Carriers and membrane transport proteins PDF
Preview Carriers and membrane transport proteins
Current Topics in Membranes and Transport Volume 12 Carriers and Membrane Transport Proteins Advisory Board I. S. Edelrnan Alvin Essig Franklin M. Harold James D. Jamieson Anthony Martonosi Shmuel Razin Martin Rodbell Aser Rothstein Stanley G. Schultz Contributors S. Roy Caplan Michael Eisenbac h S. B. Hladky Philip A. Knauf R. G. Kulka A. Loyter Michael J. A. Tanner Cu r rent Top ic s in Membranes and Transport VOLUME 12 Carriers and Membrane Transp ort Proteins Edited by Felix Bronner Departnicnt of Oral Biologv Unii*c.r.sity of Connpcticirt Hccrlth Center Furmirigton. C'ontiwticrrf arid Arnost Kleinteller Deprrrtrnent of Plrysiologv Uniivrsify (tf P~~titi.syliwnicSr chool ojM edic.int Philtrdripliio. Penti.svhwriirr 1979 New York London Toronto Sydney San Francisco COPYRIGH@T 1 979, BY ACADEMIPCR ESSI,N C. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. 111 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003 United Kingdom Editiori priblislied by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD. 24128 Oval Road, London NW17DX LIBRAROYF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER7: 0- 1 1709 1 ISBN 0- 12- 15331 2-3 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 79808182 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents List of Contributors, vii Preface, ix Contents of Previous Volumes, xi Isolation of Integral Membrane Proteins and Criteria for Identifying Carrier Proteins MICHAEL J. A. TANNER I. Introduction, 1 11. The Structure of Membrane Proteins in Relation to Isolation Techniques, 2 111. Solubilization and Fractionation of Membrane Proteins, S IV. Analytical Criteria for Assessing the Purity of Membrane Proteins, 21 V. Criteria for the Identification of Transport Proteins, 3 I References, 37 The Carrier Mechanism S. B. HLADKY 1. Introduction, S4 11. Lipid-Soluble Ions, 66 111. Carriers: The Kinetic Scheme, 84 IV. Transport across Membranes of Differing Compositions, 108 V. Interaction between Ions in Lipid Membranes (by S. B. Hladky and R. Y. Tsien). 126 VI. Appendices, 134 References, I S7 The Light-Driven Proton Pump of Halobacterium halobium: Mechanism and Function MICHAEL EISENBACH AND S. ROY CAPLAN I. Introduction. I66 11. Development and Structure of Bacteriorhodopsin and Purple Membrane. 167 111. Mode of Action of Bacteriorhodopsin. 1x2 IV. Light-Driven Proton Movement, 194 V. Processes Driven by the Proton Pump. 208 V1. Synthetic Membranes Containing Bactrl.iorhodopsin. 222 VII. Conclusions. 232 References. 237 V vi CONTENTS Erythrocyte Anion Exchange and the Band 3 Protein: Transport Kinetics and Molecular Structure PHILIP A. KNAUF I. Introduction, 25 I 11. History, 253 111. Substrate Specificity, 259 IV. Divalent Ion Transport: The Titratable Carrier Model, 265 V. Substrate Inhibition, 270 . VI Site of Inhibition and Structural Requirements for Inhibition by Various Probes, 273 VII. Mechanism of Transport, 298 VIII. Identification of Functional Ligands Involved in Transport, 3 I I IX . Number of Sites and Turnover Number, 313 X. Involvement of Band 3 in Other Membrane Functions, 3 18 XI. Arrangement of Band 3 in the Membrane: Identification of Regions Involved in Anion Transport, 325 XI1 . Model for the Anion Transport System, 338 XIII. Concluding Remarks, 346 References, 348 The Use of Fusion Methods for the Microinjection of Animal Cells R. G. KULKA AND A. LOYTER I. Introduction, 366 11. The Phenomenon of Membrane Fusion, 367 111. Microinjection by Fusion with Loaded Erythrocyte Ghosts, 379 IV. Microinjection by Fusion with Loaded Phospholipid Vesicles, 400 V. The Use of Reassembled Sendai Virus as a Vehicle for the Introduction of Macromolecules into Animal Cells, 401 . VI Transfer of Cell Constituents by Means of Karyoplasts, Cytoplasts, or Microcells, 402 VII. Direct Microinjection, 406 VIII. Promotion of Uptake of Small Molecules by Extracellular ATP, 413 IX. Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Microinjection Methods, 4 14 X. Prospects for Microinjection, 415 References, 418 Subject Index, 431 List of Contributors Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin S. Roy Caplan, Department of Membrane Research, The Weizmann Institute of Science. Rehovot, Israel (165) Michael Elsenbach, Department of Membrane Research, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot. Israel (165) S. B. Hladky,* The Physiological Laboratory. University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG. England (53) Philip A. Knauf, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada MSG 1x8 (249) R. G. Kulka, Department of Biological Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (365) A. Loyter, Department of Biological Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (365) Michael J. A. Tanner, Department of Biochemistry. University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 ITD, United Kingdom (I) * Present address: Department of Pharmacology. University of Cambridge, Cambridge CBZ 2QD, England. vii This Page Intentionally Left Blank Preface In accordance with the recently revised editorial policy of C’irrrmt Topics in MPmhrtrne.s trnd Trrinsport , Volume 12 of this serial publication concentrates on selected problems relating to carriers and membrane transport proteins. The choice of this topic was dictated by the rapid development in this area of membrane studies. Progress has come pri- marily from an application of the knowledge of hydrophobic proteins and their chemistry to membrane transport carriers, thus paving the way for a better understanding of transport processes at the molecular level. The characterization of band 3 proteins from the erythrocyte membrane rep- resents a pioneering step in this direction. Of necessity, reviews in this volume cover only a small fraction of information now available on the subject. The first chapter by M. J. A. Tanner deals with methods for the isolation of membrane transport proteins and defines criteria required for their study in reconstituted systems. The theory of the carrier mechanism for electrolytes in artificial membranes is analyzed by S. B. Hladky. The component proteins of two transport systems are reviewed, i.e., the proton pump of HLilohucteriirm hrrlohiidin (M. Eisenbach and S. R. Cap- Ian) and the anion transport system of the erythrocyte (P. A. Knauf). Finally, R. G. Kulka and A. Loyter show how the technique of microin- jection may be applied to studies of the properties of carrier proteins in cells and lipid vesicles. Additional reviews on carriers and membrane transport proteins will appear in Volume 14.
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