Carbon Neutral Affordable Housing: - Terri Meyer Boake

98 Pages·2011·8.23 MB·English

Carbon Neutral
Affordable Housing:
A Guidebook For Providers, Designers And Students
of Affordable Housing
Emily R. Kilroy,
James Wasley,
John D. Quale,
editors
CARBON NEUTRAL DESIGN PROJECT
The Society of Building Science Educators www.sbse.org 1
Spinnereistrasse Affordable Housing Complex
Hard, Austria
Kaufmann Hermann, Architect
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The Society of Building Science Educators’ Carbon-Neutral Design (CND) Project
Principal Investigator
Click Here! CND Resources and other
James Wasley, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
webistes are hyperlinked throughout
this document
Co-Principal Investigators
Terri Meyer Boake, University of Waterloo This guide for providers, designers and
Mary Guzowski, University of Minnesota students of affordable housing is a research
John Quale, University of Virginia product of the SBSE Carbon Neutral Design
Mike Utzinger, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee (CND) Project and the CND Case Study
Protocol effort- a tool that this guide serves
Harvey Bryan, Arizona State University
to introduce.
Pablo LaRoche, CalPoly Pomona
The CND Case Study Protocol for Affordable
In partnership with:
Housing has been tested to date through
The American Institute of Architects three case studies that serve to illustrate
Committee on the Environment (COTE) this guide. These buildings are each in
Sustainability Discussion Group (SDiG) their own way striving towards carbon
Educator/ Practitioner Network (EPN) neutrality, though it is important to note
And Other Funding Sources that none of them achieve this end. They
are each representative of a specific scale
of construction, and each hold a host of
With additional support from:
interesting lessons to be learned.
The Association of Collegiate Schools of
Architecture
The authors would like to thank all of the
The United States Green Building Council architects, experts, educators, students and
Formal Education Committee residents who have participated in this effort
BuildingGreen.com to date, as well as those who have provided
Autodesk, Inc. funding dedicated to the cause of affordable
The Aldo Leopold Foundation housing. The work continues...
ecoMOD3 photos courtesy of Scott Smith
Photography and ecoMOD3 team
For information contact:
Associate Professor James Wasley, AIA, LEED AP
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
[email protected]
The Society of
Building Science Educators
www.sbse.org 3
Introduction
Carbon Neutrality as a Goal for Affordable Housing
A Provisional Standard for Carbon Neutrality: The 2030 Challenge
The Society of Building Science Educators’ CARBON NEUTRAL DESIGN PROJECT

25 Imperatives

The CND Case Study Protocol
Other Resources
The CARBON NEUTRAL DESIGN CASE STUDY PROTOCOL for Affordable Housing
Alternate Frameworks for Pursuing High Performance Housing
Additional Resources
Glossary
Links
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25 Imperatives
I. PLAN WITH CARBON NEUTRALITY AS THE GOAL The 100% Solution
1. Organize the Team with the Goal of Carbon Neutrality in Mind
2. Invest in Energy Modelling at the Outset
3. Define Affordabilty for the Long Haul
4. Express the Goal of Carbon Neutrality in the Program
5. Express the Goal of Carbon Neutrality in the Selection of the Site
6. Plan the Site and not just the Building to Reduce Carbon Impacts
II. DESIGN FOR AN ARCHITECTURE WITHOUT POWER The first 50%
7. Design to Harness the Rhythms of the Climate
8. Design the Massing to Connect the Building to the Climate
9. Design the Envelope to Isolate the Building from the Climate
10. Heat the Building with the Sun
11. Reject the Sun when it’s Hot
12. Cool the Building Passively
13. Light the Space with the Lights OFF
III. ENGINEER THE SYSTEMS TO BE INHERENTLY EFFICIENT The next 25%
14. Select Systems for Robustness and Transparency
15. Minimize Fan Power
16. Empower the Inhabitants through Design
17. Consider Systems Selection Holistically
IV. PRODUCE YOUR OWN RENEWABLE ENERGY ON SITE The final 25%
18. Integrate Domestic Solar Hot Water now or Provide for it Later
19. Integrate Photovoltaics Now or Provide for them Later
20. Consider Providing Low-Carbon Heat and Power at a Neighborhood Scale
V. GO BEYOND... Beyond the 2030 Challenge
21. Minimize the Carbon Embodied in the Building
22. Design for Disassembly
23. Reduce the Carbon Impacts of the Construction Process
24. Maximize the Carbon Sequestered in the Building
VI. BUILD IN FEEDBACK LOOPS Forget about it working otherwise
25. Evaluate what You’ve Accomplished and Share the Results
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Introduction: Carbon Neutrality as a Goal for Affordable Housing O
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Affordable housing organizations strive to bills, insulating them from escalating prices Carbon & Greenhouse Gases

