Case-Based Textbook of Echocardiography

2018·65.69 MB·English

by  Anita Sadeghpour

Anita Sadeghpour
Azin Alizadehasl
Editors
Case-Based Textbook
of Echocardiography
123
Case-Based Textbook of Echocardiography
Anita Sadeghpour • Azin Alizadehasl
Editors
Case-Based Textbook of
Echocardiography
Editors
Anita Sadeghpour, MD, FACC, FASE Azin Alizadehasl, MD, FACC, FASE
Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical and Research Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical and Research
Center, Echocardiography Research Center Center, Echocardiography Research Center
Iran University of Medical Sciences Iran University of Medical Sciences
Tehran Tehran
Iran Iran
ISBN 978-3-319-67689-0 ISBN 978-3-319-67691-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67691-3
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017960827
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Preface
Echocardiography is the most frequently used imaging modality for the evaluation of all car-
diovascular diseases in that it can provide precise information regarding the heart’s structure,
function, and hemodynamic abnormalities. However, it requires a high level of knowledge,
capability, and expertise in ultrasound physics, anatomy, physiology, and also clinical cardiol-
ogy, and it also requires one to carry out a substantial number of echocardiography studies in
order to attain and maintain the practice skills.
For all the excellent textbooks and reviews on echocardiography, we felt the need for a step-
by-step educational textbook covering basic to advanced echocardiography besides focusing
on practical points in real cases and latest published guidelines.
It is noteworthy to mention that each chapter can serve as an overview for introduction to
the subject and subsequently as a concise review of echocardiography, and questions at the end
of each chapter will provide a useful method of self-assessment.
We hope that this book will be an ideal companion to all cardiovascular imagers and cardi-
ologists by covering all that is required in echocardiography training. The compilation of this
book would not have become possible without the contributions of our indefatigable expert
editors, who wrote their respective chapters. Needless to say, our work comes with its short-
comings and we look forward to addressing them with the aid of your valuable comments.
Tehran, Iran Anita Sadeghpour
Tehran, Iran Azin Alizadehasl
v
Acknowledgments
We dedicate this book to our mentors, patients, and dear families. Numerous individuals have
made invaluable contributions to the compilation of Case-Based Textbook of Echocardiography,
particularly our expert contributors, who wrote their respective chapters and shared their expe-
riences and cases from around the world.
Many other individuals have also contributed directly and indirectly to the conclusion of this
volume with their extensive experience in various fields, and we hereby especially appreciate
the efforts of our colleagues in Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center including
Marzieh Pakbaz, Farshad Amouzadeh, Mahdieh Azimi, Shahnaz Sheikh, and Solmaz Jafari.
Finally, we give special recognition to the publisher, Springer, for its unwavering moral and
technical support and inspiration throughout the project. Our friends at Springer, not least
Grant Weston, Evanjalin Hephsibah, and Ramamoorthy Jeyashree, deserve considerable
appreciation for their kindness and helpfulness in accommodating our numerous requests.
vii
Contents
1 Basic Principles of Echocardiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Anita Sadeghpour and Azin Alizadehasl
2 Transthoracic Echocardiography, Standard Windows
and Echocardiographic Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Anita Sadeghpour, Azin Alizadehasl, and Maryam Forouzesh
3 Transesophageal Echocardiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Azin Alizadehasl, Anita Sadeghpour, and Fahimeh Khesali
4 Sedation for Transesophageal Echocardiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Rasoul Azarfarin and Ramin Rohanifar
5 Basic of 3D Echocardiography; Clinical Use in Daily Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Ahmad S. Omran
6 Basic Principles of Fetal Echocardiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Mahmood Ebrahimi
7 Handheld Echocardiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Dominika Filipiak-Strzecka, Piotr Lipiec, and Jarosław D. Kasprzak
8 Artifacts and Pitfalls of Echocardiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Anita Sadeghpour and Azin Alizadehasl
9 Contrast Echocardiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Farimah Aminian and Harald Becher
10 Summary of Cardiac Chamber Quantification in Adults
by Echocardiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Nehzat Akiash
11 Echocardiography Evaluation of Left Ventricular Systolic Function,
Systolic Dysfunction, and Ventricular Dyssynchrony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Nehzat Akiash, Azin Alizadehasl, and Anita Sadeghpour
12 Echocardiographic Assessment of Myocardial Mechanics:
Velocity, Strain, Strain Rate and Torsion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Hoorak Poorzand, Anita Sadeghpour, Azin Alizadehasl, and Samir Saha
13 Echocardiographic Evaluation of the Diastolic Function and Dysfunction . . . . 169
Anita Sadeghpour, Azin Alizadehasl, and Samaneh Pourhosseinali
14 Echocardiographic Evaluation of the Right Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
L. Rudski and J. Deschamps
15 How to Assess the Left and Right Atria in Clinical Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Piotr Lipiec and Jarosław D. Kasprzak
