carbon sequestration under long term fertilizer application in rice, maize and groundnut based ...

270 Pages·2016·4.88 MB·English

CARBON SEQUESTRATION UNDER
LONG TERM FERTILIZER
APPLICATION IN RICE, MAIZE AND
GROUNDNUT BASED CROPPING
SYSTEMS IN DIFFERENT AGRO
CLIMATIC ZONES

P.V. GEETHA SIREESHA

M.Sc. (Ag.)

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN AGRICULTURE
(SOIL SCIENCE)

2016
CARBON SEQUESTRATION UNDER
LONG TERM FERTILIZER APPLICATION
IN RICE, MAIZE AND GROUNDNUT BASED
CROPPING SYSTEMS IN DIFFERENT AGRO
CLIMATIC ZONES

BY

P.V. GEETHA SIREESHA

M.Sc., (Ag.)

THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE
PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE
AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN AGRICULTURE

(SOIL SCIENCE)

CHAIRPERSON: Dr. G.PADMAJA

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
RAJENDRANAGAR, HYDERABAD – 500 030
PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE
AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

2016
DECLARATION

I, P.V. GEETHA SIREESHA, hereby declare that the thesis entitled
“CARBON SEQUESTRATION UNDER LONG TERM FERTILIZER
APPLICATION IN RICE, MAIZE AND GROUNDNUT BASED CROPPING
SYSTEMS IN DIFFERENT AGRO CLIMATIC ZONES” submitted to the
Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Hyderabad for the
award of degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Agriculture is the result of original
research work done by me. I also declare that no material contained in this thesis has
been published earlier in any manner.

Place : (P.V. GEETHA SIREESHA)
I.D. No. RAD/2012-25
Date :
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Carbon Sequestration Under Long
Term Fertilizer Application in Rice, Maize and Groundnut Based Cropping
Systems in Different Agro Climatic Zones” submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Agriculture to the Professor
Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Hyderabad, is a record of the
bonafide research work carried out by Mrs. P.V. Geetha Sireesha under our guidance and
supervision. No part of the thesis has been submitted by the student for the award of any other
degree or diploma. The published part has been fully acknowledged. All assistance and help
received during the course of the investigations have been duly acknowledged by the author of
the thesis.

Chairperson of the Advisory committee

Thesis approved by the Student Advisory Committee:

Chairperson : Dr. G. PADMAJA ______________
Professor
Dept. Soil Science & Agril. Chemistry
College of Agriculture, PJTSAU
Rajendranagar, Hyd– 500 030.

Member : Dr. P. CHANDRA SEKHAR RAO ______________
Dean of Agriculture &
Dean of P.G. Studies, PJTSAU
Rajendranagar, Hyd– 500 030.

Member : Dr. T. RAMESH ______________
Professor
Dept. of Crop Physiology
College of Agriculture, PJTSAU
Rajendranagar, Hyd– 500 030.

Member : Dr. R. SUBHASH REDDY ______________
Dean of Student Affairs, PJTSAU
Rajendranagar, Hyd– 500 030.
Member : Dr. M. VENKATA RAMANA ______________
Professor & Head
AICRP on Integrated Farming System
Rajendranagar, Hyd– 500 030.

External : Dr. V.R. RAMAKRISHNA PARAMA ______________
Examiner Professor
Dept. Soil Science & Agril. Chemistry
College of Agriculture, UAS
GKVK, Banglore– 560 065.

Date of final viva-voce: 19-04-2016
CERTIFICATE
Mrs. P.V. Geetha Sireesha has satisfactorily prosecuted the course of
research and that the thesis entitled “Carbon Sequestration Under Long Term
Fertilizer Application in Rice, Maize and Groundnut Based Cropping Systems in
Different Agro Climatic Zones” submitted is the result of original research work and
is of sufficiently high standard to warrant its presentation to the examination. I also
certify that neither the thesis nor its part thereof has been previously submitted by her
for a degree of any University.

