Cardiovascular Interventions in Clinical Practice PDF
Preview Cardiovascular Interventions in Clinical Practice
Cardiovascular Interventions in Clinical Practice Cardiovascular Interventions in Clinical Practic e Edited by Jürgen Haase, Hans-Joachim Schäfers, Horst Sievert and Ron Waksman © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. ISBN: 978-1-405-18277-5 99778811440055118822777755__11__pprreelliimmss..iinndddd ii 22//2244//1100 1100::1111::5588 AAMM Cardiovascular Interventions in Clinical Practice EDITED BY Jürgen Haase MD, PhD, FESC, FACC Professor of Medicine, Consultant Cardiologist Kardiocentrum Frankfurt Klinik Rotes Kreuz Frankfurt/Main, Germany Hans-Joachim Schäfers MD, PhD Professor of Surgery Chair, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery University Hospital Saarland Homburg/Saar, Germany Horst Sievert MD, FESC, FACC Professor of Medicine Head, Department of Cardiology CardioVascular Center Frankfurt Frankfurt, Germany Ron Waksman MD, FACC Professor of Medicine Associate Director, Division of Cardiology Director, Experimental Cardiology Washington Hospital Center Washington, DC, USA A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication 99778811440055118822777755__11__pprreelliimmss..iinndddd iiiiii 22//2244//1100 1100::1111::5588 AAMM This edition fi rst published 2010 © by Blackwell Publishing Ltd Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. 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No warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for this work. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cardiovascular interventions in clinical practice / edited by Jürgen Haase. — 1st ed. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4051-8277-5 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Cardiovascular system—Diseases—Treatment. 2. Heart—Surgery. I. Haase, Jürgen, Prof. Dr. [DNLM: 1. Cardiovascular Diseases—therapy. 2. Cardiac Surgical Procedures. 3. Cardiovascular Diseases—diagnosis. 4. Cardiovascular Diseases—pathology. WG 166 C2663 2009] RC669.C2863 2009 616.1’06—dc22 2009032166 ISBN: 9781405182775 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Set in 9/12pt Meridien by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong Printed and bound in Singapore 1 2010 99778811440055118822777755__11__pprreelliimmss..iinndddd iivv 22//2244//1100 1100::1111::5588 AAMM Contents Contents, v 11 Percutaneous Implantation of Aortic Valve List of Contributors, viii Prostheses, 114 Robert H. Boone & John G. Webb Preface, xiii PART C Aortic Insuffi ciency, 126 SECTION 1 SEPTAL DEFECTS AND VALVULAR HEART DISEASE, 1 12 Pathology of Aortic Insuffi ciency, 126 Philipp A. Schnabel, Artur Lichtenberg, Esther Herpel, PART A Atrial and Ventricular Septal Arne Warth & Nikolaus Gassler Defects, 3 13 Echocardiography of Aortic Insuffi ciency, 134 1 Pathology of Atrial and Ventricular Septal Defects, 3 Martin G. Keane & Susan E. Wiegers Siew Yen Ho 14 MRI of Aortic Insuffi ciency, 144 2 Echocardiography of Atrial and Ventricular Septal Joachim Lotz Defects, 14 15 Surgical Reconstruction of the Aortic Valve, 149 Natesa G. Pandian, Antonietta Evangelista, Diana Aicher & Hans-Joachim Schäfers Francesco F. Faletra, Stefano De Castro, Siew Yen Ho, Anirban Banerjee & Carey Kimmelstiel PART D Mitral Stenosis, 159 3 MRI of Atrial and Ventricular Septal Defects, 25 Philipp Beerbaum 16 Pathology of Mitral Stenosis, 159 4 Catheter Closure of Atrial and Ventricular Septal Arne Warth, Esther Herpel & Philipp A. Schnabel Defects, 38 17 Echocardiography of Mitral Stenosis, 163 Ignacio Inglessis, Neil Wilson & Michael de Moor Wolfgang Fehske 5 Catheter Closure of Patent Foramen Ovale, 50 18 MRI of Mitral Stenosis, 179 Nina Wunderlich, Katharina Lehn, Neil Wilson & Matthias Gutberlet Horst Sievert 19 Catheter-based Mitral Valvuloplasty, 181 6 Surgical Closure of Atrial and Ventricular Septal Prafulla G. Kerkar & Milind S. Phadke Defects, 62 20 Surgical Management of Mitral Stenosis, 195 Markus K. Heinemann Kevin L. Greason & Hartzell V. Schaff PART B Aortic Stenosis, 71 PART E Mitral