Carbon-neutral architectural design

487 Pages·2017·204.89 MB·English

by  La Roche

second edition
carbon-neutral
architectural design
Pablo La Roche
Carbon-Neutral Architectural
Design

Carbon-Neutral Architectural
Design
Second Edition

by
Pablo La Roche
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Names: La Roche, Pablo, 1961- author.
Title: Carbon-neutral architectural design / Pablo M. La Roche.
Description: Second edition. | Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2017. |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016059398| ISBN 9781498714297 (978-1-315-16709-1) | ISBN
9781351681957 | ISBN 9781351681940 | ISBN 9781351681933
Subjects: LCSH: Sustainable architecture. | Architectural design. | Carbon
dioxide mitigation.
Classification: LCC NA2542.36 .L3 2017 | DDC 720/.472--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016059398
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
Contents
Foreword ...........................................................................................................................................xi
Preface............................................................................................................................................xiii
Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................................xv
Author ............................................................................................................................................xvii
Introduction .....................................................................................................................................xix
Chapter 1 Buildings and Climate Change ....................................................................................1
1.1 The Greenhouse Effect ......................................................................................1
1.2 Effects of Anthropogenic Emissions on Climate Change .................................2
1.3 Effects of Climate Change .................................................................................8
1.4 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Buildings ....................................................10
1.4.1 Operation Emissions (O) ...................................................................13
e
1.4.1.1 Net Zero Energy Buildings .................................................14
1.4.1.2 Classification of Greenhouse Gases in Terms of Scopes ........16
1.4.2 Construction Emissions (C) ..............................................................17
e
1.4.3 Emissions from Water (W) ................................................................17
e
1.4.4 Emissions from Waste (W) ................................................................17
a
1.5 Carbon-Neutral Architectural Design ..............................................................17
1.6 Commitments to Reduce Carbon Emissions ...................................................20
1.7 Carbon-Counting Tools ...................................................................................22
1.8 Comparison of Carbon-Counting Tools...........................................................23
1.8.1 Selection of Carbon-Counting Tools ..................................................23
1.8.2 Comparing Emissions from Natural Gas and Electricity ...................23
1.8.3 Recommended Carbon-Counting Tools .............................................25
1.9 Adaptation, Mitigation, and Resilience ...........................................................26
Chapter 2 Carbon-Neutral Architectural Design .........................................................................31
2.1 Architectural Design Process ..........................................................................31
2.1.1 Traditional Architectural Design Process ...........................................31
2.1.2 Computer-Aided Architectural Design Process .................................31
2.2 Carbon-Neutral Architectural Design Process .................................................32
2.3 Urban and Neighborhood Scale .......................................................................36
2.4 Building Scale .................................................................................................37
2.4.1 Operation and Energy .........................................................................37
2.4.2 Construction .......................................................................................38
2.4.3 Water ..................................................................................................39
2.4.4 Waste ..................................................................................................39
Chapter 3 Carbon-Neutral Architectural Design in Academia....................................................41
3.1 Carbon-Neutral Architectural Design Process in Beginning-Year Studios .....41
3.2 Carbon-Neutral Architectural Design Process in Advanced Studios ...............50
3.3 Design and Practice: The Pamo Valley Project ................................................99
3.4 Design and Research: The Greenkit ..............................................................110
v
vi Contents
3.5 Design and Social Responsibility: Shelter Work in Mexico..........................118
3.5.1 Tijuana Affordable Housing Project .................................................118
3.5.1.1 Flexibility and Growth ......................................................121
3.5.1.2 Site, Landscaping, and Green Roof ..................................123
3.5.1.3 Local Materials and Papercrete Walls ...............................124
3.5.1.4 Adapting to Local Topography .........................................126
3.5.1.5 Passive Heating and Cooling ............................................127
3.5.2 Cerro Azul Community Center ........................................................129
Chapter 4 Carbon-Neutral Architectural Design in Practice .....................................................141
4.1 Social Sustainability: Nueva Democracia .....................................................141
4.1.1 Urbanization in Venezuela ................................................................141
4.1.1.1 Urban Development with Community Participation:
Nueva Democracia ............................................................141
4.1.1.2 Urban Design ....................................................................142
4.1.1.3 The Condominium ............................................................142
4.1.1.4 The Dwellings ...................................................................144
4.2 Carbon Neutrality: Tenerife ...........................................................................148
4.2.1 The Project .......................................................................................148
4.3 Exploring New Directions .............................................................................156
4.3.1 Inclusion ...........................................................................................156
4.3.2 Self-Sufficiency ................................................................................158
4.3.3 Infrastructure ....................................................................................158
Chapter 5 Thermal Comfort ......................................................................................................167
5.1 Psychrometrics ..............................................................................................167
