Cardiorespiratory and Motor Coordination

345 Pages·1991·8.66 MB·English

by  A. Federici, M. Dambrosio, L. Nocera, A. Chiddo, T. Fiore, P. Rizzon (auth.), Prof. Dr. Hans-Peter Koepchen, Dr. Timo Huopaniemi (eds.)

H.-P. Koepchen and T. Huopaniemi
(Eds.)
Cardiorespiratory and
Motor Coordination
With 161 Figures and 9 Tables
Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo
Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest
Prof. Dr. Hans-Peter Koepchen Dr. Timo Huopaniemi
Institut fiir Physiologie Department of Physiology
FU Berlin University of Helsinki
Arnimallee 22 . Siltavuorenpenger 20 J
1000 Berlin 33 SF-00170 Helsinki
ISBN-13 :978-3-540-52279-9 e-ISBN-13 :978-3-642-75507-1
DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-75507-1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Cardiorespiratory and motor coordination / H.-P. Koepchen and
T. Huopaniemi (eds.).
p. em.
Proceedings of a satellite symposium of the XXXI International
Congress of Physiological Sciences in Espoo, Helsinki, Finland, July 15-17, 1989.
Includes index.
ISBN-13 :978-3-540-52279-9 (alk. paper) : DM 168.00.
1. Autonomic nervous system-Congresses. 2. Cardiopulmonary
system-Congresses. 3. Efferent pathways-Congresses.
I. Koepchen, Hans Peter. II. Huopaniemi, T. (Timo)
III. International Union of Physiological Sciences. Congress (31st:
1989 : Helsinki, Finland)
[DNLM: 1. Autonomic Nervous System-physiology-congresses.
2. Cardiovascular System-physiology-congresses. 3. Respiratory
System-physiology-congresses. WL 600 C267 1989]
QP368.C37 1991
612.8'9-dc20
DNLM/DLC
for Library of Congress 91-5146 CIP
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2127/3335-543210 - Printed on acid-free paper
XXX I I nternational Congress of I UPS Helsinki 1989
Satellite Symposium
CARDIORESPIRATORY AND MOTOR COORDINATION
Espoo 15 -17 July 1989
cc.
Dedicated to the memory of C. M Brooks
Dr. Brooks served as Professor and Chair of Physiology (1948 to 1972) and
Pharmacology (1948 to 1956), Director of the Graduate Educational Program
(1956 to 1966) and founding Dean of the School of Graduate Studies (1966 to
1972), Acting President and Dean of the College of Medicine (1970 to 1971), and
Distinguished Professor of the University since 1971. He continued an active
program of research in neurophysiology and, at the age of 75, became the founder
and editor-in-chief of the Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System. In 1986, the
State University of New York awarded him the honorary degree of Doctor of
Science.
Chandler Brooks was elected to the National Academy of Sciences of the United
States in 1975, based on his fundamental work on integrative neurophysiology and
electrophysiology of the heart, especially the mechanism of cardiac excitation.
Dr. Brooks was keenly interested in the development of young scientists, and many
of his students and associates have gone on to distinguished careers in physiology
and medicine. Dr. Brooks also had a worldwide outlook and encouraged post-doc
toral fellows and visiting scientists to come to this institution from many countries
throughout the Far East, Western Europe and South America. For his extraordi
nary contributions to rebuilding science in Japan after World War II, he was
awarded the Order of the Rising Sun, Third Class, conferred by the Emperor of
Japan in 1979, one of the few foreigners to be so honored.
Most recently, Dr. Brooks was a fellow at the Center for Theological Study in
Princeton. For almost two decades he was Chairman of the Grants Committee of
the International Foundation, which assists developing peoples in meeting their
needs for nutrition, medicine, education and the means to preserve their cultures.
Dr. Brooks considered this to be his last major effort, a fitting end to his great
work for the Health Science Center at Brooklyn, the University, Physiology and
humankind.