Insuffi ciency, 203 7 Pathology of Aortic Stenosis, 71 21 Pathology of Mitral Insuffi ciency, 203 Nikolaus Gassler & Philipp A. Schnabel Esther Herpel, Arne Warth, Artur Lichtenberg & 8 Echocardiography of Aortic Stenosis, 86 Philipp A. Schnabel Michael J. Kostal & Susan E. Wiegers 22 Echocardiography of Mitral Insuffi ciency, 209 9 MRI of Aortic Stenosis, 97 Juan Luis Gutiérrez-Chico, Pedro Marcos-Alberca & Daniel Thomas & Torsten Sommer José Luis Zamorano 10 Surgical Replacement of the Aortic Valve, 103 23 MRI of Mitral Insuffi ciency, 221 Anton Moritz & Mirko Doss Matthias Gutberlet v 99778811440055118822777755__11__pprreelliimmss..iinndddd vv 22//2266//1100 88::2288::1188 AAMM Contents 24 Surgical Management of Mitral Insuffi ciency, 224 38 Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Multivessel Kevin L. Greason & Hartzell V. Schaff Disease, 387 25 Perspectives on Percutaneous Mitral Valve Yoshinobu Onuma, Neville Kukreja & Patrick W. Serruys Repair, 233 39 Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Chronic Total Frederick St. Goar, Saibal Kar & Ted Feldman Occlusions, 400 Osamu Katoh SECTION 2 Coronary Heart Disease, 243 40 Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for the Treatment of Saphenous Vein Grafts, 416 26 Pathology of Coronary Artery Disease, 245 Paul Vermeersch & Pierfrancesco Agostoni Paul Fefer, Jagdish Butany & Bradley H. Strauss 41 Pharmacology in the Cardiac Catheterization 27 Computed Tomography for the Detection of Coronary Laboratory, 428 Artery Disease, 255 Sara D. Collins, Asmir I. Syed & Ron Waksman Dieter S. Ropers 42 Magnetic Navigation in Percutaneous Coronary 28 Invasive Coronary Arteriography for Assessment of Intervention, 448 Coronary Artery Disease, 270 Steve Ramcharitar & Patrick W. Serruys Jürgen Haase 43 Arterial Revascularization of Coronary Artery 29 Stress Echocardiography for Functional Assessment of Disease, 457 Coronary Artery Disease, 284 Hans-Joachim Schäfers & Takashi Kunihara Uwe Nixdorff 44 Cell Therapy after Acute Myocardial Infarction, 473 30 MRI for Functional Assessment of Coronary Artery Birgit Assmus & Volker Schächinger Disease, 291 Juerg Schwitter SECTION 3 Aortic Coarctation, Aneurysms, and Dissections, 485 PART A Invasive Assessment of the Unstable Coronary Lesion, 301 45 Pathology of Aortic Coarctation, Aneurysm, and Dissection, 487 31 Grayscale Intravascular Ultrasound and Virtual Histology Faqian Li, Chi K. Lai & Michael C. Fishbein of the Unstable Coronary Lesion, 301 46 Echocardiographic Assessment of Aortic Aneurysms and Hector M. Garcia-Garcia, Nieves Gonzalo, Anne L. Gaster & Dissections, 502 Patrick W. Serruys Thomas Bartel 32 Optical Coherence Tomography of the Unstable 47 MSCT for Assessment of Aortic Coarctation, Aneurysms, Coronary Lesion, 313 and Dissections, 510 Ron Waksman & Tina L. Pinto Slottow Leon D. Shturman & Suhny Abbara 33 Thermography of the Unstable Coronary Lesion, 320 48 Percutaneous Treatment of Aortic Coarctation, 525 Konstantinos Toutouzas, Maria Drakopoulou & John D.R. Thomson & Shakeel A. Qureshi Christodoulos Stefanadis 49 Surgical Treatment of Aortic Coarctation, 537 Markus K. Heinemann PART B Percutaneous Coronary 50 Endovascular Repair of Thoracic Aortic Intervention, 330 Aneurysms, 545 34 Coronary Stent Technology, 330 Ibrahim Akin, Tim C. Rehders, Stephan Kische, Neville Kukreja, Yoshinobu Onuma & Patrick W. Serruys Hüseyin Ince & Christoph A. Nienaber 35 Adjunctive Techniques for PCI, 345 51 Endovascular Repair of Abdominal Aortic Suntharo Ly, Seth Assar & Richard Heuser Aneurysm, 556 36 Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Acute Richard R. Heuser & Ramil Goel Myocardial Infarction, 356 52 Acute Aortic Dissection, 563 Jürgen Haase Sean O’Donnell & Shawn McMahon 37 Complex Percutaneous Coronary Interventions—Left 53 Surgical Approaches to the Treatment of Aortic Main, Bifurcation, and Ostial Disease, 370 Aneurysms and Dissections, 570 Savio D’Souza, Peter Barlis, Giuseppe Ferrante & Kourosh Keyhani, Anthony L. Estrera, Charles C. Miller III & Carlo Di Mario Hazim J. Safi vi 