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Caricaturing culture in India : cartoons and history in the modern world PDF

370 Pages·2014·5.307 MB·English
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Caricaturing Culture in India Caricaturing Culturein India isa highlyoriginal history ofpolitical car- toonsinIndia.Drawingontheanalysisofnewspapercartoonssincethe 1870s,archivalresearch,andinterviewswithprominentIndiancartoon- ists,thisambitiousstudycombineshistoricalnarrativewithethnographic testimony to give a pioneering account of the role that cartoons have playedovertimeinpoliticalcommunication,publicdiscourse,andthe refractionofidealscentraltothecreationoftheIndianpostcolonialstate. Maintaining thatcartoonsaremorethan illustrative representations of news,RituGairolaKhanduriuncoversthetruepotentialofcartoonsas avisualmediumwherememoriesjostle,historyisimagined,andlinesof empathyaredemarcated.Placingtheargumentwithinawidercontext, this thought-provoking book highlights the history and power of print media indebates on free speechand democratic processes around the world,revealingwhycartoonsstillmattertoday. RituGairolaKhanduriisaculturalanthropologistandhistorianofIndia. SheisAssistantProfessorofCulturalAnthropologyattheUniversityof TexasatArlington.Inadditiontoherresearchonmedia,sheiscurrently completingabookonGandhiandmaterialculture. Caricaturing Culture in India Cartoons and History in the Modern World Ritu Gairola Khanduri UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107043329 ©RituGairolaKhanduri2014 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2014 PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyClays,StIvesplc AcatalogrecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationdata Khanduri,RituGairola,1969– CaricaturingcultureinIndia:cartoonsandhistoryinthemodernworld/Ritu GairolaKhanduri. pages cm ISBN978-1-107-04332-9(hardback) 1. Indicwitandhumor,Pictorial. 2. India–Politics andgovernment–Caricaturesandcartoons. 3. India–Sociallife andcustoms–Caricaturesandcartoons. I. Title. NC1710.K46 2014 954.03–dc23 2014001811 ISBN978-1-107-04332-9Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof URLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication, anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. Contents Listofillustrations pagevii Acknowledgments x Introduction:theempireofcartoons 1 PartI Colonialtimes 43 1 UpstartPunches:Whyisimpertinencealways inthevernacular? 45 2 Gandhiandthesatyagrahaofcartoons:cultivating ataste 68 3 “DearShankar...yourridiculeshouldneverbite” 93 PartII Nationaltimes 119 4 Becomingacartoonist:Mr.KuttyandBireshwarji 121 5 VirtualgurusandtheIndianpsyche:R.K.Laxman 146 6 Uncommonwomenandcommonmen:pocket cartoonsand“situatedknowledges” 174 7 Artoonsandourtoons:theproseofanIndianart 208 PartIII Globaltimes 239 8 Craftypetitionsandstreethumor 241 9 “Allourgodsandgoddessesarecartoons” 271 v vi Contents Conclusions:timelessmythsandtimelyknowledge 294 Notestothetext 306 Bibliography 327 Index 348 Illustrations I.1 JohnTenniel,“TheBritishLion’sVengeanceonthe BengalTiger.”Punch.1857. page5 I.2 M.Verma,“UncleTom-TouchyandUntouchable Child.”SvangChitravali:CaricatureAlbum.n.d. (c.1929).Kanpur. 9 I.3 M.Verma.SvangChitravali.(c.1929).Kanpur. 11 I.4 “Pativrata(thechastewife)and‘theselfishmale community.’”VyangChitravali.1930.Calcutta. 32 I.5 “BroaderMeaningsofDemocracy.”National CouncilofEducationalResearchandTraining (NCERT).2012(2006).NewDelhi. 36 1.1 CartoonistChandiLahiriathishomeinKolkata. 2003. 46 1.2 PopularHindicartoonistKaakSahibathomein Ghaziabad.2003. 47 1.3 “HappyNewYear.”HindiPunch.1904.Bombay. 53 2.1 “TheMarchofCivilisation.”IndianOpinion.1910. Natal,SouthAfrica. 78 2.2 “TheSteam-RollerandtheElephant.”Indian Opinion.1908.Natal,SouthAfrica. 81 2.3 ArthurWynellLloyd’scartoonontheBritishEmpire andIndiansinSouthAfrica.Punch.1913. 84 2.4 LeonardRaven-Hill,“TheElusiveMahatma.”Punch. 1931. 89 2.5 ShivNarayanMishra,“IndiaandBureaucracy.” SvangChitravali:CaricatureAlbum.n.d.(c.1929). Kanpur. 91 3.1 FamousIndianpoliticalcartoonistK.ShankarPillai, workinginhisstudio,December31,1942. 95 3.2 Shankar,“Lords’Prayer.”HindustanTimes.1937. NewDelhi. 96 vii viii Listofillustrations 3.3 Shankar,“ReaptheWhirlwind!”Shankar’sWeekly. 1948.NewDelhi. 99 3.4 Shankar,“BridgingtheGulf.”Shankar’sWeekly. 1949.NewDelhi. 100 3.5 Shankar,“IWillBeDrowned.”HindustanTimes. 1939.NewDelhi. 103 3.6 Ahmed,“Separation,NotLiquidation.”Hindustan Times.1947.NewDelhi. 109 3.7 JawaharlalNehrureceivingsomebooksandbadges fromtheDeanofMoscowUniversity,USSR.1955. CartoonistShankarwithPrimeMinisterNehru’sentourage andNehru’sdaughter,IndiraGandhi,inMoscow. 112 4.1 CartoonistKuttyathishome.2002.Madison, Wisconsin.USA. 125 4.2 Kutty,“ChineseDentist.”AnandaBazarPatrika. 1966.Calcutta. 131 4.3 CartoonistBireshwar.2004.Lucknow. 136 4.4 Bireshwar,“BlackUnrest.”NationalHerald.n.d. (c.1978–9).Lucknow. 141 5.1 R.K.LaxmanwithhisMagsaysaymedalathishome inPune,2009. 147 5.2 SaiBabacaricaturefortheYuvaMahotsavcartoon competition,2003.NewDelhi. 152 5.3 Marmikcover.1986. 155 5.4 CartoonistSanjayMistrycaricaturingSoniaGandhi. 2009.Mumbai. 158 5.5 R.K.Laxman,“OntheRunway.”TimesofIndia. 1960.Mumbai. 166 5.6 Laxman’spocketcartoononthebeautyofstatistics. TimesofIndia.n.d.Mumbai. 170 6.1 CartoonistMayaKamath.n.d. 175 6.2 ManjulaPadmanabhan,Suki.n.d.MumbaiandNew Delhi. 183 6.3 MitaRoy,“Sahiba.”n.d.NewDelhi. 184 6.4 MayaKamath,“Now,Now,YouCan’tExpectMeto QuarrelwithDaddy.”AsianAge.1999.NewDelhi. 187 6.5 MayaKamath.DeccanHerald.1993.Bangalore. 188 6.6 Life-sizecastofLaxman’sCommonMansculpture onMumbai’sWorliseafront.2009.Mumbai. 191 6.7 Kutty,“SmilePlease.”AnandaBazarPatrika.1965. Calcutta. 193

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