Table Of Content

Carrying the War to the Enemy CAMPAIGNS AND COMMANDERS General Editor Gregory J. W. Urwin, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Advisory Board Lawrence E. Babits, East Carolina University, Greenville James C. Bradford, Texas A&M University, College Station Robert M. Epstein, U.S. Army School of Advanced Military Studies, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas David M. Glantz, Carlisle, Pennsylvania Jerome A. Greene, Denver, Colorado Victor Davis Hanson, California State University, Fresno Herman Hattaway, University of Missouri, Kansas City J. A. Houlding, Rückersdorf, Germany Eugenia C. Kiesling, U.S. Military Academy, West Point, New York Timothy K. Nenninger, National Archives, Washington, D.C. Bruce Vandervort, Virginia Military Institute, Lexington Carrying the War to the Enemy American Operational Art to 1945 Michael R. Matheny University of Oklahoma Press : Norman Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Matheny, Michael R., 1950– Carrying the war to the enemy : American operational art to 1945 / Michael R. Matheny. p. cm. — Campaigns and Commanders ; v. 28) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8061-4156-5 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Military planning—United States—History. 2. Operational art (Military science) 3. United States—History, Military. 4. Military art and science—United States—History. 5. Tactics—History. 6. Strategy—History. 7. Unified operations (Military science)— History. 8. Military education—United States—History. I. Title. U153.M38 2011 355%.033573—dc22 2010030708 Carrying the War to the Enemy: American Operational Art to 1945 is Volume 28 in the Campaigns and Commanders series. The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources, Inc. $ Copyright ∫ 2011 by the University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Publishing Division of the University. Manufactured in the U.S.A. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or other- wise—except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the United States Copyright Act—without the prior written permission of the University of Oklahoma Press. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 For Wendy Jenny Kevin Megan Michael Contents List of Illustrations ix Acknowledgments xi Introduction xiii 1. The Roots of Operational Art 3 2. Operational Art in the American Army before 1919 17 3. Landpower 45 4. Airpower 92 5. Seapower 121 6. The European Theater of War 160 7. The Pacific Theater of War 202 8. Lessons and Legacy 253 Notes 271 Selected Bibliography 309 Index 319 vii Illustrations Photographs Army War College 56 Army War College historical staff ride of the Civil War battlefield at Fredericksburg 56 Air Corps Tactical School, Maxwell Field, Alabama 106 Classroom at the Air Corps Tactical School, 1930s 106 Classroom at the Air Corps Tactical School 107 Maj. Gen. Henry H. Arnold confers with key air staff in 1941 107 Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island 138 War-gaming at the Naval War College 138 General Eisenhower with Lt. Gen. Omar Bradley, Lt. Gen. George Patton, and Lt. Gen. Courtney Hodges 182 Omaha Beach shortly after the invasion of France in June 1944 182 B-17s en route over the Mediterranean to bomb southern France 183 Air and ground commanders meet in Nancy, France, prior to the advance into Germany, 1944 183 U.S. Army Air Force B-25 Mitchell bombers over the Pacific 224 U.S. carrier aircraft ‘‘carry the war to the enemy’’ in the Pacific 224 Adm. Chester Nimitz, Adm. Ernest King, and Adm. Raymond Spruance 225 ix