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Captives of Revolution: The Socialist Revolutionaries and the Bolshevik Dictatorship, 1918-1923 PDF

401 Pages·2011·2.107 MB·English
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CAPTIVES OF REVOLUTION Pitt Series in Russian and East European Studies Jonathan Harris, Editor Captives of Revolution THE SOCIALIST REVOLUTIONARIES AND THE BOLSHEVIK DICTATORSHIP, 1918–1923 Scott B. Smith University of Pittsburgh Press Published by the University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, Pa., 15260 Copyright © 2011, University of Pittsburgh Press All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America Printed on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Smith, Scott B. (Scott Baldwin), 1963– Captives of revolution : the socialist revolutionaries and the Bolshevik dictatorship, 1918–1923 / Scott B. Smith. p. cm. — (Pitt series in Russian and East European studies) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-8229-4403-4 (cloth : acid-free paper) ISBN-10: 0-8229-4403-0 (cloth : acid-free paper) 1. Soviet Union—History—Revolution, 1917-1921. 2. Soviet Union—Politics and govern- ment—1917–1936. 3. Partiia sotsialistov-revoliutsionerov—History. 4. Socialists—Soviet Union— History. 5. Revolutionaries—Soviet Union—History. 6. Communism—Soviet Union—History. 7. Socialism—Soviet Union—History. 8. Dictatorship—Soviet Union—History. 9. Political culture—Soviet Union—History. I. Title. DK265.S5296 2011 947.084’1—dc22 2010046565 “Important lecture!” cried Pnin. “What to do? It is a cata-stroph!” —Vladimir Nabokov, Pnin CONTENTS Acknowledgments ix Introduction xi 1. Dilemmas of Civil War 1 2. The Shape of Dictatorship 43 3. Komuch 89 4. The Politics of the Eastern Front 123 Illustrations 177–180 5. Between Red and White 181 6. The End of the Party of Socialist Revolutionaries 215 7. “Renegades of Socialism” and the Making of Bolshevik Political Culture 239 Notes 279 Bibliography 349 Index 371 vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Like any work of scholarship, this book is the product of solitary labors made possible by wider communities. Overlapping networks of teachers, colleagues, archivists, librarians, students, and friends supported me in many ways dur- ing the years I was engaged in this project. Most will remain unnamed, but I am grateful to them all. Research trips to Russia were made possible by the International Research and Exchanges Board (IREX), with funds provided by the National Endowment for the Humanities, the United States Information Agency, and the United States Department of State, which administers the Rus- sian, Eurasian, and East European research program (Title 8). The bulk of the research was carried out in Widener Library at Harvard University, the library and archives of the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, the State Ar- chive of the Russian Federation (Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Rossiiskoi Federatsii, GARF), the Russian State Library, and the Russian State Archive of Social and Political History (Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv sotsial’no-politicheskoi istorii, RGASPI). The book draws on two of my previously published articles: “The Socialists- Revolutionaries and the Dilemmas of Civil War,” in The Bolsheviks in Rus- sian Society: The Revolution and the Civil Wars, edited by Vladimir Brovkin (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1997); and “Who Shot Lenin? Fania Kaplan, the SR Underground, and the August 1918 Assassination Attempt on Lenin,” Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 46 (1998): 100–19. I am grateful to Yale University Press and Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas for permission to incorporate material from those articles here. Photographs that appear in this work are credited as follows: Viktor Cher- nov, Courtesy of the Slavic and Baltic Division, New York Public Library; Nikolai Avksent’ev and SRs in Prague, 1935, Courtesy of the Amherst College Center for Russian Culture; Nikolai Bukharin with defendants, A. L. Litvin, “Azef Vtoroi,” Rodina 9 (1999): 80 (original image located at RGAKFD [Russian State Archive of Film and Photographic Documents]); Abram Gots, Dmitrii ix

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