99778811440055118822777755__11__pprreelliimmss..iinndddd vvii 22//2244//1100 1100::1111::5599 AAMM Contents SECTION 4 Carotid and Cerebral Artery SECTION 5 Renal and Peripheral Artery Disease, 579 Disease, 649 54 Pathology of Ischemic Stroke, 581 60 Sonographic Assessment of Renal Artery Wolfgang Roggendorf Stenosis, 651 55 Interventional Treatment of Carotid Artery Disease, 587 Jörg Radermacher Jennifer Franke & Horst Sievert 61 Interventional Treatment of Renal Artery 56 Surgical Treatment of Carotid Artery Disease, 596 Stenosis, 664 Marc Bosiers, Christos Lioupis, Koen Deloose, Jurgen Verbist & Thomas Zeller Patrick Peeters 62 Pathology of Iliac and Lower Extremity Artery 57 Interventional Management of Acute Ischemic Disease, 674 Stroke, 609 Christian Ihling Sabareesh K. Natarajan, Kenneth V. Snyder, 63 Interventional Treatment of Iliac and Lower Artery Adnan H. Siddiqui, Elad I. Levy & L. Nelson Hopkins Disease, 681 58 Interventional Treatment of Intracerebral Dierk Scheinert & Andrej Schmidt Aneurysms, 629 64 Surgical Treatment of Iliac and Lower Extremity Artery Pascal Jabbour, Adytia Pandey & Erol Veznedaroglu Disease, 695 59 Surgical Treatment of Cerebral Aneurysms, 636 Frank E.G. Vermassen Rabih G. Tawk, Adnan H. Siddiqui, Elad I. Levy & L. Nelson Hopkins Index, 705 vii 99778811440055118822777755__11__pprreelliimmss..iinndddd vviiii 22//2244//1100 1100::1111::5599 AAMM List of Contributors Suhny Abbara MD Thomas Bartel MD Carlo Di Mario MD, PhD Assistant Professor, Harvard Medical School Cardiology Division Professor of Medicine Director of Cardiovascular Imaging Section, Department of Internal Medicine III Consultant Cardiologist Massachusetts General Hospital Medical University of Innsbruck Royal Brompton Hospital Director of Education, Cardiac MR/PET/CT Innsbruck London, UK Program Austria Boston, MA, USA Mirko Doss MD Philipp Beerbaum MD J.W. Goethe University Pierfrancesco Agostoni MD Senior Clinical Lecturer Frankfurt/Main, Germany Department of Cardiology King’s College London University Medical Center Utrecht Consultant Paediatric Cardiologist Maria Drakopoulou MD Utrecht, The Netherlands The Evelina Children’s Hospital Department of Cardiology London, UK Hippokration Hospital Diana Aicher MD Athens Medical School Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Robert H. Boone MD Athens, Greece Surgery Interventional Cardiology University Hospital of Saarland St. Paul’s Hospital Savio D’Souza MD Homburg/Saar, Germany University of British Columbia Department of Cardiology Vancouver, Canada Royal Brompton Hospital Ibrahim Akin MD London, UK Department of Medicine Marc Bosiers MD Division of Cardiology at the University Hospital Department of Vascular Surgery Anthony L. Estrera MD Rostock AZ St-Blasius Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Rostock School of Medicine Dendermonde, Belgium Surgery Rostock, Germany University of Texas at Houston Medical Jagdish Butany MD School Seth Assar MD McLaughlin Centre for Molecular Medicine Memorial Hermann Heart and Vascular St. Luke’s Medical Center University of Toronto Institute Phoenix, AZ Department of Pathology Houston, TX, USA University of Arizona University Health Network Tucson, AZ, USA Toronto, Ontario, Canada Antonietta Evangelista MD Center for Cardiovascular Imaging Birgit Assmus MD Sara D. Collins MD Tufts University Medical Center Division of Cardiology Washington Hospital Center Boston, MA, USA University Hospital Frankfurt/Main Division of Cardiology Frankfurt/Main, Germany Washington, DC, USA Francesco F. Faletra MD Center for Cardiovascular Imaging Anirban Banerjee MD Stefano De Castro MD Tufts University Medical Center Center for Cardiovascular Imaging Center for Cardiovascular Imaging Boston, MA, USA Tufts University Medical Center Tufts University Medical Center Boston, MA, USA Boston, MA, USA Paul Fefer MD The Schulich Heart Programme Peter Barlis MD Koen Deloose MD Sunnybrook Research Institute Department of Cardiology Department of Vascular Surgery Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre Royal Brompton Hospital AZ St-Blasius Toronto, Ontario, Canada