Carbon Nanotubes for Targeted Drug Delivery

111 Pages·2019·2.913 MB·English

by  Md Saquib Hasnain, Amit Kumar Nayak

SPRINGER BRIEFS IN
APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Md Saquib Hasnain
Amit Kumar Nayak
Carbon
Nanotubes
for Targeted Drug
Delivery
123
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Md Saquib Hasnain Amit Kumar Nayak
(cid:129)
Carbon Nanotubes
for Targeted Drug Delivery
123
Md SaquibHasnain Amit KumarNayak
Department ofPharmacy Department ofPharmaceutics
Shri Venkateshwara University Seemanta Institute of Pharmaceutical
Amroha, Uttar Pradesh, India Science
Mayurbhanj, Odisha, India
ISSN 2191-530X ISSN 2191-5318 (electronic)
SpringerBriefs inApplied SciencesandTechnology
ISBN978-981-15-0909-4 ISBN978-981-15-0910-0 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0910-0
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Synopsis: Short Abstract, Motivation
for the Book
This book is targeted for the audience who is basically involved in the biological
sciences like pharmacy, biotechnology, bioengineering, nanotechnology as well as
forthebiosciencestudiestodevelopthetargeteddrugdeliverysystems bycarbon
nanotubes (CNTs). This book provides basics as well as advanced knowledge of
CNTs for targeteddrugdelivery inacomprehensivemanner.So,this workisvery
useful for health professionals like students, teachers, researchers as well as
industrial professionals to explore the potential of CNTs for their application in
biomedical sciences. This book covers all the topics of CNTs for targeted drug
delivery in a concise way with the help offigures, tables and flowcharts for easy
understanding of readers. This book contains the chapters on classification,
preparation,characterizationofcarbonnanotubes.Thisbookalsocontainschapters
specifically on targeted drug delivery of CNTs. It also has chapters on CNTs for
controlled drug delivery, CNTs for solubility enhancement, CNTs for vaccine
delivery,CNTsforgenedeliveryandCNTsasquantumdots.Thisbookalsocovers
the absorption and transportation of CNTs, toxicity consideration and regulatory
considerations of CNTs. Therefore, this book is fully dedicated for the biological
scientists for better understanding of CNTs for targeted drug delivery and their
biomedical applications. In a nutshell, this book is very concise, up to date and
useful on Carbon nanotubes for targeted drug delivery for the professionals.
v
Contents
1 Background: Carbon Nanotubes for Targeted Drug Delivery. . . . . 1
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2 Classification of Carbon Nanotubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1 Classification of CNTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 Differences in SWNTs and MWNTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.2 Method of Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.2.1 Laser Ablation (LA) Technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.2.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.2.3 Electric Arc Discharge (EAD). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.2 Properties of Functionalized-CNTs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.2.1 Solubility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.2.2 Solution NMR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.2.3 Microscopy Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.3 Non-covalent Functionalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.4 Covalent Functionalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5 Characterization of Carbon Nanotubes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.1 Various Instrumentation Techniques for Characterization
of CNTs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.2 Electron Microscopy for Characterization of CNTs. . . . . . . . . . 30
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
vii
viii Contents
6 Applications of Carbon Nanotubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
6.1 CNTs Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
7 Targeted Delivery with Carbon Nanotubes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
7.2 CNTs in Cancer Targeting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
7.3 CNTs in Brain Targeting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
7.4 CNTs in Lymphatic Targeting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
7.5 CNTs in Ocular Drug Targeting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
7.6 Nanotube-Based Antibody Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
8 Carbon Nanotubes in Controlled Drug Delivery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
8.2 Use of CNTs in Controlled Drug Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
9 CNTs in Solubility Enhancement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
9.2 Use of CNTs in Solubility Enhancement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
10 Carbon Nanotubes as Quantum Dots for Therapeutic Purpose . . . 59
10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
10.2 Quantum Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
10.3 Structural Design of Q-dots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
11 Absorption and Transportation of Carbon Nanotubes . . . . . . . . . . 65
11.1 Absorption and Transportation of CNTs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
12 Carbon Nanotubes in Vaccine Delivery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
12.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
12.2 CNTs in Vaccine Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
12.3 Use of CNT as Vaccines, in Vivo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
13 Carbon Nanotubes in Gene Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
13.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
13.2 Advantages Offered by CNTs Over Other Non-viral Delivery
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
13.3 CNT-Mediated Gene Therapeutics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Contents ix
14 Toxicity Consideration of Carbon Nanotubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
14.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
14.2 GIT and Its Interaction with Nanoparticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
14.3 Route of Nanoparticle Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
14.4 Toxicological Concerns with Nanoparticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
14.5 Toxicity of Carbon Nanocarriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
14.6 CNT Properties as the Determinant of Toxicity . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
14.6.1 Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
14.6.2 Surface Properties and Functionalizations . . . . . . . . . . 96
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
15 Regulatory Considerations of Carbon Nanotubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
15.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
15.2 Regulatory Considerations of CNTs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
About the Authors
Dr. Md Saquib Hasnain, Ph.D. has over 8 years of research experience in the
field of drug delivery and pharmaceutical formulation analyses, especially sys-
tematic development and characterization of diverse nanostructured drug delivery
systems, controlled release drug delivery systems, bio-enhanced drug delivery
systems, nanomaterials and nanocomposites employing ‘Quality by Design’
approaches as well as development and characterization of polymeric composites,
formulation characterization and many more. Till date, he has authored over 35
publicationsinvarioushighimpactpeer-reviewedjournals,40bookchapters,seven
books and one Indian patent application to his credit. He is also serving as the
reviewer of several prestigious journals. Overall, he has earned highly impressive
publishing and cited record in Google Scholar (H-Index: 14). He has also partici-
patedandpresentedhisresearchworkatovertenconferences inIndiaandabroad.
He served as the member of various scientific societies.
Dr. Amit Kumar Nayak, Ph.D. is currently working as Associate Professor at
Seemanta Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Odisha, India. He has earned his
Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from IFTM University, Moradabad, UP, India.
He has over 11 years of research experience in the field of pharmaceutics, espe-
cially inthedevelopment andcharacterizationofpolymericcomposites, polymeric
gels, hydrogels, novel and nanostructured drug delivery systems. Till date, he has
authored over 110 publications in various high impact peer-reviewed journals and
34 book chapters and six books to his credit. Overall, he has earned highly
impressivepublishingandcitedrecordinGoogleScholar(H-Index: 35,i10-Index:
87). He has been the permanent reviewer of many international journals of high
repute. He also has participated and presented his research work at several con-
ferencesinIndiaandisalifememberofAssociationofPharmaceuticalTeachersof
India (APTI).
xi