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Cardiac abnormalities in cirrhosis PDF

71 Pages·2014·3.5 MB·English
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Cardiac abnormalities in cirrhosis - impact on outcome of liver transplantation and quality of life Axel Josefsson Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition Institute of Medicine at the Sahlgrenska Academy Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg Gothenburg 2014 Cover illustration: Cirrhosis - histology. Images provided by Johan Mölne and layout by Lennart Wiman Cardiac abnormalities in cirrhosis © Axel Josefsson 2014 [email protected] ISBN 978-91-628-9135-0 (Printed edition) ISBN 978-91-628-9137-4 (Electronic edition) E-publication http://hdl.handle.net/2077/36741 Printed in Bohus, Sweden 2014 by Ale Tryckteam AB “A man ceases to be a beginner in any given science and becomes a master in that science when he has learned that… he is going to be a beginner all his life” — R. G. Collingwood Cardiac abnormalities in cirrhosis - impact on outcome of liver transplantation and quality of life Axel Josefsson Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine at the Sahlgrenska Academy Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg Göteborg, Sweden ABSTRACT Background & Aims: Cirrhotics are frequently affected by cardiac dysfunction, both coronary artery disease and cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. However the prevalence and predictors of heart failure and cardiac events following liver transplantation is inadequately investigated. It is also not known if cardiac dysfunction affects quality of life in cirrhotics. We aimed to identify predictors and prevalence of post-transplant adverse cardiac events. We also aimed to assess the impact of cardiac dysfunction on quality of life in cirrhotics. Methods: We conducted two retrospective cohorts studies of cirrhotics (n=234 and n=88), one that underwent liver transplantation and one at pre-transplant evaluation. In the first cohort we registered pre-transplant data of liver disease, medications, clinical evaluation, and cardiac workup. We then followed the patients (mean 4 years) and attempted to identify factors associated with cardiac outcome. In cohort two we registered the same data in addition to Quality of life questionnaires. Results: Heart failure was found in approximately a quarter of patients following transplantation and transplanted patients were 14 times more likely to have a cardiac event compared to the general Swedish population (n=70). Risk factors included age, renal dysfunction, diastolic dysfunction, and ECG abnormalities. Quality of life does not seem to be affected to cardiac dysfunction in cirrhotics. Conclusions: Cardiac complications are common in cirrhosis at liver transplantation and are associated with adverse outcome but not a lower quality of life. Keywords: Cirrhosis, Heart failure, Cardiac events, Renal failure, Quality of life ISBN: 978-91-628-9135-0 SAMMANFATTNING PÅ SVENSKA Bakgrund: Skrumplever är slutstadiet av leversjukdom där enda definitiva boten idag är levertransplantation. Man har tidigare sett att patienter med skrumplever i hög grad drabbas av hjärtsjukdom, både av kranskärlssjukdom och något som kallas ”cirrhotisk kardiomyopati” som är en sorts latent hjärtsvikt. Man vet dock inte hur många patienter som drabbas av hjärtsvikt och andra hjärtkärl-komplikationer efter transplantation och vilka riskfaktorer som predisponerar patienter för att drabbas. Dessutom vet man inte heller om livskvaliteten hos patienter med skrumplever påverkas av hjärtsjukdom. Metod: Vi gjorde studier på två grupper av patienter, i den ena genomgick alla patienter levertransplantation (234 st) och i den andra så utreddes alla inför eventuell levertransplantion (88 st). Vi registrerade tillgängliga variabler hos patienterna avseende leversjukdom, kroppsundersökningsfynd, mediciner, tidigare sjukhistora, och data från utredning avseende hjärtkärlsjukdom. Gruppen som utreddes inför levertransplantation fick också svara på 2 frågeformulär avseende livskvalitet. Datan vi samlade använde vi för att statistiskt länka faktorer före transplantation till hjärtkärl-komplikationer under uppföljningstiden (i medel följdes patienterna i 4 år i den första gruppen patienter) efter transplantation. Detsamma gjordes med datan från enkäterna om livskvalitet. Resultat: Ungefär en fjärdedel av alla patienter drabbades av hjärtsvikt efter transplantation och 70 patienter av 234 fick någon annan hjärtkärl-komplikation efter transplantation. Vi identifierade flera riskfaktorer för att drabbas av hjärtkärl- komplikationer såsom njursvikt, hög ålder, EKG förändringar, och avslappningsstörning i hjärtmuskeln före transplantation. Vi fann också att