Preface
This volume contains the contributions to a Satellite Symposium of the XXXI In
ternational Congress of Physiological Sciences in Espoo, Helsinki, Finland, July
15-17,1989.
The general purpose of this Symposium was to bring together specialists from
different fields of physiology who work on systems that are closely linked function
ally with regard to behavioral adaptation. In a certain sense it represents a contin
uation of two former books on the Central Interaction Between Respiratory and
Cardiovascular Control Systems 1 and on Neurovegetative Control Systems: Basic
Function, Integration and Disorders2, but explicitly includes the relationship with
motor control.
Since the first book appeared, much has been achieved in the field of physiology
of respiratory, cardiovascular, and somatomotor control. It is not intended that
this book compete with other publications from more specialized meetings which
deal with the most recent findings in a particular field of research, and rightly so.
This specialization in research leads laboratories in these as in other fields of
physiology to work independently of each other. Consequently, there are border
line areas between the specialities which are neglected, leaving gaps in our under
standing of the central integration of various physiological systems. Frequently,
the same central structure is studied in different laboratories and is only considered
in terms of the particular system under investigation. Therefore, the main emphasis
of this symposium was on the principles and mechanisms of central interaction and
coordination and on key findings in some unique areas of research representing the
extremely successful modern reductionistic approach, in order to promote the
necessary mutual cooperation between analytical and integrative research.
Concrete findings on the interrelationships among cardiovascular, respiratory,
and motor control provided the basis for interpreting the general principles of
central interaction. These principles confront us with difficulty in defining the term
"central control system" as soon as we enter the study of complex central net
works. The recognition that "specificity" and "nonspecificity" are not qualitative
but quantitative and variable properties of the different central nervous substrates
may help us to overcome useless semantic controversies. A major question arising
1 Koepchen HP, Hilton SM, Trzebski A (eds) (1980) Central interaction between respiratory
and cardiovascular control systems. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
2 Koepchen HP, Brooks CMcC, Koizumi K (eds) (1986) Neurovegetative control systems:
basic functions, integration and disorders. J Auton Nerv Syst Suppl.
Preface IX
from the studies on central interactions presented in this book is how nature brings
about specific control functions using common networks.
The different contributions made to this issue are representative of general
trends in research, proceeding from specific findings to more overall aspects of the
control systems. Work on integrative functions is in its infancy, and it must be
remembered that some of the more integrative concepts are still in an early state
of development; these will become modified and refined as research progresses.
Therefore, contributions of the various authors present quite different conceptual
approaches. The editors did not attempt to unify the material in any way. The
contents of the respective chapters remain each individual author's own responsi
bility. Our intention was to enable the publication of ideas, some of which might
seem too unusual to appear in conventional journals. Thus, this book is directed
toward the future, and we hope that it will encourage further studies on the
interactions among different control systems in order to corroborate, or even to
contest, the concepts presented.
The topics presented here have practical implications for somatovegetative be
havioral control in humans. The ultimate goal of analytical work using animal
experiments is to understand human physiology and to provide a scientific basis
for the treatment of dysfunction. Finally, research on control systems must include
studies in humans. We are restricted by the lack of reducibility in the investigation
of the human organism. Over the past decade, indirect methods have been devel
oped for the computer-assisted evaluation of noninvasive monitoring of motor
and autonomic parameters. Examples of this rapidly developing field of clinical
physiological research are included in the last part of this book.
Recent developments in systems analysis provide effective new tools for the
mathematical treatment of time series. We are pleased that leading experts from
this new interdisciplinary approach have joined forces with us in our endeavor to
understand and to describe in a quantitative manner the phenomena stemming
from the interaction of the control systems. We are learning that rhythmicity is not
only an important indicator of central coordination but can also act as an "order
parameter" in the integration of flexibly coupled systems. The various kinds of
rhythm coordination have certain common features that are independent of any
specific system and apply generally to vegetative and somatomotor control sys
tems. This book represents a bridge between conventional physiological ap
proaches to the interaction of control systems and the application of concepts in
the new science of "synergetics" predominantly to analyze and interpret physio
logical rhythms. 3
The general intention of the symposium was to promote integrative thinking and
research, taking the interaction of cardiorespiratory and motor control as a model.
