Table Of Content

Caring for Equality The African American History Series This series takes both chronological and thematic approaches to topics and individuals crucialtoanunderstandingoftheAfricanAmericanexperience.Thebooksinthisseries, inlivelyprosebyestablishedscholars,areaimedprimarilyatnonspecialists.Theyfocus ontopicsinAfricanAmericanhistorythathavebroadsignificanceandplacethemintheir historical context. While presenting sophisticated interpretations based on primary sources and the latest scholarship, the authors tell their stories in a succinct manner, avoidingjargonandobscurelanguage.Theyincludeselecteddocumentsthatallowread- erstojudgetheevidenceforthemselvesandtoevaluatetheauthors’conclusions.Bridg- ing the gap between popular and academic history, these books will bring the African Americanstorytolife. CurrentTitlesintheSeries CaringforEquality:AHistoryofAfricanAmericanHealthandHealthcare,byDavid McBride BetweenSlaveryandFreedom:FreePeopleofColorfromSettlementtotheCivilWar,by JulieWinch PayingFreedom’sPrice:AHistoryofAfricanAmericansintheCivilWar,byPaulDavid Escott AWorkingPeople:AHistoryofAfricanAmericanWorkersSinceEmancipation,by StevenA.Reich EnslavedWomeninAmerica:FromColonialTimestoEmancipation,byEmilyWest LoyaltyinTimeofTrial:TheAfricanAmericanExperienceDuringWorldWarI,byNina Mjagkij EnjoytheSameLiberty:BlackAmericansandtheRevolutionaryEra,byEdwardCoun- tryman ThroughtheStorm,ThroughtheNight:AHistoryofAfricanAmericanChristianity,by PaulHarvey TheAfricanAmericanExperienceduringWorldWarII,byNeilA.Wynn ToAskforanEqualChance:AfricanAmericansintheGreatDepression,byCherylLynn Greenberg AfricanAmericansConfrontLynching:StrategiesofResistancefromtheCivilWartothe CivilRightsEra,byChristopherWaldrep LiftEveryVoice:TheHistoryofAfricanAmericanMusic,byBurtonW.Peretti BayardRustin:AmericanDreamer,byJeraldPodair TheAfricanAmericanExperienceinVietnam:BrothersinArms,byJamesE.Westheider A.PhilipRandolph:ALifeintheVanguard,byAndrewE.Kersten AfricanAmericansintheJazzAge:ADecadeofStruggleandPromise,byMarkR. Schneider SlaveryinColonialAmerica,1619–1776,byBettyWood BookerT.Washington,W.E.B.DuBois,andtheStruggleforRacialUplift,byJacqueline M.Moore Caring for Equality A History of African American Health and Healthcare David McBride ROWMAN&LITTLEFIELD Lanham•Boulder•NewYork•London PublishedbyRowman&Littlefield AwhollyownedsubsidiaryofTheRowman&LittlefieldPublishingGroup,Inc. 4501ForbesBoulevard,Suite200,Lanham,Maryland20706 www.rowman.com UnitA,WhitacreMews,26-34StannaryStreet,LondonSE114AB,UnitedKingdom Copyright©2018byTheRowman&LittlefieldPublishingGroup,Inc. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyformorbyany electronicormechanicalmeans,includinginformationstorageandretrievalsystems, withoutwrittenpermissionfromthepublisher,exceptbyareviewerwhomayquote passagesinareview. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationInformationAvailable LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Names:McBride,David,author. Title:Caringforequality:ahistoryofAfricanAmericanhealthand healthcare/DavidMcBride. Description:Lanham:Rowman&Littlefield,[2018]|Series:AfricanAmerican historyseries|Includesbibliographicalreferences. Identifiers:LCCN2018008806(print)|LCCN2018009169(ebook)|ISBN 9781442260603(Electronic)|ISBN9781442260597(cloth:alk.paper) Subjects:|MESH:MinorityHealth--history|AfricanAmericans--history| HealthServicesAccessibility--history|HealthcareDisparities--history| Slaves--history|Racism--history|History,Modern1601-|UnitedStates Classification:LCCRA448.5.N4(ebook)|LCCRA448.5.N4(print)|NLMWA11 AA1|DDC362.108996/073--dc23 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2018008806 TMThepaperusedinthispublicationmeetstheminimumrequirementsof AmericanNationalStandardforInformationSciencesPermanenceofPaperforPrinted LibraryMaterials,ANSI/NISOZ39.48-1992. PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica Thisbookisdedicatedtothememoriesofmymother,RuthMcBride Jordan,andmyolderbrother,William.Throughouthislifeasaphysi- cian,Billytaughthisyoungerbrotherthatgoodmedicineisnotjusta science,butanartandabelief.Billywasadeeplyreligiousfellowwho wouldremindusall,ashenodoubtdidothersinhislife:“Thestepsofa goodmanareorderedbytheLord,andhedelightsinhisway.Thoughhe fall,heshallnotbeutterlycastdown,fortheLordupholdshimwithhis hand”(Psalm37:23–24) Contents Acknowledgments ix Introduction xi 1 SlaveryandtheMedicalRoots:AfricaandtheNewWorld 1 2 BattlingforLifeintheCivilWarandNadirEras 17 3 TheBlackMedicalWorld:GreatMigrationtoNewDeal 37 4 CivilRights,HealthRights 63 5 WaronPovertyandthe“MedicalGhetto” 87 6 ConfrontingtheBlackHealthCrisis 111 7 TheAIDSEraandtheTimeofKatrina 131 SelectedBibliography 153 Chronology 159 Documents 165 Notes 179 Index 185 vii Acknowledgments TherearemanywhosupportedmethroughoutthemanyseasonsIworkedon this book. Sincere thanks to Jackie Moore, Nina Mjagki, Jon Sisk, and Kate Powers, editors at Rowan & Littlefield, for working with me to shape this book. Jackie in particular went well beyond the standard editor’s role, pro- viding incisive input at every step of my manuscript’s development. Mary Gage, independentscholarandfriend, read early portions of themanuscript, giving me valuable orientation for the later overall book. The personnel of Pattee Library at Pennsylvania State University provided untiring help with sifting through Pattee’s mountains of academic materials and innumerable gateways to digital archives. It was under their expert guidance that I gar- nered much of the factual content of this book. Also, the bibliographic re- sources at the National Library of Medicine (Bethesda, Maryland) were in- dispensable in my research of all aspects of this book. Last, I would like to thank my longtime mentors and friends from Denison University: Ronald Santoni, Henry Durand, Monroe and Sheila Little, and Catherine “Kit” An- drews. Thereisalargefamilyandmanyclosefriendstothankforsupportingme throughout the years I worked on this book. Among the family: my kids, PatriceandJulian,andtheirmother,AngelikeSimons(sadly,nowdeceased), and siblings Andrew Dennis, Richard, Helen, Rosetta, Dotty, Judy, James, Hunter,Henry,andKathy,aswellasnephewWilliam.Twonewadditionsto this parade of inspiration are Mason and Mateo, my preschool-aged grand- sons. They are in for about two decades of formal education that I hope amplifies their inherent warmth, curiosity, and happiness. On the “second line” of supportershavebeenin-lawsGary,Val, Eva,Rose,andkids;neph- ew Gyasi and niece Maya; and a host of others. Additionally, I could not have completed this book without the spirited counsel and insights of my ix