alleviate the cost burden of housing for low- and reducing their negative impact on the Y
income households by subsidizing rent and environment? What if we designed homes that Earth’s atmosphere is made up of gases, some T
home ownership financing. Costs associated met their own energy needs on site? Carbon occurring naturally and others generated by I
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with occupancy, however, are a continual Neutral Design (CND) is a design approach human activities. Solar energy in the form
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source of financial stress for low-income that combines sustainable design strategies, of radiation passes through the atmosphere
individuals. In the US, low-income household on-site renewable energy generation, and off and is absorbed by the earth’s surface and R
energy bills average $1,900 per year. As site renewable energy purchases, in order to then it is radiated back. Naturally occurring T
energy prices continue to rise and become both significantly reduce the energy demands greenhouse gasses trap some of this radiated U
more volatile with time, this burden will grow. of a home and eliminate the carbon impacts heat. This regulates temperatures and is part E
Implementing design strategies in affordable associated with occupying it. of what makes earth habitable. N
housing projects to increase energy efficiency

can help extend the paycheck of a low-income Carbon Neutral Design Defined Human activities have caused greenhouse N
family while improving their quality of life. gases to increase in concentration in the O
Carbon Neutral Design (CND) is a movement atmosphere, resulting in more heat being
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At the same time, fossil fuels used in focusing on creating buildings that reduce trapped. Carbon dioxide is the primary
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buildings are a significant source of carbon or eliminate carbon dioxide emissions greenhouse gas growing in concentration.
emissions contributing to climate change. throughout a building’s life cycle. A typical Fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas are A
Extreme weather events and changing climate building project generates carbon emissions stored carbon that has accumulated over C
patterns that are predicted to occur with throughout its lifespan. Before construction, millions of years. Combustion of fossil fuels
global climate change will disproportionately carbon is emitted when natural resources are and other industrial processed releases this
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affect this demographic. Building adaptations extracted of raw materials and are processed stored carbon at a rate much greater than N
needed to respond to these changing into building materials and products. During occurs naturally. Since industrialization O
conditions, ranging from higher energy bills construction, this occurs when building occurred in the early 1800s, the concentration
due to increased reliance on heating and materials are transported to the construction of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has TI
cooling systems to elevating buildings to site, when the site is excavated for increased by 25%. Greater concentrations
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respond to rising sea levels and increased construction, and when equipment and tools of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has
flood events will bring unexpected costs that are operated. Once construction is complete, resulted in rising average temperatures U
low-income individuals may not be able to carbon emissions are generated from the globally and has the potential to cause more D
bear. building’s operation, including mechanical intense weather events, including storms
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systems, lighting, and appliance use. Still and droughts, elevate sea levels, and shift
A reasonable response to these challenges more carbon is emitted at the end of the ecosystems. There is growing concern R
is to design more energy-efficient housing. building’s life, as the building materials are globally about the effects these changes in T
What if instead of just reducing a home’s either reused, recycled or sent to a landfill. climate patterns will have on daily life.
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energy needs, however, we designed homes
that greatly reduced occupants’ utility I
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A significant amount of the carbon dioxide Sustainability or “green” building occupancy energy needs of housing will help

released to the atmosphere is attributable to certifications, like LEED, award points for low-income families stretch their monthly Y
energy production. In the building sector, 84% design elements that reduce a building’s income further. T
of energy comes from fossil fuels, including environmental impact, including energy I
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natural gas, oil, and coal. Fossil fuels are use. Many of these elements also reduce the On a philosophical level, CND empowers
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formed by the decomposition of organisms carbon impacts of a building. However, even low-income households to participate in the
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and have a high percentage of carbon. When at the highest level of achievement for energy dialogue on global climate change. Housing
burned, carbon is emitted in the form of in these programs will not necessarily result with reduced climate impacts demonstrates T
carbon dioxide. Carbon is emitted by other in carbon neutrality. Of the 80 LEED Platinum how individuals can make a difference and U
forms of energy as well, including biomass projects, only one has also achieved CND – the that sustainability starts at home. But how E
combustion and biogas digestion. Aldo Leopold Legacy Center in Baraboo, WI. do we get there? CND must be part of the N
project from planning and design through to

