Carbon Alloys: Novel Concepts to Develop Carbon Science and Technology

590 Pages·2003·14.27 MB·English

by  E. Yasuda

C A R B O N ALLOYS
NOVEL CONCEPTS TO DEVELOP CARBON
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
E. YASUDA, M. INAGAKI, K. KANEKO,
0, A. OYA & Y. TAN
ELSEVIER

CARBON ALLOYS
Novel Concepts to Develop Carbon
Science and Technology
-
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CARBON ALLOYS
Novel Concepts to Develop Carbon
Science and Technology
Edited by
Ei-ichi YASUDA
Michio INAGAKI
Katsumi KANEKO
Morinobu END0
Asao OYA
Yasuhiro TANABE
2003
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V
Contents
...
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
.
Part 1 Introduction
Chapter 1. Introduction ................................. 3
Ei-ichi Yasuda and Michio Inagaki
1 AShortHistory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 CarbonFamily . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3 CarbonAlloys ................................ 9
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References 11
.
Part 2 Space Control in Carbon Alloys
Chapter 2. Hybrid Orbital Control in Carbon Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5
Riichiro Saito
1 Hybridization in a Carbon Atom ..................... 15
2 Defect StatesandModificationsof theHybridization . . . . . . . . .2 7
3 Spectroscopies for sp” Structure ...................... 33
4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Chapter 3. Structural Design and Functions of Carbon Materials by Alloying in
.............................
Atomic and Molecular Scales 41
Morinobu Endo. Takuya Hayashi, YoongAhm Kim. Hiroaki Ohta and
Sung Wha Hong
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 Introduction 41
. .........................
2 Intercalation Compounds 42
3 Insertion of Li Ions into the Disordered Carbon Materials . . . . . . . 4 4
.......................
4 Substitution of Heteroatoms 46
5 Metal-doped Fullerenes .......................... 49
.....................
6 Metal-doped Carbon Nanotubes 50
7 Conclusions ................................. 54
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References 54
Chapter 4 . Surface and Hidden Surface-controlled Carbon Alloys . . . . . . . . 57
Katsumi Kaneko
1 Importance of Hidden Surfaces and Confined Spaces in Carbon
Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2 Carbon Structure of Superhigh Surface Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 4
3 Design of Hidden Surfaces with Alloying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 5
Contents
vi
. . . . .
4 Properties of Hidden Surface- or Pore Space-alloyed Carbons 68
. . .
5 Design of New Porous Carbon with Carbon Alloying Technique 76
.....................................
References 77
Chapter 5 . Control of Interface and Microstructure in Carbon Alloys . . . . . . .8 3
Yasuhiro Tanabe and Ei-ichi Yasuda
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 Introduction 83
..............................
2 Interface Control 85
..........................
3 Microstructure Control 89
.................................
4 Conclusion 93
....................................
References 93
.
Part 3 Typical Carbon Alloys and Processing
Chapter 6 . Intercalation Compounds ......................... 99
Noboru Akzuawa
................................
1 Introduction 99
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 Li-insertion into Carbon Materials 100
3 New Intercalation Compounds Prepared from Unique Host
.............................
Carbon Materials 103
4 Host Effect on the lntercalation of Halogen Molecules and
...............................
Alkali Metals 104
5 Physical Properties of MC1,. GICs and Alkyl Derivative of
....................
Boehmite with Layered Structure 105
.................................
6 Conclusion 105
....................................
References 106
. ..............................
Chapter 7 Porous Carbon 109
Takashi Kyotani
................................
1 Introduction 109
........................
2 Control of Pore Structure 110
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 Performance of Advanced Porous Carbon 118
...............................
4 Conclusions. 123
....................................
References 124
. . . . . .
Chapter 8 Polymer Blend Technique €or Designing Carbon Materials 129
Asao @a
1. Introduction ................................ 129
. .........................
2 Porous Carbon Materials 129
.......
3 Preferential Support of Metal Particles on Pore Surface 131
..............
4 Carbon Nanofibers and Carbon Nanotubes 133
. . . . . . . . .
5 Other Fibrous Carbon Materials with Unique Shapes 139
................................
6 Conclusions 141
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References 141
.
Part 4 The Latest CharacterizationT echniques
. ..........................
Chapter 9 Computer Simulations 145
Shinji Tsuneyuki
................................
1 Methods., 145
vii
2 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
3 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Chapter 10. X-ray Diffraction Methods to Study Crystallite Size and Lattice
Constants of Carbon Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Minoru Shiraishi and Michio Znagaki
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 Measurement Method (JSPS Method) 162
3 Characterization of Carbonized Materials Heat-treated at Low
Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Chapter 11 . Pore Structure Analyses of Carbons by Small-Angle X-ray
Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Keiko Nishikawa
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
2. Fundamentals of Small-Angle X-ray Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . .1 76
3 Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 Examples of Structure Determination 183
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Chapter 12. XAFS Analysis and Applications to Carbons and Catalysts . . . . . 189
Hiromi Yamashita
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
2 XAFSAnalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
3 Applications to Carbon Related Materials and Catalysts . . . . . . . 200
4 XAFS in the Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
. .
Chapter 13 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and its Application to Carbon 211
Noboru Suzuki
1 Introduction and XPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
2 Cls Binding Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
3 Application to Carbon Materials .................... 212
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Chapter 14. Transmission Electron Microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 23
Hiroyasu Saka
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
2 Materials Characterization by Means of TEM . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 23
3 Specimen Preparation by FIB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
4 In-Situ Heating Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Chapter 15. Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy and its Applications to
Characterization of Carbon Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Hisako Hirai
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
2 Basic Principles of EELS and Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 40