5.2 Thermal Comfort ...........................................................................................173
5.2.1 Heat Balance.....................................................................................173
5.2.2 Variables That Affect Thermal Comfort ...........................................175
5.3 Environmental and Comfort Indices ..............................................................178
5.4 Comfort Models .............................................................................................179
5.4.1 Physiological Comfort Model ..........................................................179
5.4.2 Adaptive Comfort Model .................................................................180
5.5 The Perception of Comfort ............................................................................184
5.6 Designing for Comfort ..................................................................................185
5.6.1 Improving Outdoor Thermal Comfort in a Hot and Dry Climate ....185
5.6.2 Improving Outdoor Thermal Comfort in a Hot and Humid Climate ....187
Chapter 6 Climate and Architecture ..........................................................................................193
6.1 Climate ..........................................................................................................193
6.2 Climate and Architecture ...............................................................................193
6.3 Climate Zones ................................................................................................196
6.4 Climate Zones and Energy Codes .................................................................198
6.5 Climate Analysis ............................................................................................201
6.5.1 Building Bioclimatic Chart ..............................................................201
6.5.2 Givoni’s Building Bioclimatic Chart ................................................202
6.5.3 Digital Climate Analysis Tools .........................................................206
6.5.4 The Comfort Triangles Chart ...........................................................207
Contents vii
6.6 Vernacular Architecture .................................................................................209
6.6.1 Vernacular Architecture in Warm, Humid Climates .........................209
6.6.2 Vernacular Architecture in Warm and Dry Climates ........................213
6.6.3 Vernacular Architecture in Temperate Climates ...............................217
6.6.4 Mid-Century Architecture in Temperate Climates ..........................220
6.6.4.1 The VDL Garden House by R Neutra ..............................221
6.6.4.2 Case Study House 22 ........................................................222
6.6.4.3 Kappe House .....................................................................226
6.6.4.4 The Occupant, the House, and the Climate ......................229
6.6.5 Vernacular Architecture in the Cold Climates ..................................230
6.7 Effects of Climate on Emissions ...................................................................231
6.7.1 Assumptions for Simulations ...........................................................232
6.7.2 Operation ..........................................................................................232
6.7.3 Construction .....................................................................................233
6.7.4 Waste ................................................................................................234
6.7.5 Water ................................................................................................234
6.7.6 Transportation...................................................................................234
6.7.7 Carbon Emissions in the Four Climates ...........................................235
Chapter 7 Solar Geometry.........................................................................................................239
7.1 The Sun in the Sky Vault ...............................................................................239
7.1.1 Solar Declination and Hour Angle ...................................................239
7.1.2 Solar Azimuth and Altitude ..............................................................241
7.2 Solar Charts ...................................................................................................243
7.2.1 Vertical Sun Path Diagram ...............................................................243
7.2.2 Horizontal Sun Path Diagram ...........................................................243
7.3 Shading the Building .....................................................................................247
7.4 Design of the Shading System .......................................................................248
7.4.1 Horizontal Shadow Angle ................................................................249
7.4.2 Vertical Shadow Angle .....................................................................250
7.4.3 Shadow Angle Protractor ..................................................................251
7.4.4 Example Design Process to Shade a South-Facing Window ............253
7.4.5 Example Design of a Shading for a Southeast-Facing Window .......257
7.5 Sundials .........................................................................................................260
7.6 Site Analysis ..................................................................................................261
7.7 Façade Orientation .........................................................................................264
7.8 Using Shadow Angles as a Design Tool ........................................................264
7.9 Calculating the Impact of Radiation on Surfaces ..........................................274
Chapter 8 Heat Exchange through the Building Envelope .......................................................275
8.1 Heat Transfer through the Building Envelope ...............................................275
8.2 Heat Transfer in Buildings .............................................................................280
8.2.1 Sensible Heat ....................................................................................280
8.2.2 Latent Heat .......................................................................................281
8.2.3 Radiant Heat .....................................................................................282
8.3 Heat Transfer by Conduction .........................................................................282
8.3.1 Conductivity .....................................................................................283
8.3.2 Conductance .....................................................................................284
8.3.3 Resistance .........................................................................................284
viii Contents
8.3.4 Thermal Transmittance (U-Value) ....................................................286
8.3.5 Heat Capacity and Specific Heat Capacity .......................................287
8.3.6 Time Lag ..........................................................................................287
8.3.7 Decrement Factor .............................................................................287
8.3.8 Heat Flow by Conduction .................................................................290
8.3.8.1 Use of Insulating Material in Walls, Ceilings, and Floors ....291
8.3.8.2 Use of Air Spaces in Walls, Ceilings, and Floors ..........292