CND in the Built Environment Carbon neutral design holistically evaluates construction, using energy efficient design N
a building’s site, design, construction, and strategies, supplemented with on-site O
The building sector, including both the materials to minimize direct and indirect renewable energy generation to meet the
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construction and operation of buildings, is the carbon impacts at all levels. CND looks building’s remaining energy needs on a net
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single largest contributor of human-generated at all of the components that make up a basis. If on-site energy generation is unable
greenhouse gases in the U.S. According to the building’s systems as well as its overall energy to meet these needs, a subsidy structure that A
non-profit Architecture 2030, buildings are performance. The result is a high quality includes renewable energy offsets should be C
responsible for 77% of electricity consumption building that uses less energy, has lower created.
and 47% of carbon dioxide emissions. Most of maintenance and operations costs, and ideally
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this electricity is derived from fossil fuels. has no carbon impacts – a huge step towards For a building project with a tight budget N
Efforts to reduce carbon emissions from the slowing global climate change. and a goal of significantly reducing energy
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building sector will require reductions in and carbon impacts, the most important
overall greenhouse gas generation. CND & Affordable Housing: Design concept is to focus intensively on the TI
Before Technology design of the building before considering
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Typical building design aims for meeting technology. It is far less expensive to design
the minimum requirements of applicable CND reduces carbon dioxide emissions a building for efficiency and then supplement U
building and energy codes. These buildings primarily through energy reduction strategies. it with technology as needed than to design D
may not have sufficient insulation, daylighting According to the US Department of Health a conventional building that is entirely
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strategies, or energy efficient systems and and Human Services, low-income households dependent on technology to address the
fixtures to minimize the utility bills of a spend an average $1,900 per month on energy concerns. The following sections will R
project by even the most conservative energy costs, with over 40% of that devoted provide guidelines and recommendations for T
economic analysis. Buildings designed for to home heating and cooling. This represents pursuing the goal of carbon neutrality in an
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compliance are the easiest to design but also an average income burden of 14.1%, which is affordable housing project.
have the largest carbon impacts. about twice the national average across all I
income levels. Reducing or eliminating the
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A Provisional Standard O
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for Carbon Neutrality:

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The 2030 Challenge
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Architecture 2030 and the 2030

Challenge Y
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Architecture 2030, a non-profit, non- I
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partisan and independent organization, was
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established in response to the climate change
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crisis by architect Edward Mazria in 2002.
2030’s mission is to rapidly transform the U.S. T
and global Building Sector from the major U
contributor of greenhouse gas emissions to E
a central part of the solution to the climate N
change, energy consumption, and economic