ix
x Contents
16 Echocardiography in Hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Azin Alizadehasl and Anita Sadeghpour
17 Echocardiographic Assessment of Native Valvular Heart Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Anita Sadeghpour and Azin Alizadehasl
18 Echocardiography in Prosthetic Heart Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Anita Sadeghpour and Azin Alizadehasl
19 Infective Endocarditis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Trine K. Lauridsen and Anna Lisa Crowley
20 Pericardial Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Michael Chetrit and Vartan Mardigyan
21 Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Myocarditis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Azin Alizadehasl and Anita Sadeghpour
22 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Anita Sadeghpour and Azin Alizadehasl
23 Restrictive Cardiomyopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Azin Alizadehasl and Anita Sadeghpour
24 Unclassified Cardiomyopathies: Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular
Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C) and Left Ventricular
Non-Compaction Cardiomyopathy (LVNC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Anita Sadeghpour and Azin Alizadehasl
25 Echocardiography in Coronary Artery Disease
and Acute Myocardial Infarction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Azin Alizadehasl and Anita Sadeghpour
26 Echocardiographic Assessment of Coronary Blood Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Jarosław D. Kasprzak, Piotr Lipiec, and Karina Wierzbowska-Drabik
27 Stress Echocardiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Anita Sadeghpour and Azin Alizadehasl
28 Echocardiography in Patients with Adult Congenital Heart Disease . . . . . . . . . 343
Anita Sadeghpour and Azin Alizadehasl
29 Perioperative Transesophageal Echocardiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Anita Sadeghpour and Azin Alizadehasl
30 The Role of Echocardiography in Mitral Valve Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Nishant K. Sekaran, Alina Nicoara, and Zainab Samad
31 Intraprocedural Transesophageal Echocardiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
Devin W. Kehl, Florian Rader, and Robert J. Siegel
32 Echocardiography in the Critical Care Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
Anita Sadeghpour and Azin Alizadehasl
33 Echocardiography and Pulmonary Hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Maude Limoges and Lawrence Rudski
34 Echocardiography in Heart Transplantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
Nehzat Akiash, Anita Sadeghpour, and Azin Alizadehasl
35 Echocardiography in Patients with Ventricular Assist Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
Anita Sadeghpour and Azin Alizadehasl
Contents xi
36 Cardiac Masses and Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
Azin Alizadehasl and Anita Sadeghpour
37 Evaluation of Cardiac Sources of Emboli by Echocardiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
Azin Alizadehasl and Anita Sadeghpour
38 Disease of the Aorta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
Azin Alizadehasl and Anita Sadeghpour
39 Role of Echocardiography in Arrhythmia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Azin Alizadehasl and Anita Sadeghpour
40 Echocardiography in Systemic Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
Azin Alizadehasl and Anita Sadeghpour
41 Echocardiography in End-Stage Renal Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
Azin Alizadehasl and Anita Sadeghpour
42 Echocardiography in Pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
Atousa Mostafavi
43 Echocardiography in Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
Azin Alizadehasl and Anita Sadeghpour
44 Aging Changes in Echocardiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
Paulina Wejner-Mik, Piotr Lipiec, and Jarosław D. Kasprzak
45 Echocardiography in Obesity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
Karina Wierzbowska-Drabik and Jarosław D. Kasprzak
46 Full Schematic Echocardiographic Formulas and Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
Azin Alizadehasl and Anita Sadeghpour
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565
Abbreviations
2D Two-dimensional
2DE Two-dimensional echocardiography
3D Three-dimensional
3DE Three-dimensional echocardiography
4C Four chamber
A Peak velocity of the mitral (or tricuspid) valve atrial wave inflow (cm/s)
A.Ao Ascending aorta
A′ TDI of the mitral annulus
a′ Peak velocity of the mitral (or tricuspid) annulus atrial phase motion (cm/s)
AA Ascending aorta
ACC American College of Cardiology
ACCF Appropriateness criteria of the American College Of Cardiology Foundation
AF Atrial fibrillation
AHA American Heart Association
AIDS Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
AL PM Anterolateral papillary muscle
ALC Anterolateral commissure
AMI Acute myocardial infarction
AML Anterior mitral leaflet
AO Aorta
AoV Aortic valve
AP2 Apical 2-chamber
AP3 Apical 3-chamber
AP4 Apical 4-chamber
APS Antiphospholipid syndrome
AR Pulmonary valve atrial reversal
ARVD/C Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy
AS Aortic stenosis
ASA American Society of Anesthesiologists
ASC Ascending
ASD Atrial septal defect
ASE American Society of Echocardiography
ASH Asymmetric septal hypertrophy
AT Acceleration time
ATMV Accessory tissue mitral valve
ATRAMI Autonomic tone and reflexes after myocardial infarction
AUC Appropriate use criteria
AV Aortic valve
AVA Aortic valve area
AVF Arteriovenous fistula
AVR Aortic valve replacement
AVSD AV septal defect
xiii