Carbon Nanotube Fibres and Yarns: Production, Properties and Applications in Smart Textiles

303 Pages·2019·8.71 MB·English

by  Menghe Miao

CARBON NANOTUBE
FIBERS AND YARNS
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The Textile Institute
Book Series
CARBON
NANOTUBE FIBERS
AND YARNS
Production, Properties,
and Applications
in Smart Textiles
Edited by
MENGHE MIAO

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Contributors
Jandro L. Abot
Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Catholic University of America,
Washington, DC, United States
Jude C. Anike
Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Catholic University of America,
Washington, DC, United States
Sufang Chen
Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Wuhan Institute of
Technology, Wuhan, China
Hai Minh Duong
National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Guangfeng Hou
Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Cincinnati,
Cincinnati, OH, United States
Duyen Khac Le
National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Yaodong Liu
Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Taiyuan, China
Menghe Miao
CSIRO Manufacturing, Geelong, VIC, Australia
Sandar Myo Myint
National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Mark J. Schulz
Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Cincinnati,
Cincinnati, OH, United States
Thang Quyet Tran
National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Qiufan Wang
Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education &
Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, South-Central University for
Nationalities, Wuhan, China
Xiaohui Yang
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, China
ix
x Contributors
Daohong Zhang
Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education &
Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, South-Central University for
Nationalities, Wuhan, China
Fengying Zhang
Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Taiyuan, China
Xiaohua Zhang
Division of Advanced Nano-Materials, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-
Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou; Innovation Center for Textile Science and
Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
Menghe Miao
CSIRO Manufacturing, Geelong, VIC, Australia
1.1 A brief introduction to carbon nanotubes
Nanotechnology and nanomaterials have now become common words in
our daily life. Carbon nanotube (CNT) is at the center stage of this new
nanomaterial world. CNTs exhibit extraordinary mechanical strength and
unique electrical properties, and are efficient conductors of heat. These
novel properties make CNTs potentially useful in a wide range of applica-
tions in nanotechnology, electronics, optics, energy storage, and other fields
of materials science.
CNTs are an allotrope of carbon and members of the fullerene structural
family, which also includes buckyballs. The name nanotube is derived from
its long and hollow shape, since the diameter of a nanotube is on the order of
a few to tens of nanometers (the width of a human hair is typically 80 μm, or
80,000 nm) and can be up to several hundred millimeters in length. The wall
of a CNT is formed by a one-atom-thick sheet of carbon, called graphene.
The sheet is rolled at a specific and discrete angle (chirality). The combina-
tion of the rolling angle and the radius is critical to the nanotube properties.
Fig. 1.1A shows an infinite graphene sheet. In order to form a seamless
tube, certain geometrical conditions must be met. Nanotubes are named by
their chirality (n, m) according to the chiral vector
C =na +ma
h 1 2
where a and a are unit vectors of the graphene. As the length of the CC
1 2
bond in the graphene is 0.142 nm, the length of the unit vectors will be
0.246 nm. The structure of a single-walled carbon nanotube (Fig. 1.1B and C)
is completely determined by its chirality. For armchair tubes, n=m; for
zigzag tubes, m=0. For a given (n, m) nanotube, if n=m, the nanotube is
metallic; if n−m is a multiple of 3 and n≠m and nm≠0, then the nanotube
is quasi-metallic with a very small bandgap, otherwise the nanotube is a
moderate semiconductor [1].
Carbon Nanotube Fibers and Yarns Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102722-6.00001-8 All rights reserved. 1
2 Carbon Nanotube Fibers and Yarns
Fig. 1.1 Carbon nanotube structures. (A) A graphene sheet is “rolled up” to make a
nanotube. T denotes the tube axis, and a and a are the unit vectors of graphene in real
1 2
space. (B) Armchair (n, n). (C) Zigzag (n, 0). (D) Triple-walled armchair carbon nanotube.
(Courtesy of Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotube.)
CNTs are categorized as single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs),
double-walled nanotubes (DWNT), and multi-walled nanotubes (MWNTs).
The MWNTs consist of multiple rolled layers of graphene (concentric
tubes in Fig. 1.1D). The interlayer distance in MWNTs is close to the dis-
tance between graphene layers in graphite, approximately 3.4 Å (0.34 nm).
CNTs are the strongest and stiffest materials yet discovered in terms
of tensile strength and elastic modulus, respectively, owing to their co-
valent sp2 bonds between the individual carbon atoms. Mass-produced
CNTs contain defects and possess considerably lower strength than that
predicted from perfect graphene sheets, but still much higher than any
existing commercial material. The challenge is to organize these nano-
tubes into macroscale structures without introducing further structural
defects so that they can express similar properties as their constituent
nanotubes.
Introduction 3
Without considering their detailed atomic structures, CNTs are na-
noscale fibers that resemble nanofibrils in plant and animal fibers, such as
cotton and wool. The CNTs are very long relative to their diameters, with
aspect ratios one order of magnitude greater than common natural textile
fibers. It is therefore a logical approach to align the CNTs in the form of
a fiber or yarn that is expected to outperform conventional textile fibers.
This book deals with the various aspects of such fibers or yarns produced
from CNTs.
1.2 CNT yarns versus conventional textile yarns
The use of the terms “CNT fiber” and “CNT yarn” has now become
rather arbitrary. The term “CNT yarn” can be related to its manufactur-
ing from vertically aligned CNT arrays, which bears close similarity to
the production method used in traditional textile yarn spinning [2, 3]
(Chapter 2). In comparison, the direct-spinning method [4] (Chapter 3)
and the solution-spinning method [5, 6] (Chapter 4) more closely resem-
ble reaction spinning and wet spinning of synthetic fibers, respectively.
However, nowadays use of term “fiber” or “yarn” is more of a personal
choice than a reference to its method of manufacture. The two terms are
used interchangeably in this book.
CNT yarns, especially twist-spun CNT yarns, are often compared with
textile yarns in the analysis of their structure and tensile properties [3]. The
insertion of twist to a textile yarn places individual fibers in approximately
coaxial helix configuration and the fibers are pressed together because of
the inward pressure generated by the tension in the helically disposed fibers.
In a conventional textile yarn, interconnection between fibers relies on the
fiber-fiber friction that arises from the pressure between fibers, which in-
creases with the external tensile load applied to the yarn [7]. At low twist
levels, due to low fiber-fiber friction, the yarn failure mechanism is domi-
nated by fiber slippage. At high twist, fiber slippage is largely prevented by
high fiber–fiber friction and thus the yarn fails due to fiber breakage. On
the other hand, high twist reduces the contribution of fiber strength to the
yarn strength due to fiber obliquity in the yarn. Therefore the maximum
yarn specific strength is usually achieved at an intermediate level of twist, as
illustrated in Fig. 1.2A.
A twisted CNT yarn has a similar twist-strength relationship as the con-
ventional textile yarns [12]. There is, however, a major difference in the
mechanism of fiber-fiber (CNT-CNT) interaction. Because the nanotubes