Carpentry and Joinery

317 Pages·2001·13.39 MB·English

by  B. Porter

Carpentry and Joinery 1
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
Carpentry and Joinery
1
Third Edition
Brian Porter LCG, FIOC
Formerly of Leeds College of Building
First published in Great Britain 1984
Second edition 1991 by Edward Arnold
Third edition 2001 by Butterworth Heinemann
© 2001 Brian Porter
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or
transmitted in any from or by any means, electronically or mechanically,
including photocopying, recording or any information storage or
retrieval system, without either prior permission in writing from the
publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying. In the United
Kingdom such licences are issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency:
90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 9HE.
Whilst the advice and information in this book is believed to be true
and accurate at the date of going to press, neither the author[s] nor the
publisher can accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or
omissions that may be made.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Porter, Brain 1938–
Carpentry and joinery. – 3rd ed.
Vol. 1
1. Carpentry and Joinery.
I. Title
694
ISBN 0 000 00000 0
Design and Typesetting by J&L Composition Ltd, Filey, North Yorkshire
Printed and bound in Great Britain by
Contents
Foreword ix
Preface to the First Edition x
Preface to the Second Edition x
Preface to the Third Edition xi
Acknowledgements xii
CHAPTER ONE TIMBER 1
1.1 Growth and structure or a tree 1
1.2 Hardwood and softwood trees 4
1.3 Forest distribution (Source and supply of timber) 5
1.4 Conversion into timber 9
1.5 Size and selection of sawn timber 14
1.6 Structural defects (natural defects) 15
1.7 Drying timber 18
1.8 Grading timber 31
1.9 Processing squared sectioned timber 39
1.10 Structure of wood and identification of timber 44
1.11 Properties of timber 55
CHAPTER TWO ENEMIES OF WOOD AND WOOD BASED PRODUCTS 60
2.1 Non-rotting fungi (Sap-staining fungi) 61
2.2 Wood-rotting fungi 61
2.3 Attack by wood boring insects 66
CHAPTER THREE WOOD PRESERVATION AND PROTECTION 74
3.1 Paint and varnishes 74
3.2 Water-repellent exterior stains 75
3.3 Preservatives 75
3.4 Methods applying preservatives 78
3.5 Flame-retardant treatments 81
3.6 Other treatments 81
3.7 Health and safety 81
CHAPTER FOUR MANUFACTURED BOARDS AND PANEL PRODUCTS 84
4.1 Veneer plywood 84
4.2 Core plywood 89
4.3 Chipboard 90
4.4 Wood-cement particleboard 93
vi Contents
4.5 Oriented Strand Board OSB 94
4.6 Fibre building boards 96
4.7 Laminated plastics (Decorative Laminates) 101
4.8 Fibre cement building boards 105
4.9 Plasterboards 106
4.10 Composite boards 107
4.11 Conditioning wood-based boards and other sheet materials 107
4.12 Storage and stacking 108
4.13 Handling 109
4.14 Health & safety 109
CHAPTER FIVE HANDTOOLS AND WORKSHOP PROCEDURES 111
5.1 Measuring tools 111
5.2 Setting-out, marking-out & marking-off tools 112
5.3 Saws 117
5.4 Planes 122
5.5 Boring tools 128
5.6 Chisels (wood) 135
5.7 Shaping tools 137
5.8 Driving (Impelling) tools 138
5.9 Lever & withdrawing tools 146
5.10 Finishing tools & abrasives 147
5.11 Holding equipment (tools & devices) 149
5.12 Tool storage & accessory containers 153
5.13 Tool maintenance 159
CHAPTER SIX PORTABLE ELECTRIC MAINS POWERED HAND TOOLS & MACHINES 167
6.1 Specification plate (SP) 167
6.2 Earthing, insulation & electrical safety 168
6.3 Use of portable power tools 171
6.4 Electric drills (rotary) 171
6.5 Rotary impact (percussion) drills 174
6.6 Rotary hammer drills 175
6.7 Drill chucks 175
6.8 Electric screwdrivers 176
6.9 Sanders 177
6.10 Circular saws 178
6.11 Mitre saws 181
6.12 Combination saw bench and Mitre saws 183
6.13 Reciprocating saws 183
6.14 Planers 186
6.15 Routers 187
6.16 Nail and staple guns 191
CHAPTER SEVEN BATTERY-OPERATED (CORDLESS) HAND TOOLS 193
7.1 Method of use 193
7.2 Safe operation 193
Contents vii
CHAPTER EIGHT CARTRIDGE OPERATED FIXING TOOLS (BALLISTIC TOOLS) 196
8.1 Types of tool 196
8.2 Cartridges 197
8.3 Fixing devices 198
8.4 Base materials 199
8.5 Fixing to concrete 201
8.6 Fixing into steel (usually structural mild steel sections) 202
8.7 Safe operation 202
CHAPTER NINE BASIC STATIC WOODWORKING MACHINES 205
9.1 Crosscutting machines 206
9.2 Hand feed circular saw benches 209
9.3 Dimension saw 211
9.4 Panel saws 212
9.5 Saw blades 213
9.6 Planing machines 216
9.7 Narrow bandsaw machines 222
9.8 Mortising machines 227
9.9 Sanding machines 229
9.10 Grinding machines 230
9.11 Workshop layout 232
9.12 Safety 232
CHAPTER TEN BASIC WOODWORKING JOINTS 235
10.1 Lengthening – end joints 235
10.2 Widening – edge joints 235
10.3 Framing – angle joints 238
CHAPTER ELEVEN WOOD ADHESIVES 245
11.1 Adhesive types 245
11.2 Adhesive characteristics 247
11.3 Application of adhesives 248
11.4 Safety precautions 248
CHAPTER TWELVE FIXING DEVICES 249
12.1 Nails 249
12.2 Wood screws 251
12.3 Threaded bolts 255
12.4 Fixing plates 255
12.5 Plugs 257
12.6 Combination plugs 258
12.7 Cavity fixings 261
12.8 Anchor bolts 262
viii Contents
PRACTICAL PROJECTS 268
1: Porterbox – drop fronted tool box and saw stool 268
2: Portercaddy 272
3: Portercase 275
4: Porterdolly 276
5: Porterchest 277
6: Porterbench 282
7: Portertrestle – traditional saw stool 286
INDEX 293
Foreword
The craft of the carpenter and joiner,at least in these changes. Brian Porter as a practicing
those areas of the world where there is plentiful Carpenter and Joiner, and a lecturer in wood
supply of timber is as old as history, and this trades is familiar with these changes,which have
book describes and illustrates for the benefit of been incorporated into this revised edition,writ-
students and others who care to read it, the ten to help wood trade students in the early
changing techniques that continue to take place stages of their chosen careers understand the
as our knowledge of wood and its working devel- techniques and principles involved in the safe
ops.Standards controlling the quality of timber, and efficient working of timber and timber prod-
timber based products, workmanship and safe ucts.AbookmaintainingthehighstandardBrian
working practices are continually being revised Porter set himself in his earlier publications,and
and harmonised to meet, not only our higher which provides a wealth of information that will
standards, but also those of Europe. Improved be helpful to all who have an interest in the
fastenings and adhesives have revolutionised working of wood.
joining techniques. Development in electrical
battery technology has made possible the cord- Reg Rose MCIOB,DMS,DASTE,
less power tool.These improvements in the field FIOC former Assistant Principal,
of woodworking are a continual process, and so Leeds College of Building,UK
must be the updating of textbooks to reflect