Cardiac Tissue Engineering: Methods and Protocols

268 Pages·2014·12.568 MB·English

by  Milica Radisic, Lauren D. Black III (eds.)

Methods in
Molecular Biology 1181
Milica Radisic
Lauren D. Black III Editors
Cardiac Tissue
Engineering
Methods and Protocols
M M B
ETHODS IN OLECULAR IOLOGY
Series Editor
John M. Walker
School of Life Sciences
University of Hertfordshire
Hat fi eld, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK
For further volumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/7651

Cardiac Tissue Engineering
Methods and Protocols
Edited by
Milica Radisic
Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemical
Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada;
Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
Lauren D. Black III
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA;
Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Biology Program, Sackler School of Graduate
Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
Editors
Milica Radisic Lauren D. Black III
Institute of Biomaterials Department of Biomedical Engineering
and Biomedical Engineering Tufts University
Department of Chemical Engineering Medford, M A , USA
and Applied Chemistry
Cellular, Molecular and Developmental
University of Toronto
Biology Program, Sackler School
Toronto , ON, Canada
of Graduate Biomedical Sciences
Toronto General Research Institute Tufts University School of Medicine
University Health Network Boston, MA, USA
Toronto, ON, Canada
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Prefa ce
Human hearts have a limited regenerative potential, motivating the development of the
alternative treatment options for the conditions that result in the loss of beating cardio-
myocytes. An example is myocardial infarction that results in a death of tens of millions of
ventricular cardiomyocytes that cannot be replaced by the body. It is estimated that fi ve to
seven million patients live with myocardial infarction in North America alone. A majority of
these patients do not need a surgical intervention, and medical management provides satisfac-
tory results. However, over a period of 5 years, one-half of the patients who experience a
myocardial infarction will develop heart failure, ultimately requiring heart transplantation.
The long-term goal of cardiac tissue engineering is to provide a living, beating, ideally
autologous, and non-immunogenic myocardial patch that can restore the contractile function
of the failing heart. The engineered tissues could also be used for preclinical drug testing to
discover new targets for cardiac therapy and eliminate drugs, cardiac and noncardiac, with
serious side effects. It generally involves a combination of suitable cell types, human or non-
human cardiomyocytes and supporting cells, with an appropriate biomaterial made out of
either synthetic or natural components and cultivation in an environment that reproduces
some of the complexity of the native cardiac environment (e.g., electrical, mechanical stimula-
tion, passive tension, or topographical cues).
This fi eld is still young. The term cardiac tissue engineering usually refers to engineering
of myocardial wall in vitro using living and beating cardiomyocytes. The pioneering papers
appeared in the late 1990s, and they all utilized either neonatal rat cardiomyocytes or
embryonic chick cardiomyocytes as a cell source. Since then, the fi eld has matured signifi -
cantly to include a range of approaches that all give cardiac tissues in vitro that are capable
of developing contractile force and propagating electrical impulses. Advances in human
embryonic stem cell research and induced pluripotent stem cell technology now provide
the possibility of generating millions of bona fi de human cardiomyocytes. When research in
cardiac tissue engineering started some 25 years ago, the issue of a human cell source
appeared insurmountable; however the researchers continued to make way, and there are
many reports now on the use of human pluripotent stem cells as a source of cardiomyocytes
for cardiac tissue engineering. Although early researchers thought that having purifi ed car-
diomyocytes in three-dimensional structures would be benefi cial, based on analogies with
monolayer studies where fi broblasts overgrow cardiomyocytes, there is a consensus in the
fi eld now that a mixed cell population is optimal for maintenance of cardiac phenotype and
survival of cardiomyocytes in engineered tissues both in vitro and in vivo. The mixed popu-
lation usually contains cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and a stromal cell type such as
fi broblasts or mesenchymal stem cells. Also, there is a consensus that a form of physical
stimulation, either mechanical or electrical, or passive tension is required for cardiomyo-
cytes to achieve and maintain a differentiated phenotype and in vivo-like functional proper-
ties during in vitro cultivation.
