Capillary Energy in Electrical Engineering

7 Pages·0.444 MB·English

by  Bayeh Claude Ziad.

The General Science Journal Claude Ziad BAYEH

Capillary Energy in Electrical Engineering

CLAUDE ZIAD BAYEH1, 2
1Faculty of Engineering II, Lebanese University
2EGRDI transaction on Electrical and Electronic Engineering (2002)
LEBANON
Email: [email protected]

Abstract: The “Capillary Energy” is a study developed by the author in electrical engineering
domain in 2002. The “Capillary Energy” is a new concept of producing energy using capillary
tubes in an isolated system without using any external source and without violating the laws of
the thermodynamics. Theoretically it is considered as a perfect perpetual motion instrument.
It consists of making a closed loop of circulating liquid that is able to produce electrical energy
with an infinite quantity without using any external source and without violating the
thermodynamics laws. The concept of this instrument is that the liquid flows downward from
a tank and hits buckets of a turbine in which the force of the liquid will oblige the rotor of the
turbine to rotate and to produce electrical energy, then the liquid is gathered in another tank
under the turbine and this liquid will flow upward to another tank through capillary tubes at a
height H, this procedure is repeated many times until reach the original tank using capillary
tubes in a way that the quantity of the liquid leaving the original tank is equal to the quantity
of the same liquid entering in the tank using capillary tubes. In this way, we form an isolated
system that will be able to produce an infinite quantity of electricity without using any external
source.

Keywords: Perpetual motion, Free energy, Capillary energy, Capillary tubes, Closed loop of liquid.

1. Introduction
In physics, Perpetual motion describes "motion that continues indefinitely without any external
source of energy; impossible in practice because of friction [1-8]."It can also be described as "the
motion of a hypothetical machine which, once activated, would run forever unless subject to an
external force or to wear". There is a scientific consensus that perpetual motion in an isolated system
would violate the first and/or second law of thermodynamics.
Machines which extract energy from seemingly perpetual sources such as ocean currents are capable
of moving "perpetually" (for as long as that energy source itself endures), but they are not
considered to be perpetual motion machines because they are consuming energy from an external
source and are not isolated systems (in reality, no system can ever be a fully isolated system).
Similarly, machines which comply with both laws of thermodynamics but access energy from
obscure sources are sometimes referred to as perpetual motion machines, although they also do not
meet the standard criteria for the name.
There is a scientific consensus that perpetual motion in an isolated system violates either the first
law of thermodynamics, the second law of thermodynamics, or both. The first law of
thermodynamics is essentially a statement of conservation of energy. The second law can be phrased
in several different ways, the most intuitive of which is that heat flows spontaneously from hotter to
colder places; the most well known statement is that entropy tends to increase (see entropy
production), or at the least stay the same; another statement is that no heat engine (an engine which
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produces work while moving heat from a high temperature to a low temperature) can be more
efficient than a Carnot heat engine.
In other words:
1. In any isolated system, one cannot create new energy (first law of thermodynamics)
2. The output power of heat engines is always smaller than the input heating power. The rest of
the energy is removed as heat at ambient temperature. The efficiency (this is the produced
power divided by the input heating power) has a maximum, given by the Carnot efficiency. It
is always lower than one
3. The efficiency of real heat engines is even lower than the Carnot efficiency due to
irreversible processes.

The statements 2 and 3 only apply to heat engines. Other types of engines, which convert e.g.
mechanical into electromagnetic energy, can, in principle, operate with 100% efficiency.
Machines which comply with both laws of thermodynamics by accessing energy from
unconventional sources are sometimes referred to as perpetual motion machines, although they do
not meet the standard criteria for the name. By way of example, clocks and other low-power
machines, such as Cox's timepiece, have been designed to run on the differences in barometric
pressure or temperature between night and day. These machines have a source of energy, albeit one
which is not readily apparent so that they only seem to violate the laws of thermodynamics.
Machines which extract energy from seemingly perpetual sources such as ocean currents are indeed
capable of moving "perpetually" until that energy source runs down. They are not considered to be
perpetual motion machines because they are consuming energy from an external source and are not
isolated systems.

In this paper, the perpetual motion is possible without violating the laws of thermodynamics and
without using any external source of energy. The “Capillary Energy” is a new type of Free Energy
considered as a perpetual motion and it is an isolated system and it works without using any external
energy to produce electricity. It can produce electricity with an infinite quantity by using only the
gravity force (downward) and the capillary action (upward). It is composed of many tanks, a turbine,
a generator, and capillary tubes. The force of gravity (downward) must be equal to the capillary
force (upward) in order to maintain a closed system that produces a continuous energy.

2. Concept of Capillary Energy
The concept of Capillary Energy is based on a liquid in a tank that flows downward using the force
of gravity and during its circulation it hits the moving buckets of a turbine that rotate the rotor of the
turbine and produces electrical energy, then the liquid will be returned to the initial tank using the
capillary action phenomenon by using very thin tubes (capillary tubes), without using any external
source such as pump to flow the liquid upward to the initial tank. So the energy is produced by a
closed loop of a liquid such as water. This energy is capable to be converted into electrical energy
using a turbine. So in this way we are producing energy from an infinite loop. Refer to figure 1.