London, UK Dendermonde, Belgium viii 99778811440055118822777755__11__pprreelliimmss..iinndddd vviiiiii 22//2244//1100 1100::1111::5599 AAMM List of Contributors Wolfgang Fehske MD Matthias Gutberlet MD, PhD Hüseyin Ince MD Associate Professor of Medicine Professor of Radiology Department of Medicine Head, Department of Cardiology Director of the Department of Diagnostic and Division of Cardiology at the University Hospital St. Vinzenz-Hospital Interventional Radiology Rostock Cologne, Germany University Leipzig/Leipzig Heart Center Rostock School of Medicine Leipzig, Germany Rostock, Germany Ted Feldman MD, FACC, FSCAI Professor of Medicine Juan Luis Gutiérrez-Chico MD, Ignacio Inglessis MD Chair, Interventional Cardiology PhD, FESC Adult Congenital Heart Disease Program Evanston Northwestern Health Care Interventional Cardiology Unit Department of Cardiology Cardiovascular Institute Vigo University Hospital Massachusetts General Hospital Mt View, CA, USA Vigo, Spain Boston, MA, USA Giuseppe Ferrante MD Jürgen Haase MD, PhD, FESC, FACC Pascal Jabbour MD Department of Cardiology Professor of Medicine, Consultant Cardiologist Department of Neurosurgery Royal Brompton Hospital Kardiocentrum Frankfurt Thomas Jefferson University Hospital London, UK Klinik Rotes Kreuz Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience Frankfurt/Main, Germany Philadelphia, PA, USA Michael C. Fishbein MD Piansky Professor of Pathology and Markus K. Heinemann MD, PhD Saibal Kar MD, FACC, FSCAI Medicine Professor of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Evanston Northwestern Health Care Department of Pathology and Laboratory University Hospital Cardiovascular Institute Medicine Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Mt View, CA, USA David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Mainz, Germany Los Angeles, CA, USA Osamu Katoh MD Esther Herpel MD Director of Research Center Jennifer Franke MD Institute of Pathology Toyohashi Heart Center CardioVascular Center Frankfurt University Clinics Heidelberg Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan Frankfurt, Germany Germany Martin G. Keane MD Hector M. Garcia-Garcia MD, MSc Richard R. Heuser MD, FACC, FACP, Cardiovascular Division Thoraxcenter Department of Medicine FESC, FASCI Erasmus Medical Center University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Director of Cardiology St. Luke’s Hospital and Rotterdam, The Netherlands Philadelphia, PA, USA Medical Center Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of Nikolaus Gassler MD, MA Arizona College of Medicine Prafulla G. Kerkar MD Professor of Pathology Phoenix, AZ, USA Professor and Head Institute of Pathology Department of Cardiology RWTH Aachen University Siew Yen Ho PHD, FRCPath, FESC Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital Aachen, Germany Mumbai, India Professor and Head of Cardiac Morphology Unit Royal Brompton Hospital and Imperial College Anne L. Gaster MD, PhD London Kourosh Keyhani MD Thoraxcenter London, UK Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Erasmus Medical Center Surgery Rotterdam, The Netherlands L. Nelson Hopkins MD The University of Texas at Houston Medical School Professor and Chairman of Neurosurgery and Ramil Goel MD Professor of Radiology Memorial Hermann Heart and Vascular Institute Houston, TX, USA Banner Good Samaritan Medical Center Department of Neurosurgery and Radiology and Phoenix, AZ, USA Toshiba Stroke Research Center School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Carey Kimmelstiel MD Nieves Gonzalo MD University of Buffalo, State University of New York Center for Cardiovascular Imaging Department of Neurosurgery, Millard Fillmore Tufts University Medical Center Thoraxcenter Gales Hospital, Kaleida Health Boston, MA, USA Erasmus Medical Center Buffalo, NY, USA Rotterdam, The Netherlands Stephan Kische MD Kevin L. Greason MD Christian Ihling MD Department of Medicine Professor of Medicine Division of Cardiology at the University Hospital Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Gemeinschaftspraxis für