Adverbs 241
8.5 Summary 196 10.5 Pause 244
9 10.6 Hypercorrectcasemarkers 245
Casemarkingand
10.7 Summary 246
morphology 
11
9.1 Paradigm 200 Summaryand
9.1.1 Triptote,diptote,and conclusion 
soundf.pl. 202
11.1 Generalcharacteristicsof
9.1.2 Soundm.pl.anddual 204
casemarking 250
9.1.3 Defective 207
11.2 Patternsofcasemarking 251
9.1.4 Thefivenouns 208
11.2.1 Patternsofunmarkedcase 252
9.2 Definiteness 208
11.2.2 Patternsofproportional
9.2.1 Definitenessand
casemarking 254
perceptionsofcase
11.3 Pedagogicalimplications 255
markinginreadspeech 212
11.4 Suggestionforfurther
9.2.2 The3m.s.encliticpronoun 215
research 257
9.3 Orthographicalif 217
9.4 Tā c marbū.ta 219 a
9.5 Thenisbaending 220 appendix
9.6 Summary 222 Speakerinformation 262
b
10 appendix
Casemarkingand
Transcriptexample 266
syntax 
10.1 Headedness 226 Bibliography 270
10.2 Case 228 GeneralIndex 283
10.3 Casegovernance 231 AuthorIndex 286
List of Tables
1 DomainsofHandL 17 20 Frequenciesofparadigms 201
2 DomainsofHandLin 21 Predictedcasemarkingon
contemporaryArabicculture 17 triptote,diptote,and
soundf.pl. 202
3 Caseandmoodv.s.i c rāb 66
22 Countsofcaseendingsin
4 Formsoforthographically
dualandsoundm.pl. 205
markedcase 77
23 Predictedcasemarkingby
5 eallxtransliteration 109 typesofdefiniteness 209
6 Finalcodesforinternal
24 3m.s.encliticpronounson
exclusions 113
triptotenouns 216
25 Predictedcasemarkingin
7 Annotationtagset 125
indefiniteaccusativetriptotes 218
8 Caseparagms 127
9 Analysisofsubjects 133 26 Predictedcasemarkingon
10 Analysisofsemi-prepositions 139 triptoteswithandwithout
tā c marbū.ta 220
11 Frequenciesoftypesofcase
27 Predictedcasemarkingon
marking 165
triptoteswithandwithout
12 Casemarkercodingfor
nisba-ending 221
indefinitetriptotes 166
13 Casemarkercodingfor
28 Predictedcasemarkingby
soundm.pl. 166
headedness 227
14 Overallratesofcasemarking 168
29 Casemarkingbycase 229
15 Measuresofdialectalusage 177
30 Frequenciesofsyntactic
16 FormsoftheStandard
positions 232
Arabicrelativepronoun 179
17 Countsofcomplementizers 31 Casemarkingbycore
ofqāla‘say’ 185 syntacticpositions 233
18 Fixedphraseswithcase 32 Countsofcasemarkingin
marking 190 peripheralsyntacticpositions 238
ix