The concept of this machine is that the upper tank (UT) located at a height (H) flows liquid (water)
downward and this liquid will hit buckets of a turbine and oblige it to turn and when it turns it will
rotate also the rotor of the generator which produces electricity, then this liquid is gathered in
another tank (DT) under the turbine, this liquid will go upward through capillary tubes to another
tank T1 located at a height H1, there exists also capillary tubes that move upward the liquid from the
tank T1 to a higher tank T2 located at a height H2=H1+H1, this process is repeated many times until
reaching the upper tank (UT) at a height (H), the quantity of the liquid that leaves the upper tank
(UT) must be equal to the quantity that returns to the same tank through the capillary tubes. So, here
we have formed a closed loop of flowing liquid which works infinitely and produces an infinite
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quantity of electricity without using any external source of energy. This loop is considered as a
closed system that produces a continuous energy.

Figure 1: The concept of Capillary Energy, the liquid turn as a closed cycle or loop only by using
capillary tubes, the liquid which hits the buckets of the turbine will force the rotor of the turbine to
rotate and produce electricity.

In figure 1, the liquid turns as a closed cycle or loop using only capillary tubes, the liquid that leaves
the tank will return to the tank with the same quantity. The falling liquid will force the turbine to
rotate and the rotor of the generator to rotate also, in this way we produce free electricity with
infinite quantity without using any external source. So the closed system can produce an infinite
energy which is a perpetual motion machine and at the same time it doesn’t violate the
thermodynamic laws.

We have
(1)
𝑛𝑛
𝐻𝐻 = ∑𝑖𝑖=1𝐻𝐻𝑖𝑖
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3. Capillary action
This section is defined by other scientists. In physics, Capillary attraction, or capillarity, is the ability
of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the assistance of, and in opposition to external forces
like gravity. The effect can be seen in the drawing up of liquids between the hairs of a paint-brush,
in a thin tube, in porous materials such as paper, in some non-porous materials such as liquified
carbon fiber, or in a cell. It occurs because of inter-molecular attractive forces between the liquid
and solid surrounding surfaces. If the diameter of the tube is sufficiently small, then the combination
of surface tension (which is caused by cohesion within the liquid) and adhesive forces between the
liquid and container act to lift the liquid. Scientific principles have the ability of explaining abnormal
events that occur [9]. A liquid, like water, ascending up a thin tube naturally is not considered as a
typical occurrence. Since, water and other liquids in general flows with the gravitational forces, it
requires specific circumstances and physical effect to flow against the forces of gravity. This
scientific phenomenon is called capillary action. The transportation of water from the roots to leaves
of the tree happens due to the underlying principles of cohesion and transpiration [4].
Capillary action can be defined as the ascension of liquids through slim tube, cylinder or permeable
substance due to adhesive and cohesive forces interacting between the liquid and the surface. When
intermolecular bonding of a liquid itself is substantially inferior to a substances’ surface it is
interacting, capillarity occurs. Also, the diameter of the container as well as the gravitational forces
will determine amount of liquid raised. While, water possesses this unique property, a liquid like
mercury will not display the same attributes due to the fact that it has higher cohesive force than
adhesive force [4].

3.1 Forces in Capillary Action
Three main variables that determine if a liquid possesses capillary action are:
1. Cohesive force: It is the intermolecular bonding of a substance where its mutual
attractiveness forces them to maintain a certain shape of the liquid.
2. Surface tension: This occurs as a result of like molecules, cohesive forces, banding together
to form a somewhat impenetrable surface on the body of water. The surface tension is
measured in Newton/meter.
3. Adhesive force: When forces of attraction between unlike molecules occur, it is called
adhesive forces.
Capillary action only occurs when the adhesive forces are stronger than the cohesive forces, which
invariably becomes surface tension, in the liquid.
A good way to remember the difference between adhesive and cohesive forces is that with adhesive
forces you add another set of molecules, the molecules of the surface, for the liquid to bond with.
With cohesive forces, the molecules of the liquid will only cooperate with their own kind. Decreased
surface tension also increases capillary action. This is because decreased surface tension means that
the intermolecular forces are decreased, thus decreasing cohesive forces. As a result, capillary action
will be even greater.
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Figure 2: Capillary action for water and mercury.

