Carbohydrate Chemistry Volume 14, Part Ii

560 Pages·1989·29.714 MB·English

by  John F Kennedy

Carbohydrate Chemistry
Volume 14
Part II

A Specialist Periodical Report
Carbohydrate Chemistry
Volume 14
Part II
Macromolecules
A Review of the Literature Published
during 1980
Senior Reporter
J. F. Kennedy, University of Birmingham
Reporters
I. M. Morrison, University of Glasgow
C. M. Sturgeon, University of Edinburgh
R. J. Sturgeon, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh
The Royal Society of Chemistry
Burlington House, London WIV OBN
ISBN 0-85186-132-6
ISSN 0576-7172
Copyright@ 1983
The Royal Society of Chemistry
Ail Rights Reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
or by any means -graphic, electronic, inciuding photocopying, recording,
taping, or information storage and retrieval systems - without
written permission from The Royal Society of Chemistry
Set by Unicus Graphics Ltd, Horsham, West Sussex
and printed in Great Britain
by Whitstable Litho Ltd, Whitstable, Kent
Preface
This Report, the fourteenth in the Series, covers the new literature available to
us between January and December, 1980. Again we have continued to produce
a comprehensive survey of publications, both primary and secondary, in a
concise and readable form.
From conversations we have had with readers in various parts of the world,
the almost unanimous opinion is one of satisfaction with the content of the
Report. However, if the Series is to continue then it must receive greater support
in terms of sales. There is a considerable threat to its continued life in view of
the continually increasing costs of production not being paralleled by increase in
sales. It is felt that greater price increases would be suppressive to the market.
As intimated in a preliminary way in the Preface to the previous Volume in
the Series, an attempt is also being made to restore the balance of economy of
production by introducing the camera-ready copy system. Thus this is the last
Volume to be typeset. Although there are a large number of problems in setting
up a successful word processing system which will allow editing and unification
of the appearance of all chapters, not only have we surmounted this problem in
Birmingham but we have developed a prototype microcomputer/word processor
which will handle all the special symbols necessary for writing carbohydrate
chemistry.
In an endeavour to restrain price increases, it has been decided to publish
this Volume in two separately bound books - Parts I and 11, and these parts
correspond exactly in types of content with those of the existing Parts I and I1
of previous volumes. Thus continuity from previous volumes will not be broken,
but personal purchases should be more economic since readers will have the
option not to purchase one of the Parts if they feel they can, at least, make only
limited use of it. Volume 15 will also be produced in two separately bound
books.
We are grateful to those readers who responded to our enquiry in which the
utility of the Author Index was questioned. Almost without exception, readers
wished retention of the Index and we are pleased to announce that the Royal
Society of Chemistry has accepted this view in spite of the increased cost of
inclusion, of an Author Index.
The team of reporters for Volume 14 was unchanged from that for Volume
13, and I gratefully recognize the considerable effort put in by every one of my
colleagues, without whose sustained conscientious effort I would not be able
to produce a Volume.
Finally, the services provided by Dr P. G. Gardam, Manager, Books, and his
staff, particularly Mrs L. A. Turrell, Assistant Editor, Books, at the Royal
Society of Chemistry in the production of this Report are much appreciated.
May 1983 JOHN F. KENNEDY

Cont ents
1 Introduction 1
Scope and Coverage of the Report 1
Organization, Nomenclature, and Uses of the Report 2
Significant Advances in Macromolecular Carbohydrate Chemistry 3
Conclusions and Readership 4
2 General Methods 5
Gas-Liquid Chromatography 5
Column and Ion-exchange Chromatography 6
Thin-layer Chromatography 7
High-pressure Liquid Chromatography 8
Electrophoresis 10
Analytical Methods 10
Structural Methods 14
Mass Spectrometry 15
3 Plant and Algal Polysaccharides 21
Introduction 21
Starch 21
Fru ctosans 28
Cellulose 29
Hemicelluloses 34
Pectins 41
Gums and Mucilages 43
Algal Polysaccharides 46
4 Microbial Polysaccharides 51
Teichoic Acids 51
Peptidoglycans 55
Lipopolysaccharides 58
Capsular Polysaccharides 66
Intracellular and Extracellular Polysaccharides 73
Miscellaneous Polysaccharides 81
Fungal Polysaccharides 84
D-Glucans 85
D-Mannans 87
Chitin 89
Miscellaneous Fungal Polysaccharides 90
... Contents
Vlll
5 Glycoproteins, Glycopeptides, and Animal Polysaccharides 92
Introduction 92
Microbial Polysaccharides 92
Plant and Algal Glycoproteins 102
Collagen 116
Glycogen 119
Glycosaminoglycuronans, Glycosaminoglycans, and their Protein
and Peptide Derivatives 121
Analysis 121
Pro teoglycans 123
Biosynthesis 133
Pathology 137
Cell, Tissue, and Fluid Glycoproteins 140
Cell-surface Glycoproteins 1.50
Hormonal Glycoproteins 167
Milk Glycoproteins 170
Serum Glycoproteins 174
Immunoglobulins 193
Erythrocyte Glycoproteins 200
Salivary and Mucous Glycoproteins 207
Urinary Glycoproteins 212
Avian Glycoproteins and Chitin 214
Miscellaneous Glycoproteins 215
Analysis of Glycoproteins 217
Biosynthesis of Glycoproteins 219
6 Enzymes 2 30
Introduction 2 30
General Aspects and Nomenclature 2 30
Methods of Assay 233
Isolation and Purification 233
Properties 234
Kinetics 2 34
Mechanisms of Action 234
Applications 234
(3-D-2 -Acetamido-2 - deoxygalactosidases, (3-D-2-Acetamido-2-
deoxyglucosidases, and ~-~-Acetamido-2-deoxyhexosidases 237
a-~an-d a-L-Arabino(furan0)sidases 247
(3-D-Fructofuranosidases 247
a-D-, (3-D-,a nd a-L-Fucosidases 251
a- and (3-D-Galactosidases and D-Galactolipid-oriented Galactosidases 253
a-a nd 0-D-Glucosidases and D-Glucolipid Glucosidases 2 64
0-D-Glucuronidases 277
a-L-Iduronidases 2 80
a-D-Mannosidases 2 80
Neuraminidase (Sialidases) 283