crises. Our goal is straightforward: to achieve N
a dramatic reduction in the climate-change- O
causing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of
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the Building Sector by changing the way
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buildings and developments are planned, Coal Pile, We Energies Valley Power Plant, Milwaukee, WI.
designed and constructed. 2006 data shows the Valley Power Plant emitting close to 2M A
tons of CO per year. It’s age and location in the urban core C
the United States conference of Mayors. The 2
- About Us first professional organization to adopt the also add to the harm associated with its emissions.
Architecture 2030.org
2030 Challenge was the American Institute :
energy use within the building- with the use N
of Architects in 2006, and the Society of
of coal to make the electricity consumed in
Building Science Educators CND Project is O
Architecture 2030 was formed by noted buildings being the most highly polluting fuel
born out of a collaboration between the AIA
architect and environmental advocate Edward in terms of CO emissions and hence our most I
and the SBSE aimed at generating educational 2 T
Mazria to promote architectural solutions dangerous dependency. The 2030 Challenge
resources for AIA members, students, and the C
to the climate crisis. The foundational tool standard promotes reductions in energy use
architectural community as a whole.
developed to accomplish this transformation through 1.) better, less energy demanding U
of the building industry is the 2030 While the question of carbon emissions design, 2.) better, more efficient engineering D
Challenge, a pledge to design and operate design and equipment, 3.) the generation of
implicates everything from the patterns with O
buildings meeting energy efficiency targets on-site renewable energy, and 4.) a limited
which we settle the land to the longevity of
that ratchet down incrementally to a carbon allowance for the purchase of off-site R
the buildings that we build, the primary use of
neutral standard by the year 2030. As a public fossil fuels associated with buildings is in their renewable energy credits. T
awareness campaign, the 2030 Challenge
operation. N
has been extremely effective, gathering This guidebook provides a road map to apply
commitments from bodies as diverse as the the first three of these questions to the realm I
The 2030 Challenge is thus framed exclusively
United States Green Building Council and of Affordable Housing,
in terms of reducing operational fossil fuel
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The 2030 Challenge - Residential
2030 CHALLENGE Targets: U.S. Residential Regional Averages A
Targets
U.S. Regional Averages for Site Energy Use and 2030 Challenge Energy Reduction Targets by Residentail Space/Building Type (RECS 2001)1 O
Buildings are the major source of demand for From the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): Use this chart to find the site fossil-fuel energy targets. G
2030 Challenge Site EUI Targets (kBtu/Sq.Ft./Yr)
energy and materials that produce by-product Average Average
greenhouse gases (GHG). Slowing the growth Residential Space/Building Type2 (SkBotuur/Scqe. FEt.U/YIr3), 4(kBStuit/eS qE.FUt.I/Y3, r5) Ta5r0g%et Ta6r0g%et Ta7r0g%et Ta8r0g%et Ta9r0g%et A
rate of GHG emissions and then reversing it S
Northeast
over the next ten years is the key to keeping
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global warming under one degree centigrade Single-Family Detached 67.5 45.7 22.9 18.3 13.7 9.1 4.6