3.2 Formula for the Height of a Meniscus
When measuring the level of liquid of a test tube or buret, it is imperative to measure at the meniscus
line for an accurate reading. It is possible to measure the height (represented by h) of a test tube,
buret, or other liquid column using the formula [4]:
(2)
2𝛾𝛾∙cos(𝜃𝜃)
with
ℎ = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌
• represents the surface tension in a liquid-air environment ( = 0.0728 N/m (when water is at a
temperature of 20°C)).
•𝛾𝛾 is the angle of contact or the degree of contact ( = 20° for wat𝛾𝛾er).
• is the density of the liquid in the representative column ( =1000 kg/m3).
•𝜃𝜃 is the acceleration due to the force of gravity ( 𝜃𝜃 = 9.8 m/s2).
•𝜌𝜌 is the radius of the tube in which the liquid is presented in𝜌𝜌.
𝜌𝜌 𝜌𝜌
F𝜌𝜌or a particular case when the temperature is 20 degree Celsius and the liquid is water then we
obtain [4]:

−5
1.48∙10
ℎ = (𝑚𝑚)
𝜌𝜌
3.3 Formula for Volume of Liquid Transport in Medium
When a dry porous medium, such as a brick or a wick, is brought into contact with a liquid, it will
start absorbing the liquid at a rate which decreases over time. For a bar of material with cross-
sectional area A that is wetted on one end, the cumulative volume V of absorbed liquid after a time t
is [4]:
(3)

With 𝑉𝑉 = 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴√𝑡𝑡
A is the wet area (cross-section).
S is the sorptivity (capacity of medium to absorb using the process of capillary action) with
dimensions m/s1/2.
V is the volume of liquid absorbed in time t.

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3.4 Calculating the amount of available power
A hydropower resource can be evaluated by its available power. Power is a function of the hydraulic
head and rate of fluid flow. The head is the energy per unit weight (or unit mass) of water. The static
head is proportional to the difference in height through which the water falls. Dynamic head is
related to the velocity of moving water. Each unit of water can do an amount of work equal to its
weight times the head. The power available from falling water can be calculated from the flow rate
and density of water, the height of fall, and the local acceleration due to gravity. In SI units, the
power is [10]:

(4)

With 𝑃𝑃 = 𝜂𝜂 ∙𝜌𝜌∙𝑄𝑄 ∙𝜌𝜌∙ℎ
• is power in watts
• is the dimensionless efficiency of the turbine
• 𝑃𝑃 is the density of water in kilograms per cubic meter
• 𝜂𝜂 is the flow in cubic meters per second
• 𝜌𝜌 is the acceleration due to gravity
• 𝑄𝑄 is the height difference between inlet and outlet
𝜌𝜌
For exaℎmple, let’s have , , , , and
3 3 2
Therefore the electrical p𝜂𝜂o=we0r. 8o5bta𝜌𝜌in=ed1 i0s 00𝑘𝑘𝜌𝜌/𝑚𝑚 𝑄𝑄 = 1𝑚𝑚 /𝑠𝑠 𝜌𝜌 = 9.81𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠 ℎ = 20𝑚𝑚

𝑃𝑃 = 0.85∙1000∙1∙9.81∙20 = 166.77𝑘𝑘𝑤𝑤
4. Conclusion
In conclusion, the “Capillary Energy” is a study developed by the author in electrical engineering
domain in 2002. It derives from Capillary Action which explains how the liquid can run upward in a
capillary tube without the need of any external force. The “Capillary Energy” is a new concept of
producing energy using capillary tubes in an isolated system without using any external source and
without violating the laws of the thermodynamics. It is considered as a perfect perpetual motion
instrument. It consists of making a closed loop of circulating liquid that is able to produce electrical
energy with an infinite quantity without using any external source and without violating the
thermodynamics laws. In this paper, the author proposed a concept of “Capillary Energy” without
introducing into details of how to build such instrument. This concept helps us to produce electricity
from a perpetual motion instrument. The only problem faced is in the formation of such capillary
tubes that have the capability of transposing upward a huge quantity of liquid which is considered an
essential element of producing a large electrical energy. Everyone can make this system in a house
or in a building which helps him to produce his own electricity with an infinite quantity in a closed
system independent from any external help. This system can’t be helpful in a very cold weather
because the water will transform into ice in capillary tubes and it will be impossible to go upward
and form a closed loop.

References:
[1] Stoner, Clinton D. (2000). Inquiries into the Nature of Free Energy and Entropy in Respect to
Biochemical Thermodynamics. Entropy Vol. 2.
[2] Mendoza, E. (1988). Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire – and other Papers on the Second Law of
Thermodynamics by E. Clapeyron and R. Carnot. Dover Publications, Inc. ISBN 0-486-44641-7.
[3] Baierlein, Ralph (2003). Thermal Physics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-65838-1.
[4] Perrot, Pierre (1998). A to Z of Thermodynamics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-856552-6.
[5] Reiss, Howard (1965). Methods of Thermodynamics. Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-69445-3.
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[6] Kondepudi, Dilip; Prigogine, Ilja (1998). Modern Thermodynamics. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. ISBN 978-0-
471-97394-2. Chapter 4, Section 1, Paragraph 2 (page 103).
[7] Robert Finn (1999). Capillary Surface Interfaces. American Mathematical Society.
[8] E. B. Dussan V, Enrique Ramé, and Stephen Garoff (2006). On identifying the appropriate boundary
conditions at a moving contact line: an experimental investigation. CJO.
[9]http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Intermolecular_Forces/C
ohesive_And_Adhesive_Forces/Capillary_Action
[10] G.K. Batchelor, 'An Introduction To Fluid Dynamics', Cambridge University Press (1967) ISBN 0-521-
66396-2
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