Carbon Utilization: Applications for the Energy Industry PDF
Preview Carbon Utilization: Applications for the Energy Industry
Green Energy and Technology Malti Goel M. Sudhakar Editors Carbon Utilization Applications for the Energy Industry Green Energy and Technology More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8059 Malti Goel M. Sudhakar (cid:129) Editors Carbon Utilization Applications for the Energy Industry 123 Editors MaltiGoel M.Sudhakar Climate Change ResearchInstitute CMLRE NewDelhi Kochi India India ISSN 1865-3529 ISSN 1865-3537 (electronic) Green Energy andTechnology ISBN978-981-10-3351-3 ISBN978-981-10-3352-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-3352-0 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016962047 ©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2017 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd. Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:152BeachRoad,#21-01/04GatewayEast,Singapore189721,Singapore This book is dedicated to Dr. Vasant R. Gowariker Eminent Space Scientist and Great Mentor Foreword The Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessment of 2014 (AR5) suggests that the carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere are approaching 400 ppm, against the pre-industrial value of 280 ppm. A safe limit of 450ppmhasbeensetfortheyear2050toprotecttheplanetEarthfromanyclimatic disasters. With the growing threat of climate change resulting from increasing accumulation of CO -eq gases, CO -sequestration technology is seen as an assur- 2 2 ance for continuation offossil fuels use, especially coal in the energy sector. To do this we must have adequate research and policy infrastructure that can help in testing CO sequestration and utilization options. When Dr. (Mrs) Malti 2 Goel, who was Adviser in the Department of Science & Technology, Government of India approached me to inaugurate the five-day training workshop on carbon capture, storage and utilization, organized by Climate Change Research Institute, I readilyagreed. Sheisthefounder oftheinstitute.Ihavestrongly felt thatwe need toestablishapilot-scalefacilityonCO capturetotestalltheresearchresultsfrom 2 chemical and physical processes at one place in the country. Our laboratory at CSIR-IndianInstituteofPetroleum,Dehradun,aswellasotherinstitutionsinIndia has reported exciting results from the research carried out and such a facility will help in upgrading our research output. I am happy that the book Carbon Utilization: Applications for the Energy Industry edited by Malti Goel and M. Sudhaker has come out as an enthusiastic directiveforresearchinterrestrialandbio-sequestrationoptionsandCO utilization 2 asalowcarbongrowthstrategyfortheindustry.Thereisawidecoverageoftopics in the 19 chapters of the book. New applications for the aluminum, steel, cement andfertilizersindustriesareincorporated.Althoughthesetopicsmayrepresentonly a small segment of many possibilities that exist, they amply illustrate the impor- tanceofCO utilizationresearchandthewaythisfieldisadvancingglobally.Iam 2 sure that the readers will get an insight into perspectives of this emerging research area of energy technology. Indeed bridging the gap between research and industry in CO utilization is a 2 fundamental challenge, which the scientific community must face. In this context vii viii Foreword the book should serve as a valuable knowledge bank to help policy makers, sci- entists, researchers and professors. I would be a medium for sharing novel ideas with industry as well as for induction of new coordinated research. I am glad that Springer is bringing out this under their Green Energy and Technology series. Dr. Madhukar O. Garg, Ph.D., FNAE Head, Automotive Fuels & Lubricants Application Division & Director’s Research Division; Former Director General, Council for Scientific & Industrial Research Preface For a successful technology, reality must take precedence over public relation, for nature cannot be fooled. —Richard Feynman, 1986 It is well known that the atmospheric carbon dioxide cycle (carbon cycle in short) has a vital role in maintaining the earth’s dynamic system, components of that act on different time scales varying from less than a second to hundreds of years. IncreasinglyCO isbeingaddedintheatmospherefromgrowinguseofenergyand 2 itsgenerationfromfossilfuelcombustion.Thisisaffectingthenaturalcarboncycle, resultingintheglobalwarmingthreatandclimatechange.Thus,themotivationfor capturing carbon dioxide and storage comes from developing ways to remove excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere for climate control. Thegeo-engineeringapproachtoclimatechangemitigationcomprises‘removal ofcarbondioxide’fromtheatmosphereaswellas‘managementofsolarradiation’ forcontrollingtheglobalwarming.Themechanicsofreflectingpartoftheradiation backtospacetherebypreventingittoentertheearth’satmosphereisbeingworked out for the management of solar radiation. In this book we are focusing on carbon dioxide removal (CDR) processes. Sequestration of carbon dioxide by capture and storageorutilizationintovalue-addedproductsandenergyfuelsremainsoneofthe mostresearchedoptionsfor removalofexcesscarbon dioxidegetting accumulated in the atmosphere. The book ‘Carbon Utilization—Applications for the Energy Industry’ is the outcome of a capacity-building event held in India. It has appealing coverage of environment and engineering disciplines, viz. CO abatement and utilization, CO 2 2 management in the industry towards a low carbon growth, CO terrestrial 2 sequestrationandbioticoptionsamongothers,forreducingcarbonfootprintsinthe atmosphere. ix x Preface Scope The book on carbon utilization incorporated invited lectures delivered at the workshop on awareness and capacity building, Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilization:TowardslowcarbongrowthStrategy,heldinNewDelhifromJuly27– 31, 2015. Topics that could not be presented in the workshop, but proposed, are also included. The workshop was held by Climate Change Research Institute to highlight Indian contribution and has provided multidisciplinary perspectives for academic exchange of current research in the field of anthropogenic CO seques- 2 tration and utilization as well as its application. Althoughinamajorpolicyshift,Indiahassetanationaltargetofachieving175 GWinstalledelectricitycapacityfromrenewableenergysourcesby2022withsolar energy having a major share of 100 GW, coal has been the backbone of India’s electricity.Indiaisthethirdlargestproducerandconsumerofcoalintheworldand it is anticipated that coal continues to be dominant fuel in the coming decades for achieving the energy security. Yet we do not know how the coal use will take shape.Adoptionofcleancoaltechnologiesandcarbonsequestrationasend-of-pipe solution provide low carbon pathways. Environment cess of INR 400 per tonne of coal use has been implemented as a policy imperative. A few questions therefore arise: whether to target use of renewable energy as the source of entire electricity (which would require huge investment), or to continue using fossil fuels and convert captured CO to chemicals/fuels/plastics as it would make use of existing 2 infrastructure to great extent? At the same time, what new conversion processes become possible in future with minimum energy consumption? Can we think of conversionofcapturedCO directlyintoelectricityinanelectrochemicalcellorits 2 conversion to graphene which could eventually replace silicon chip? The solution of these would emerge with the application of science and technology to carbon captureandutilization.Thepossibilitiesareimmense,acollectionofstate-of-the-art scientific reviews and research perspectives on carbon management strategies of relevance to the energy industry are presented in the book. Already CO sequestration and utilization are on the research agenda globally. 2 National governments are investing heavily in carbon capture and utilization (CCU)researchandtherearesignificantongoingresearchprogrammesworldwide. InnovationsaretakingplaceandreuseofwasteCO intovaluableproductsisseen 2 as not only environment savior, but also a step towards circular economy. EconomicsofCO utilizationwouldsucceedinforeseeablefuturedependingupon 2 the purity and process used. In the post-Kyoto phase, international protocols such as Paris Agreement on Climate Change have been signed by 175 countries (including European Union as one) in the 21st Conference of Parties meeting of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) during December 2015. This protocol alongwithUNSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs)adoptedinSeptember2015 giveampleevidenceofCO sequestrationlinkagesasalowcarbongrowthbusiness 2 strategy.
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