(°C) above today’s level. It will require Single-Family Attached 68.6 50.3 25.1 20.1 15.1 10.1 5.0 Y
immediate action and a concerted global Multi-Family, 2 to 4 units 78.8 57.8 28.9 23.1 17.3 11.6 5.8 T
effort. I
Multi-Family, 5 or more units 98.2 60.7 30.4 24.3 18.2 12.1 6.1 L
Mobile Homes 145.5 89.3 44.6 35.7 26.8 17.9 8.9 A
To accomplish this, Architecture 2030 has
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issued The 2030 °Challenge asking the global Midwest
architecture and building community to adopt Single-Family Detached 76.2 49.5 24.7 19.8 14.8 9.9 4.9 T
2030 CHALLENGE Targets: U.S. Residential Regional Averages 1 U.S. Regional Averages for Site Energy Use and 2030 Challenge Energy Reduction Targets by Residentail Space/Building Type (RECS 2001)From the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): Use this chart to find the site fossil-fuel energy targets. 2030 Challenge Site EUI Targets (kBtu/Sq.Ft./Yr)AverageAverage3, 43, 5Site EUISource EUI50%60%70%80%90%2Residential Space/Building TypeTargetTargetTargetTargetTarget(kBtu/Sq.Ft./Yr)(kBtu/Sq.Ft./Yr) Northeast 67.545.718.313.79.14.6Single-Family Detached22.9 20.115.110.15.068.650.3Single-Family Attached25.1 23.117.311.65.878.857.828.9Multi-Family, 2 to 4 units 98.260.724.318.212.16.1Multi-Family, 5 or more units30.4 35.726.817.98.9145.589.3Mobile Homes44.6 Midwest 24.776.249.519.814.89.94.9Single-Family Detached 22.417.913.49.04.566.644.8Single-Family Attached 37.029.622.214.87.4104.874.0Multi-Family, 2 to 4 units 25.493.350.920.415.310.25.1Multi-Family, 5 or more units 51.641.331.020.710.3168.9103.3Mobile Homes South 20.886.041.516.612.58.34.2Single-Family Detached 19.415.511.67.83.982.538.8Single-Family Attached 23.5113.646.918.814.19.44.7Multi-Family, 2 to 4 units 24.019.214.49.64.8122.447.9Multi-Family, 5 or more units 31.6162.063.325.319.012.76.3Mobile Homes West 19.267.238.415.411.57.73.8Single-Family Detachedt rfp( btcob•n6789CGTispre••mouteehoo 0000fneeuuohaH Tr19.4r 15.511.67.83.963.238.8nn eeSingle-Family Attachedn%%%%weAArwiirpetam Ghllloef bsrc hslltddtf, eouiiiie elvwgeoeo b eoennnniie 23.8r19.114.39.54.887.347.6arG mayMulti-Family, 2 to 4 unitsmnn uennugl a f mmt trla2222ggHtn-eoiimbcpaeoeienl n0000 iatwsorG20.0rld16.012.08.04.081.740.0atMulti-Family, 5 or more unitsnwattgsiers1122deenginynt it ,r-iiyoui0505f /ndcbeoi elspieine)ongn tnemo g32.9itu128.265.826.319.713.26.6nMobile Homesm eafgnsrtesg ags sruia .hpa sssue n l i vs tle.mitespdatilemrhee aln ahtln(lugi riarrra inlfnona,nfyerrnaag luy ogordlbe c lraetgg l2eNotesa srvhgadeb incbe,t,0mnlbnayra uose ,1. This table presents values calculated from the Energy Information Administration in the Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS), conducted in 2001. e 3deddegted f: scu a The survey data is available on the EIA’s website at http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/recs2001/detailcetbls.html. tG0ineoi/ a qertvnnoonio esreociH2. Space/Building Type use descriptions are taken from valid building activities as defined by the Energy Information Administration in the Residential Energy uvne( tcngofi crnroeuConsumption Survey (RECS), conducted in 2001.acrgGte -ngo s5oyplrh(slnsc - youm3. The average Source EUI and Site EUI are calculated in kBtu/Sq.Ft./Yr as weighted averages across all buildings of a given space type in the RECS 2001 data set. 2eis0)vieaeseean t tps0Souce Energy is a measure that accounts for the energy consumed on site and the energy consumed during generation and transmission in supplyinga%atrtcramdpmeagtm%energy to the site.asa tto va l nboeeniitto irnConverting Site to Source Energy:neieftmdsufdoed ednuosSource Energy values are calculated using a conversion for electricity of 1 kBtu Site Energy = 3.013 kBtu Source Energy; irthn ai ) e nuaaantia la conversion for natural gas of 1 kBtu Site Energy = 1.024 kBtu Source Energy; and a 1:1 conversion for fuel oil and district heat.mttea.rnfdhdermbgtxosdndogd 4. Energy Information Administration (EIA), U.S. Residential Energy Intensity Using Weather-Adjusted Primary Energy by Census Region and Type of Housing Unit, 1980-2001, Table 8c. eeiwe li:ro nsn pa,em e obes5. Energy Information Administration (EIA), U.S. Residential Energy Intensity Using Weather-Adjusted Site Energy by Census Region and Type of Housing Unit, 1980-2001, Table 6c. affrugnft etifoyu dneobi adl e not r meegar5llEUI: Energy Use Intensity fxy ene lmiws 0autiypo)fr is%lh eog agaenlt anls byj.ai sont lli e rgl Source: ©2006-2010 2030 Inc. / Architecture 2030 Data Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; U.S. Energy Information Administration N12345SMMMSSMMMSSMMMSW.....o iiiiiotTSTEEuuouuouuoTCSeCSaeennnnnuhhn pnnhsoooollbllbllbscgggggietttttteaeeeuutnnsotiiiiiiiii rhlllllcrr cr svn--l--l--lasgeeeeeggtceeeeeFFFFFFueavvuyyye-----/ mrbe eBr aaaaaaE FFFFFtHHHtIIvElirronneupnnmmmmmmsaeaaaaan ffooo itgiegytloopioemmmmmdho r iiiiiiemmmrrrSndgriellllllnmmen g yyyyyyaiySiiiii fstgysSeeelllllaaoe t,,,,,,eoyyyyyi a i ttsru tTvsssniiut e252525 oo roaniyatrADADAs.vnn sc lap utototoeS meatetetetooovAAeyuotrtrtr v aeEtt sddrua a a u a(aaal444a mmmmmRusUriacccllcscce eaErIiiguehhhuuunn eooo sbhhadCa rii leeennnEssenrrrcceeseeStteee aadn ddds iiirrtodd)otttaahllc e ,ccSfsssn uuuttrar cuuiii1 gioopttotlnnnl eayhanntakni: teiiit ocBEdee((ttt ncEEsssudEtdUuosIIc IAAIu f uAt Sraeasn))o’ri,,sdirttme nese UU wgi tnf..cEta eoSSh aak2nbre.. le 0cecst RRnhEou0ritgee enl1enfayssr v. eeota iiee=ddrnmtgrd eeesh1y nnirvit. ongt0ttIapiinn yaa2lk:111111fi ll/4doBf86868986c /oEE016226w rotkb76231367mrunnn w432828Bue/........eeasSiwt...3.652.73.02llrruuted860294qggi.om cie.SyynnFti regaoII tinnAcd. .u/aditt Ydrteeocoycmrnnnt ee ioassv i. snfgEiiis tttii1oyyi tnsewe1 vteUUsk re/74646433445430ara Bessgaintgm46375488700183tiiiysnnudoh; ..............egg n dt09368888909543Staeu h eWWindi/netfredi e neeate cheEaaavnsede ttne1hh/ rreRrb:eeaeg1ryrrgecgy -- cessAAyt hco2is ddd=oen 0jjea nuu v03Encs35223123221212ess1.rtnu0ttrio/eeasd71031932259490em1sddiler3o sge.............. Et nPS a06856289444040ydkan rii B fltleiIldocemn trbeuru gf Eaoutr fybiSurnrin lymledCoesg liE.ura onhggorntngtcyieimolesse nabnru l oeg.Eny m Afry d 11122411121112naC pad betd65790158955966t emiyigoriongs.............. iniCnvn64964358235103syt re uia;eiSs cnsnnttur d ssRahr uvptteeirseaoaag ycnRtni .oe (seinR nmtg y EatipiohsCnenesdS i11121311111111i oaRn)Tnn,21325114491429 e yt dchspi..............no 55423061406307ieeTd n s yeRdoupnufEp etcHiCp atoolelSy fudE i nHs2 nigin0one 0ugr2g1s 0Uiy n0d ng 1ai11211 t.tU, a879799798 400231 n.........s9370...846.850.iet827728,Et .01 U-92I8:0 0E0-1n2,0e T0rg1ay,b TlUea s16b4343434447566ecl0e ..............I 285989041.7386n83tce.nsity INTRODUCTION: CARBON NEU9
Source: ©2006-2010 2030 Inc. / Architecture 2030
Data Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; U.S. Energy Information Administration
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The SBSE O
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Carbon Neutral Design