This book gathers for the fi rst time a collection of protocols on cardiac tissue engineering
from pioneering and leading researchers around the globe. Protocols related to cell prepa-
ration, biomaterial preparation, cell seeding, and cultivation in various systems are provided.
v
vi Preface
Our goal is to enable adoption of these protocols in laboratories that are interested in enter-
ing the fi eld as well as enable transfer of knowledge between laboratories that are already in
this fi eld. We hope that these efforts will lead to standardization, defi nition of best practices
in cardiac tissue cultivation, and direct comparison of various production protocols using
controlled in vivo studies that would ultimately lead to translational efforts. Although bio-
material patches alone and hydrogels have been investigated in clinical studies focused on
myocardial regeneration, a cardiac patch based on living, beating human cardiomyocytes
has not yet been tested in humans. Only patches based on non-cardiomyocytes have been
tested in humans with mixed results. Bringing a new therapy to the clinic is an overwhelm-
ing task, one that we must approach in a collaborative rather than competitive spirit. We
hope that sharing of the best protocols in cardiac tissue engineering will enable this goal.
Toronto, ON, Canada Milica R adisic
Medford, MA, USA Lauren D. B lack III, Ph.D.
Contents
Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i x
1 Second Generation Codon Optimized Minicircle (CoMiC)
for Nonviral Reprogramming of Human Adult Fibroblasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Sebastian D iecke, L eszek L isowski, N igel G. Kooreman,
and Joseph C . W u
2 S calable Cardiac Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells
as Microwell-Generated, Size Controlled Three- Dimensional Aggregates . . . . 15
Celine L . Bauwens and Mark D . U ngrin
3 P reparation and Characterization of Circulating Angiogenic Cells
for Tissue Engineering Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7
Aleksandra O stojic, Suzanne C rowe, B rian McNeill,
Marc R uel, and E rik J. Suuronen
4 I solation and Expansion of C-Kit-Positive Cardiac Progenitor
Cells by Magnetic Cell Sorting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Kristin M. F rench and Michael E. Davis
5 S ynthesis of Aliphatic Polyester Hydrogel for Cardiac Tissue Engineering . . . . 5 1
Sanjiv Dhingra, Richard D. W eisel, and R en-Ke L i
6 F abrication of PEGylated Fibrinogen: A Versatile Injectable
Hydrogel Biomaterial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1
Iris M ironi-Harpaz, A lexandra B erdichevski, and D ror Seliktar
7 N atural Cardiac Extracellular Matrix Hydrogels for Cultivation
of Human Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Donald O. F reytes, John D . O ’Neill, Y i D uan-Arnold,
Emily A . Wrona, and G ordana V unjak-Novakovic
8 M agnetically Actuated Alginate Scaffold: A Novel Platform
for Promoting Tissue Organization and Vascularization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3
Yulia Sapir, Emil R uvinov, B oris P olyak, and S madar C ohen
9 S hrink-Induced Biomimetic Wrinkled Substrates for Functional
Cardiac Cell Alignment and Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 7
Nicole Mendoza, Roger T u, Aaron Chen, Eugene L ee,
and Michelle Khine
10 I njectable ECM Scaffolds for Cardiac Repair. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 09
Todd D. Johnson, Rebecca L . B raden, and Karen L. Christman
11 G eneration of Strip-Format Fibrin-Based Engineered
Heart Tissue (EHT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 21
Sebastian S chaaf, Alexandra Eder, I ngra V ollert,
Andrea Stöhr, A rne Hansen, and Thomas E schenhagen
vii
viii Contents
12 Cell Tri-Culture for Cardiac Vascularization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 31
Ayelet Lesman, L ior Gepstein, and Shulamit Levenberg
13 C ell Sheet Technology for Cardiac Tissue Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 39
Yuji Haraguchi, T atsuya S himizu, Katsuhisa Matsuura,
Hidekazu S ekine, Nobuyuki T anaka, K enjiro T adakuma,
Masayuki Yamato, M akoto K aneko, and T eruo Okano
14 D esign and Fabrication of Biological Wires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 57
Jason W. M iklas, S ara S. N unes, B oyang Zhang, and M ilica R adisic
15 C ollagen-Based Engineered Heart Muscle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 67