Pathologie Rostock Mayo Clinic Frankfurt/Main Rostock School of Medicine Rochester, MN, USA Germany Rostock, Germany ix 99778811440055118822777755__11__pprreelliimmss..iinndddd iixx 22//2255//1100 88::5511::0044 AAMM List of Contributors Michael J. Kostal MD Suntharo Ly MD Yoshinobu Onuma MD Cardiovascular Division St. Luke’s Medical Center Thoraxcenter Department of Medicine Phoenix, AZ Erasmus Medical Center University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine University of Arizona Rotterdam, The Netherlands PA, USA Tucson, AZ, USA Adytia Pandey MD Neville Kukreja MA, MRCP Shawn McMahon PA, MPH Assistant Professor, Neurosurgery Thoraxcenter Center for Vascular Care University of Michigan Erasmus Medical Center Washington Hospital Center Michigan, USA Rotterdam, The Netherlands Washington, DC, USA Natesa G. Pandian MD Takashi Kunihara MD, PhD Pedro Marcos-Alberca MD, PhD Professor of Medicine Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Cardiovascular Imaging Unit Center for Cardiovascular Imaging Surgery Hospital Clinico San Carlos Tufts University Medical Center University Hospital of Saarland Madrid, Spain Boston, MA, USA Homburg, Germany Charles C. Miller III PhD Patrick Peeters MD Chi K. Lai MD, FRCPC Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery Imelda Hospital Assistant Professor of Pathology Surgery Bonheiden, Belgium Department of Pathology and Laboratory The University of Texas Medical School at Medicine Houston David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Memorial Hermann Heart and Vascular Institute Milind S. Phadke MD Los Angeles, CA, USA Houston, TX, USA Senior Registrar, Department of Cardiology Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital Katharina Lehn Michael de Moor MBBCh, FACC, Mumbai, India Cardiovascular Center Frankfurt FSCAI Frankfurt, Germany Pediatric Cardiology Division Tina L. Pinto Slottow MD Division of Cardiology Floating Hospital for Children Washington Hospital Center Elad I. Levy MD Tufts University Medical Center Washington, DC, USA Associate Professor of Neurosurgery and Boston, MA, USA Radiology Shakeel A. Qureshi MD Departments of Neurosurgery and Radiology and Anton Moritz MD, PhD Department of Congenital Heart Disease Toshiba Stroke Research Center J.W. Goethe University Evelina Children’s Hospital University at Buffalo, State University of New York Frankfurt/Main, Germany London, UK Department of Neurosurgery Millard Fillmore Gates Hospital, Kaleida Health Buffalo, NY, USA Sabareesh K. Natarajan MD, MS Jörg Radermacher MD Endovascular Research Fellow and Voluntary Professor of Medicine Assistant Professor, Health Sciences Faqian Li MD, PhD Department of Neurosurgery and Toshiba Stroke Head, Department of Nephrology Johannes Wesling Klinikum Minden Assistant Professor Research Center Minden, Germany Department of Pathology and Laboratory University at Buffalo Medicine State University of New York University of Rochester Medical Center, Buffalo, NY, USA Steve Ramcharitar BM BCh Rochester, NY, USA DPhil MRCP Thoraxcenter Christoph A. Nienaber MD, PhD Artur Lichtenberg MD, PhD Professor of Medicine Chair, Division of Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands Clinic for Cardiovascular Surgery Cardiology University of Düsseldorf University Hospital Rostock Düsseldorf, Germany Rostock, Germany Tim C. Rehders MD Department of Medicine Christos Lioupis MD Uwe Nixdorff MD, FESC Division of Cardiology at the University Hospital Rostock Department of Vascular Surgery Professor of Medicine Rostock School of Medicine AZ St-Blasius European Prevention Center Rostock, Germany Dendermonde, Belgium Duisburg, Germany Wolfgang Roggendorf MD Joachim Lotz MD Sean O’Donnell MD, FACS Professor of Medicine Institute of Radiology Director of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Department of Neuropathology Hannover Medical School Center for Vascular Care Institute of Pathology Hannover, Germany Washington Hospital Center University of Würzburg Washington, DC, USA Würzburg, Germany x 99778811440055118822777755__11__pprreelliimmss..iinndddd