patienter som har transplanterats löper ca 14 gånger högre risk att drabbas av hjärtkärlsjukdom än resten av den svenska befolkningen. Det höga insjuknandet i hjärtkärlsjukdom kvarstod även flera år efter transplantation. Vi kunde dock inte finna något samband mellan livskvalitet hos patienter med skrumplever och hjärtkärlsjukdom. Slutsatser: Patienter med skrumplever löper hög risk att drabbas av hjärtkärlsjukdom efter transplantation, vi har identifierat flera riskfaktorer som kan hjälpa till i utredningsprocessen av patienter inför levertransplantation. Livskvaliteten förefaller inte påverkas nämnvärt av hjärtkärlsjukdom hos patienter med skrumplever. LIST OF PAPERS This thesis is based on the following papers, referred to in the text by their Roman numerals. I. Impact of peri-transplant heart failure & left-ventricular diastolic dysfunction on outcomes following liver transplantation Josefsson A, Fu M, Allayhari P, Björnsson E, Castedal M, Olausson M, Kalaitzakis E. Liver International 2012 32 (8) 1262-1269 II. Pre-transplant renal impairment predicts posttransplant cardiac events in patients with liver cirrhosis Josefsson A, Fu M, Björnsson E, Castedal M, Kalaitzakis E. Transplantation. 2014 98 (1) 107-14 III. Prevalence of pre-transplant electrocardiographic abnormalities and post-transplant cardiac events in patients with liver cirrhosis Josefsson A, Fu M, Björnsson E, Kalaitzakis E. BMC Gastroenterol. 2014 5;14:65 IV. Impact of cardiac dysfunction on health-related quality of life in cirrhotic liver transplant candidates Josefsson A, Fu M, Björnsson E, Castedal M, Kalaitzakis E Manuscript i CONTENT ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................. IV DEFINITIONS IN SHORT .................................................................................... V 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 1 1.1 Overview ............................................................................................... 1 1.2 Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy ..................................................................... 1 1.2.1 Functional abnormalities ............................................................... 2 1.2.2 Structural abnormalities ................................................................ 3 1.2.3 Electrophysiological abnormalities ............................................... 4 1.3 Coronary artery disease ......................................................................... 4 1.4 Renal failure and cirrhotic cardiomyopathy .......................................... 5 1.5 Clinical implications and liver transplantation ..................................... 6 1.5.1 Causes of death after liver transplantation .................................... 7 1.5.2 Post-transplant complications ....................................................... 7 1.6 Quality of life ........................................................................................ 8 2 AIMS ........................................................................................................... 9 3 PATIENTS AND METHODS ......................................................................... 10 3.1.1 Paper I ......................................................................................... 10 3.1.2 Paper II ........................................................................................ 13 3.1.3 Paper III ....................................................................................... 14 3.1.4 Paper IV....................................................................................... 16 3.2 Statistics .............................................................................................. 17 4 RESULTS ................................................................................................... 20 4.1 Paper I – Post-transplant heart failure and outcome ........................... 20 4.2 Paper II – Renal impairment and cardiac events ................................. 23 4.2.1 Model for risk assessment ........................................................... 25 4.3 Paper III – ECG and outcome ............................................................. 26 4.4 Paper IV – Quality of life and cardiac abnormalities .......................... 28 5 DISCUSSION .............................................................................................. 32 ii

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Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine In the first cohort we registered pre-transplant data of liver disease, .. The cardiorenal syndrome is a condition where, an acute or chronic . been associated with lower QoL such as hyponatremia,130 increased number of.
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