Date : Dr. G. PADMAJA
Chairperson
Professor
Dept. Soil Science and Agril. Chemistry
College of Agriculture, PJTSAU
Rajendranagar, Hyd– 500 030.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
It is by the love and blessings of the Almighty, that I have been able to complete
my thesis work successfully and present this piece of work.
It cannot be argued with that the most influential person in my entire course of
this study has been my major advisor Dr. G. Padmaja, Professor, Department of Soil
Science and Agricultural Chemistry, for her encouragement, insightful guidance, and
discipline have been indispensable to my growth over these four years.
I am also grateful to Dr. P. Chandrasekhar Rao, Dean of PG studies, PJTSAU
for being an extraordinary Co-Chairperson who showed me the road and helped to get
me started on the path to Ph.D. degree. His enthusiasm, encouragement and faith in me
throughout have been extremely helpful. He always knew where to look for the answers
to obstacles while leading me to the right source, theory and perspective.
I would also like to express my heartfelt, thanks to Dr. P.Venkateswara Rao
and Dr. T. Ramesh, Professor, Department of Crop Physiology, members of my advisory
committee for their constant encouragement.
It’s my pleasure to acknowledge Dr. R. Subhash Reddy, Dean of Student
Affairs, PJTSAU, as member of my advisory committee for his constant moral support.
I am thankful to Dr. M. Venkata Ramana, Principal Scientist and Head,
AICRP on Integrated Farming Systems, Rajendranagar, member of my advisory
committee for his help during my research work.
I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. K. Jeevan Rao, Professor and
University Head, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, for his
amicable suggestions, benevolent and noble ideas during my research work.
I owe my effusive thanks to other staff members of the Department of Soil
Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Dr. G. Jayasree, Dr. V. Sailaja Dr. P. Prabhu
Prasidini, Dr. Harish Kumar Sharma, Dr. Ch. Sujani Rao, Dr. M. Srilatha, Dr. M.
Rajeshwar Naik, and Dr. T. Anjaiah for their constructive advice and timely help
during my research work. I warmly thank Dr. D. Balaguravaiah, Dr. A. Madhavi, Dr.
Hussain and Sri M. Jeevaratna Raju for their valuable advice, constructive criticism
and extensive discussions during my course work. My sincere thanks to Dr. Triveni,
Sreedevi and Neeraja for their support during my experimentation in Microbiology
laboratory.
I wish to extend my sincere gratitude to Dr. L. Kishan Reddy, ADR (Rtd.),
RARS, Jagtial, Dr. M. Vijay Shankar Babu, Scientist, DARS, Ananthapur, Dr. Ch.
Sreenivas, Scientist, APRRI, Maruteru and Dr. S. Sridevi, Scientist AICRP on farming
systems, Rajendranagar for helping me in collection of soil and plant samples from the
long-term fertilizer experiment fields. My heartfelt thanks to Dr. M. Surendra Babu,
Principal Scientist & Head, Dr. M. Chandini Patnaik, Senior Scientist AICRP on
Micro nutrients for helping me to carry out part of my research work.
I will forever be thankful to my former college research advisor, Dr. M.V.S
Naidu Associate Professor, Department of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, S.V.
Agricultural College, Tirupathi for providing his valuble advice during my course of
study.
I especially thank my parents Smt. K. Lalithamma and Sri. P.V. Subbarao, and
brother P.V. Sri Chakra for their everlasting love, persistent encouragement. Both
have instilled many admirable qualities in me and given me a good foundation with
which to meet life. They’ve taught me about hard work and self-respect, about
persistence and about how to be independent.
There are no words to convey my adoration and boundless affection on my
beloved husband Mr. O. Vinay Kumar who has been a true and great supporter
throughout my progress of research work.
I am indebted to my student colleagues Srijaya, Sathish, Kiran, Sharan, Sai
kumar, Ravi and Aruna Kumari, Seniors Chaitanya, Kalyani, Kamalakar, Ravi
Ramakrishna (SRF) and Juniors Naveen, Madhavi, Prabhavathi, Ranjit, Venugopal,
Swetha, Archana, Apoorva, Jessi, Miraj, Naresh and Rajasekhar for their
cooperation and help rendered during the study.

My heartful gratitude to my beloved friends Jyothi, Manasa, Archana, Kavya,
Himaja, Madhuri, Gouthami, Bindu, Usha, Sneha, Rama, Jyosna, Nagendra and
Sridhar for their endearment, encouragement, valuable moral support and pleasant
cooperation rendered to me during the progress of the work.
I extremely thankful to the supporting staff of the Department of Soil Science and
Agricultural Chemistry, for their timely support and help rendered during all the period of my
study.
I am greatfully acknowledge Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University,
Government of Andhra Pradesh and Professor Jayashankar Telangana State
Agricultural University Government of Telangana for their financial assistance
provided in the form of stipend during my Ph.D. programme.
I sincerely thank all who helped me directly and indirectly to bring out this
humble piece of work. Besides this, several people have knowingly and unknowingly
helped me in the successful completion of this project. If I have forgotten anyone, I
apologize.


Geetha Sireesha…
CONTENTS
Chapter No. Title Page No.
I INTRODUCTION 1-3
II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4-34
III MATERIAL AND METHODS 35-62
IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 63-206
V SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 207-211
LITERATURE CITED 211-242
APPENDICES 243-249
LIST OF TABLES