xx 22//2255//1100 88::5511::0044 AAMM List of Contributors Dieter S. Ropers MD, FESC, FACC Juerg Schwitter MD, FESC Bradley H. Strauss MD, PhD, FACC Assistant Professor of Medicine Director, Cardiac MR Center of the University Professor of Cardiology Department of Cardiology Hospital Lausanne—CHUV The Schulich Heart Programme University of Erlangen Associate Professor, Cardiology Section Sunnybrook Research Institute Erlangen, Germany Lausanne, Switzerland Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre McLaughlin Centre for Molecular Medicine, Hazim J. Safi MD Patrick W. Serruys MD, PhD, University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular FESC, FACC Surgery Professor of Medicine The University of Texas at Houston Medical Head, Department of Interventional Asmir I. Syed MD School Cardiology Professor of Medicine Memorial Hermann Heart and Vascular Thoraxcenter Associate Director, Division of Cardiology Institute Erasmus Medical Center Director, Experimental Cardiology Houston, TX, USA Rotterdam, The Netherlands Washington Hospital Center Washington, DC, USA Frederick St. Goar MD, FACC, FSCAI Leon D. Shturman MD Evanston Northwestern Health Care Cardiac MR/PET/CT Program Rabih G. Tawk MD Cardiovascular Institute Massachusetts General Hospital Endovascular Neurosurgery Fellow Mt View, CA, USA MA, USA Department of Neurosurgery and Toshiba Stroke Research Center Volker Schächinger MD Adnan H. Siddiqui MD PhD School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences University at Buffalo, State University of New York Professor of Medicine Assistant Professor of Neurosurgery and Department of Neurosurgery Head, Department of Cardiology Radiology Millard Fillmore Gates Hospital, Kaleida Health Klinikum Fulda Departments of Neurosurgery and Radiology and Buffalo, NY, USA Fulda, Germany Toshiba Stroke Research Center University at Buffalo, State University of Hans-Joachim Schäfers MD, PhD New York Daniel Thomas MD Professor of Surgery Department of Neurosurgery Department of Radiology Chair, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Millard Fillmore Gates Hospital, Kaleida Health University Hospital Bonn Surgery Buffalo, NY, USA Bonn, Germany University Hospital of Saarland Homburg/Saar, Germany Horst Sievert MD, FESC, FACC John D.R. Thomson MD Professor of Medicine Department of Congenital Heart Disease Hartzell V. Schaff MD Head, Department of Cardiology Leeds General Infi rmary Professor of Surgery Cardiovascular Center Frankfurt Leeds, UK Chair, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Frankfurt, Germany Mayo Clinic Konstantinos Toutouzas MD Rochester, MN, USA Kenneth V. Snyder MD, PhD Department of Cardiology Department of Neurosurgery and Toshiba Stroke Hippokration Hospital Dierk Scheinert MD Research Center Athens Medical School Professor of Medicine University at Buffalo, State University of Athens, Greece Clinical Director of the Parkhospital Liepzig New York Medical Clinic I, Angiology, Cardiology and Heart Buffalo, NY, USA Jurgen Verbist MD Center Leipzig, Department for Angiology Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Leipzig, Germany Torsten Sommer MD Surgery Professor of Medicine Imelda Hospital Andrej Schmidt MD Head, Department of Radiology Bonheiden, Belgium Parkhospital Leipzig DRK Krankenhaus Neuwied Medical Clinic I, Angiology, Cardiology and Heart Neuwied, Germany Frank E.G. Vermassen MD, PhD Centre Leipzig, Department for Angiology Professor of Medicine Leipzig, Germany Christodoulos Stefanadis MD Department of Vascular Surgery Professor of Cardiology Ghent University Hospital Philipp A. Schnabel MD Chair, Department of Cardiology Ghent, Belgium Professor of Medicine Hippokration Hospital Institute of Pathology Athens Medical School Paul Vermeersch MD University Clinics Heidelberg Athens, Greece Antwerp Cardiovascular Institute Middelheim Heidelberg, Germany Ziekenhuis Netwerk Antwerpen Antwerp, Belgium xi 99778811440055118822777755__11__pprreelliimmss..iinndddd xxii 22//2244//1100 1100::1111::5599 AAMM
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