Of course, such an undertaking can only be exemplary and fragmentary. The aim
is most aptly summed up by Professor Chandler Brooks in the final contribution,
in which he observes that "We have considered only a small portion of what occurs
in life." Much remains to do in the field of integrative research and concepts.
3 Haken H, Koepchen HP (eds) (1991)Synergetics of physiological rhythms. Springer,
Berlin Heidelberg New York (in press)
X Preface
Everyone working in the field of the autonomic nervous system has received
encouragement and stimulation over the years from the example set by Chandler
Brooks. He always stressed the necessity to see the single phenomenon within the
framework of the function of the whole organism. Even in his later years, he
remained active and attended many meetings on different aspects of autonomic
functions; his concluding remarks were often the highlight of the meeting. The
example he set in his scientific work is an important one: integrative thinking is not
an abstract idea but must be based on conscientious studies of single elements,
which must be carried out methodically and with the utmost care. Therefore, we
were delighted that Professor Brooks was able to participate in this meeting and
to take up our invitation to give the concluding talk. His article, "Thoughts
Concerning the Essence of Life", was to be the last in a remarkable list of scientific
publications. A few months later he died in a car accident.
This last article goes far beyond the limits of his particular field of research. It
is a precious gift for us, his pupils, colleagues, and friends, and is a legacy for the
next generation of scientists. Thus, we gratefully dedicate this book to the memory
of an impressive personality in science and humanity, Chandler McCuskey
Brooks.
We are indebted to Dr. Gertrude Lange-Brooks and the Health Science Center,
Brooklyn, N. Y., for permission to print the scientific biography of Professor
Brooks presented at the memorial ceremony at the State University of New York
in February 1990.
Hans-Peter Koepchen Timo Huopaniemi
Contents
Common and Differentiated Rhythmicities in Cardiorespiratory Efferents
Mechanical and Neural Interactions Between Positive Pressure,
Artificial Ventilation, and Cardiovascular Function in Anesthetized Dogs
Ao Federici, Mo Dambrosio, L. Nocera, Ao Chiddo, T. Fiore, and Po Rizzon 3
0
Interrelations Between Slow and Fast Rhythms in Sympathetic Discharge
Mol. Cohen, Ro Barnhardt, and c.-F. Shaw 9
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Common and Specific Sources of Regional Sympathetic Outflows
in Cerebral Ischemia, Cushing Reaction, and Asphyxia
Bo Kocsis, Go L. Gebber, and L. Fedina 16
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Interrelationships Between the Respiratory and Sympathetic Rhythm
Generating Systems in Neonates as Revealed by Alterations
in Afferent Inputs
Po Mo Gootman, Ao L. Sica, Ao Mo Steele, Ho L. Cohen, Bo W Hundley,
Go Condemi, Mo Ro Gandhi, L. Eberle, and N. Gootman 26
0 0 0 0
Identification of Postganglionic Thoracic Sympathetic Neurons:
Cardiac and Respiratory Discharge Patterns
Po Szulczyk and Bo Kamosinska 33
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Species-Dependent Respiratory and Autonomic Nerve Activities:
Respiratory-Sympathetic Synchronization and Autonomic Nerve
Responses to Hypoxia and Hypercapnia in the Rat
Ao Trzebski 39
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Discussion on Respiratory Related and Non-related Rhythms in
Sympathetic Efferents
Moderator: M.I. Cohen 49
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Neurochemical Characterization of Cardiovascular and
Respiratory Control Systems
CO -Induced Depolarization of Neurons in Nucleus Tractus Solitarii:
2
A Potential Substrate for Central Chemoreceptors
J Bo Dean and Do Eo Millhorn 53
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0