Malte Tiburcy, T im M eyer, P oh Loong S oong,
and Wolfram-Hubertus Z immermann
16 Creation of a Bioreactor for the Application of Variable
Amplitude Mechanical Stimulation of Fibrin Gel-Based
Engineered Cardiac Tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 77
Kathy Y. M organ and Lauren D. B lack III
17 Preparation of Acellular Myocardial Scaffolds with Well-P reserved
Cardiomyocyte Lacunae, and Method for Applying Mechanical
and Electrical Simulation to Tissue Construct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 89
Bo W ang, Lakiesha N . W illiams, Amy L. de Jongh Curry,
and Jun L iao
18 P atch-Clamp Technique in ESC-Derived Cardiomyocytes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 03
Jie L iu and P eter H. B ackx
19 Optogenetic Control of Cardiomyocytes via Viral Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 15
Christina M . A mbrosi and Emilia E ntcheva
20 Methods for Assessing the Electromechanical Integration
of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocyte Grafts. . . . . . . . . . . 229
Wei-Zhong Z hu, D ominic F ilice, N athan J. Palpant,
and Michael A . L aflamme
21 Q uantifying Electrical Interactions Between Cardiomyocytes
and Other Cells in Micropatterned Cell Pairs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Hung Nguyen, N ima B adie, L uke M cSpadden, D awn Pedrotty,
and Nenad B ursac
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 63
Contributors
CHRISTINA M . A MBROSI, PH.D. • Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for
Molecular Cardiology, S tony Brook University , Stony Brook, N Y , U SA
PETER H. BACKX • Department of Physiology and Medicine, University of Toronto , T oronto ,
ON , C anada ; T he Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence , T oronto , ON,
Canada ; D ivision of Cardiology, University Health Network , Toronto , ON, C anada
NIMA BADIE • Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University , Durham, NC , USA
CELINE L. BAUWENS • Centre for Commercialization of Regenerative Medicine, T oronto ,
ON , C anada
ALEXANDRA BERDICHEVSKI • Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, T echnion—Israel Institute
of Technology , H aifa, Israel
LAUREN D . BLACK III, PH.D. • Department of Biomedical Engineering, T ufts University ,
Medford, M A , U SA ; Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Biology Program, Sackler
School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine , B oston, M A ,
USA
REBECCA L . BRADEN, M.S. • Department of Bioengineering, U niversity of California San Diego ,
La Jolla , C A , U SA ; S anford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine , L a Jolla , C A , U SA
NENAD B URSAC, PH.D. • Department of Biomedical Engineering, D uke University ,
Durham, N C , U SA
AARON C HEN • Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, U niversity of
California , I rvine, CA , U SA
KAREN L . CHRISTMAN, PH.D. • Department of Bioengineering, U niversity of California
San Diego , L a Jolla, CA , USA ; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine , L a Jolla ,
CA , U SA
SMADAR COHEN, PH.D. • Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology
Engineering, The Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell (RMSC) Research ,
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva, Israel ; T he Ilse Katz Institute for
Nanoscale Science and Technology , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva, I srael
SUZANNE C ROWE • Division of Cardiac Surgery , U niversity of Ottawa Heart Institute ,
Ottawa , O N, C anada
MICHAEL E. D AVIS, PH.D. • Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology , A tlanta , G A , U SA
AMY L. DE J ONGH CURRY • Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Memphis ,
Memphis , T N , U SA
SANJIV D HINGRA • Regenerative Medicine Program, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences,
St. Boniface Research Centre , University of Manitoba , W innipeg, MB, C anada
SEBASTIAN D IECKE • Lorry I. Lokey Stem Cell Research Building, S tanford University School
of Medicine , Stanford, CA , U SA
YI D UAN-ARNOLD • Department of Biomedical Engineering, C olumbia University ,
New York , N Y , U SA
ALEXANDRA EDER • Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, U niversity
Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE) , H amburg, G ermany ; DZHK (German
Centre for Cardiovascular Research) , Hamburg, G ermany
ix