8.3.8.3 Increase the Outer Surface Resistance of Walls and
Roofs ..............................................................................292
8.3.8.4 Increase Thermal Resistance of Windows .....................292
8.3.8.5 Use of the Thickness of the Architectural Elements
as a Regulator of the Building’s Indoor Temperature ....293
8.3.8.6 Energy Storage Capacity of Materials ...........................293
8.3.8.7 Reduce the Temperature Swing Using Materials
with High Density and Thermal Capacity......................294
8.3.8.8 Reducing the Surface Area of the Building ...................295
8.4 Heat Transfer by Radiation ............................................................................297
8.4.1 Concepts ...........................................................................................297
8.4.2 Factors That Affect Solar Radiation .................................................297
8.4.3 Effects of Solar Radiation ................................................................299
8.4.4 Opaque Components ........................................................................301
8.4.4.1 Use of Shading Devices .................................................302
8.4.4.2 Types of Solar Protection ...............................................303
8.4.4.3 Building Volume ............................................................305
8.4.4.4 Opaque Surface Finish ...................................................305
8.4.4.5 Selection of Absorptive, Reflective, and Emissive
Materials for Exterior Surfaces ......................................306
8.4.4.6 Building Components That Are Transparent to Solar
Radiation ........................................................................306
8.4.4.7 Appropriate Window Selection to Control Solar
Radiation ........................................................................308
8.4.4.8 Orientation of Buildings and Openings .........................312
8.4.4.9 Glazing-to-Surface Ratio ...............................................312
8.4.4.10 Use of Shading Devices .................................................313
8.5 Heat Transfer by Convection .........................................................................314
8.5.1 Definition ..........................................................................................314
8.5.2 Air Movement and Infiltration..........................................................315
8.5.3 Controlling the Exchange of Air ......................................................316
8.5.3.1 Seal the Building When Te > Ti .....................................317
8.5.3.2 Open the Building When Outdoor Temperature
Is Lower than Indoor Temperature (To < Ti) ...................317
Chapter 9 Passive Cooling Systems ..........................................................................................323
9.1 Definition of a Passive Cooling System ........................................................323
9.2 Classification of Passive Cooling Systems ....................................................323
9.3 Ambient Air as a Heat Sink (Sensible Component) ......................................325
9.3.1 Comfort Ventilation ..........................................................................325
9.3.2 Nocturnal Ventilative Cooling ..........................................................328
9.3.3 Smart Ventilation ..............................................................................332
Contents ix
9.3.4 Effect of Shading on Smart Ventilation .........................................335
9.3.5 Alternative Methods to Night Ventilate: Green Cooling ...............337
9.4 Ambient Air as a Heat Sink (Latent Component: Evaporative Cooling) .....341
9.4.1 Direct Evaporative Cooling ...........................................................342
9.4.2 Indirect Evaporative Cooling ........................................................345
9.4.2.1 Givoni–La Roche Roof Pond at UCLA .......................348
9.4.2.2 Roof Ponds in a Hot and Humid Climate ....................351
9.4.2.3 Cal Poly Pomona Smart Roof Pond with Floating
Insulation .....................................................................351
9.4.2.4 Cal Poly Pomona Modular Roof Pond ........................353
9.4.2.5 University of Nevada, Las Vegas Roof Pond ...............355
9.4.2.6 Fluid-Filled Windows ..................................................355
9.5 The Upper Atmosphere as a Heat Sink: Radiant Cooling ...........................356
9.5.1 Principles of Radiant Cooling System ..........................................356
9.5.2 UCLA Radiant Cooling System ....................................................357
9.5.3 Zomeworks Double-Play System ..................................................360
9.6 The Earth as a Heat Sink: Earth Coupling ...................................................360
9.6.1 Ground Cooling of the Building by Direct Contact ......................361
9.6.2 Ground Cooling of the Building by Earth-to-Air Heat
Exchangers ....................................................................................362
9.6.3 Water-to-Air Heat Exchangers ......................................................363
9.6.4 Cooling the Earth ..........................................................................364
9.7 Applicability of Passive Cooling Systems ...................................................366
Chapter 10 Passive Heating ........................................................................................................369
10.1 Applicability of Passive Heating..................................................................369
10.2 Control of Heat Loss ....................................................................................369
10.3 Passive Solar Heating...................................................................................369
10.4 Types of Passive Heating Systems ...............................................................372
10.4.1 Direct Gain Systems......................................................................372
10.4.2 Indirect Gain Systems ...................................................................374
10.5 Effects of Design Strategies on Emissions ..................................................382
Chapter 11 Building Simulations and the Design of Low Carbon Buildings .............................387
11.1 Performance Simulation ..............................................................................387
11.2 Types of Building Performance Simulation .................................................390
11.3 Performance Simulations in the Design Process .........................................390
11.4 Emphasizing “Design” in the Design Simulation Process...........................394
11.5 Simulation Workflows ..................................................................................396
11.5.1 Envelope and Shade ......................................................................396
11.5.2 Daylight .........................................................................................410
11.5.3 Outdoor Comfort ...........................................................................414
11.5.3.1 Implementation of Building Simulation in
Carbon-Neutral Design Strategies ...............................435
Bibliography .................................................................................................................................441
Index ..............................................................................................................................................453