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Project
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The Society of Building Science Educators’
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Carbon Neutral Design Project is the
research and dissemination effort that T
underlies this guide to Affordable Housing. I
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As indicated on this web page introducing the
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project, the CND webiste contains a variety
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of resources on the question of carbon neutral
design. Several of these topics are explicitly U
supporting this Affordable Housing Guide. E
Others are linked to it in hopes that the N
additional resources provided on the website
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will expand your conversations about the
possibilities of design to reduce energy use O
and the tools to accomplish these goals. B
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Much of the material on the site is developed
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for commercial and institutional buildings,
which tend to be the focus of architectural C
education. The lessons learned and the tools

to apply them to Affordable Housing are often :
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the same, if you consider the most basic
challenge to be to design well rather than pay O
for expensive systems.
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The general topics index includes:
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Project Introduction The Carbon Neutral Design Case Study data; the CND Case Study Protocol. This
What is Carbon Neutral Design Project is an ongoing research project that protocol and the logic behind it are also D
Carbon Neutral Design Process has included detailed case studies of three woven throughout this guidebook. O
Carbon Neutral Design Strategies affordable housing projects that will be
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Carbon Calculation Protocols featured throughout this guidebook. Our hope is that this guidebook, and the
Carbon Calculation Tools research behind it, will inspire affordable T
Carbon Neutral Building Case Studies Behind the Case Studies, the actual research housing organizations, designers of affordable N
Carbon Neutral Teaching Topics effort has been to develop a new method for housing and students to use the protocol, and
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Resources capturing and analyzing building performance participate in the project.
Links
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