Table Page
Title
No. No.
3.1 Methods followed for the analysis of soil sample 53
4.1 Long-term effects of INM on different carbon fractions of the soils 69
after harvest of kharif rice under rice-rice cropping system at
Rajendranagar
4.2 Long-term effects of INM on different carbon fractions of the soils 70
after harvest of rabi rice under rice-rice cropping system at
Rajendranagar
4.3 Long term effects of INM treatments on carbon stocks and carbon 72
sequestration rate under rice-rice cropping system at
Rajendranagar
4.4 Long-term effects of INM on enzyme activities of the soils after 76
harvest of kharif rice under rice-rice cropping system at
Rajendranagar
4.5 Long-term effects of INM on enzyme activities of the soils after 77
harvest of rabi rice under rice-rice cropping system at
Rajendranagar
4.6 Long-term effects of INM on physico-chemical properties of soil 80
after harvest of rice-rice cropping system at Rajendranagar
4.7 Long-term effects of INM on available N, P and K status (kg ha-1) 82
of the soils after harvest of rice-rice cropping system at
Rajendranagar
4.8 Long-term effects of INM on available micronutrient status (mg 84
kg-1) of the soils after harvest of rice – rice cropping system at
Rajendranagar
4.9 Long-term effects of INM on total N, P and K contents (%) of the 86
grain after harvest of rice-rice cropping system at Rajendranagar
4.10 Long-term effects of INM on total N, P and K contents (%) of the 87
straw after harvest of rice-rice cropping system at Rajendranagar
4.11 Long-term effects of INM on N, P and K uptake (kg ha-1) by grain 88
after harvest of rice-rice cropping system at Rajendranagar
4.12 Long-term effects of INM on N, P and K uptake (kg ha-1) by straw 89
after harvest of rice-rice cropping system at Rajendranagar
4.13 Long-term effects of INM on grain and straw yields (kg ha-1) after 92
harvest of rice – rice cropping system at Rajendranagar
4.14 Long-term effects of INM on different carbon fractions of the soils 96
under maize-onion cropping system at Rajendranagar
4.15 Long term effects of INM treatments on carbon stocks and carbon 100
sequestration rate under maize-onion cropping system at
Rajendranagar
4.16 Long-term effects of INM on enzyme activities of the soils under 104
maize-onion cropping system at Rajendranagar
4.17 Long-term effects of INM on physico-chemical properties of soils 106
after harvest of maize-onion cropping system at Rajendranagar
4.18 Long-term effects of INM on available N, P and K status (kg ha-1) 108
of the soils after harvest of maize-onion cropping system at
Rajendranagar
Table Page
Title
No. No.
4.19 Long-term effects of INM on available micronutrient status (mg 110
kg-1) of the soils after harvest of maize-onion cropping system at
Rajendranagar
4.20 Long-term effects of INM on total N, P and K contents (%) in 111
maize kernels and onion bulbs after harvest of maize - onion
cropping system at Rajendranagar
4.21 Long-term effects of INM on total N, P and K contents (%) in 112
maize (stover) and onion (straw) after harvest of maize-onion
cropping system at Rajendranagar
4.22 Long-term effects of INM on N, P and K uptake (kg ha-1) by 114
maize kernels and onion bulbs after harvest of maize - onion
cropping system at Rajendranagar
4.23 Long-term effects of INM on N, P and K uptake (kg ha-1) by 115
maize (stover) and onion (straw) after harvest of maize - onion
cropping system at Rajendranagar
4.24 Long-term effects of INM on yields (kg ha-1) of maize – onion 117
cropping system at Rajendranagar
4.25 Long-term effects of INM on different carbon fractions of the soils 123
under rice-rice cropping system at Jagtial
4.26 Long term effects of INM treatments on carbon stocks and carbon 125
sequestration rate under rice-rice cropping system at Jagtial
4.27 Long-term effects of INM on enzyme activities of the soils under 129
rice-rice cropping system at Jagtial
4.28 Long-term effects of INM on physico-chemical properties of soil 131
after harvest of rice – rice cropping system at Jagtial
4.29 Long-term effects of INM on available N, P and K status (kg ha-1) 133
of the soils after harvest of rice-rice cropping system at Jagtial
4.30 Long-term effects of INM on available micronutrient status (mg 134
kg-1) of the soils after harvest of rice – rice cropping system at
Jagtial
4.31 136
Long-term effects of INM on total N, P and K contents (%) of the
grain after harvest of rice-rice cropping system at Jagtial
4.32 Long-term effects of INM on total N, P and K contents (%) of the 137
straw after harvest of rice-rice cropping system at Jagtial
4.33 Long-term effects of INM on N, P and K uptake (kg ha-1) by grain 140
after harvest of rice-rice cropping system at Jagtial
4.34 Long-term effects of INM on N, P and K uptake (kg ha-1) by straw 141
after harvest of rice-rice cropping system at Jagtial
4.35 Long-term effects of INM on grain and straw yields (kg ha-1) after 142
harvest of rice – rice cropping system at Jagtial
4.36 148
Long-term effects of INM on different carbon fractions of the soils
under rice-rice cropping system at Maruteru
4.37 Long term effects of INM treatments on carbon stocks and carbon 150
sequestration rate under rice-rice cropping system at Maruteru
4.38 Long-term effects of INM on enzyme activities of the soils under 154
rice-rice cropping system at Maruteru