CAP 715 An Introduction to Aircraft Maintenance Engineering Human Factors for JAR 66

127 Pages·2002·1.02 MB·English

Safety Regulation Group
CAP 715
An Introduction to Aircraft Maintenance
Engineering Human Factors for JAR 66

www.caa.co.uk
Safety Regulation Group
CAP 715
An Introduction to Aircraft Maintenance
Engineering Human Factors for JAR 66

Important Note
The CAA has made many of the documents that it publishes available electronically (in addition to
traditional printed format). Where practical, the opportunity has been taken to incorporate a clearer
revised appearance to the documents. Any significant changes to the content of this document will be
shown in the Explanatory Note. If no such changes are indicated the material contained in this
document, although different in appearance to the previously printed version, is unchanged. Further
information about these changes and the latest version of documents can be found at www.caa.co.uk.
22 January 2002
CAP 715 An Introduction to Aircraft Maintenance Engineering Human Factors for JAR 66
© Civil Aviation Authority 2002
ISBN 0 86039 834 X
First Edition, 22 January 2002
Enquiries regarding the content of this publication should be addressed to:
Human Factors, Aerodrome, Air Traffic and Licensing Standards Division, Safety Regulation Group, Civil
Aviation Authority, Aviation House, Gatwick Airport South, West Sussex, RH6 0YR
The latest version of this document is available in electronic format at www.caa.co.uk, where you may
also register for e-mail notification of amendments.
Printed and distributed by: Documedia Solutions Ltd, 37 Windsor Street, Cheltenham, Glos., GL52 2DG.
CAP 715 An Introduction to Aircraft Maintenance Engineering Human Factors for JAR 66
List of Effective Pages
Chapter Page Date Chapter Page Date
iii 22 January 2002 Chapter 3 6 22 January 2002 Chapter 6 2 22 January 2002
iv 22 January 2002 Chapter 3 7 22 January 2002 Chapter 6 3 22 January 2002
v 22 January 2002 Chapter 3 8 22 January 2002 Chapter 6 4 22 January 2002
vi 22 January 2002 Chapter 3 9 22 January 2002 Chapter 6 5 22 January 2002
vii 22 January 2002 Chapter 3 10 22 January 2002 Chapter 6 6 22 January 2002
viii 22 January 2002 Chapter 3 11 22 January 2002 Chapter 6 7 22 January 2002
ix 22 January 2002 Chapter 3 12 22 January 2002 Chapter 6 8 22 January 2002
x 22 January 2002 Chapter 3 13 22 January 2002 Chapter 7 1 22 January 2002
xi 22 January 2002 Chapter 3 14 22 January 2002 Chapter 7 2 22 January 2002
xii 22 January 2002 Chapter 3 15 22 January 2002 Chapter 7 3 22 January 2002
Chapter 1 1 22 January 2002 Chapter 3 16 22 January 2002 Chapter 7 4 22 January 2002
Chapter 1 2 22 January 2002 Chapter 3 17 22 January 2002 Chapter 7 5 22 January 2002
Chapter 1 3 22 January 2002 Chapter 3 18 22 January 2002 Chapter 7 6 22 January 2002
Chapter 1 4 22 January 2002 Chapter 3 19 22 January 2002 Chapter 7 7 22 January 2002
Chapter 1 5 22 January 2002 Chapter 3 20 22 January 2002 Chapter 8 1 22 January 2002
Chapter 1 6 22 January 2002 Chapter 3 21 22 January 2002 Chapter 8 2 22 January 2002
Chapter 1 7 22 January 2002 Chapter 4 1 22 January 2002 Chapter 8 3 22 January 2002
Chapter 1 8 22 January 2002 Chapter 4 2 22 January 2002 Chapter 8 4 22 January 2002
Chapter 2 1 22 January 2002 Chapter 4 3 22 January 2002 Chapter 8 5 22 January 2002
Chapter 2 2 22 January 2002 Chapter 4 4 22 January 2002 Chapter 8 6 22 January 2002
Chapter 2 3 22 January 2002 Chapter 4 5 22 January 2002 Chapter 8 7 22 January 2002
Chapter 2 4 22 January 2002 Chapter 4 6 22 January 2002 Chapter 8 8 22 January 2002
Chapter 2 5 22 January 2002 Chapter 4 7 22 January 2002 Chapter 8 9 22 January 2002
Chapter 2 6 22 January 2002 Chapter 4 8 22 January 2002 Chapter 8 10 22 January 2002
Chapter 2 7 22 January 2002 Chapter 4 9 22 January 2002 Chapter 8 11 22 January 2002
Chapter 2 8 22 January 2002 Chapter 4 10 22 January 2002 Chapter 8 12 22 January 2002
Chapter 2 9 22 January 2002 Chapter 4 11 22 January 2002 Chapter 8 13 22 January 2002
Chapter 2 10 22 January 2002 Chapter 4 12 22 January 2002 Chapter 9 1 22 January 2002
Chapter 2 11 22 January 2002 Chapter 4 13 22 January 2002 Chapter 9 2 22 January 2002
Chapter 2 12 22 January 2002 Chapter 4 14 22 January 2002 Chapter 9 3 22 January 2002
Chapter 2 13 22 January 2002 Chapter 4 15 22 January 2002 Chapter 9 4 22 January 2002
Chapter 2 14 22 January 2002 Chapter 4 16 22 January 2002 Appendix A 1 22 January 2002
Chapter 2 15 22 January 2002 Chapter 4 17 22 January 2002 Appendix A 2 22 January 2002
Chapter 2 16 22 January 2002 Chapter 4 18 22 January 2002 Appendix A 3 22 January 2002
Chapter 2 17 22 January 2002 Chapter 4 19 22 January 2002 Appendix A 4 22 January 2002
Chapter 2 18 22 January 2002 Chapter 5 1 22 January 2002 Appendix A 5 22 January 2002
Chapter 2 19 22 January 2002 Chapter 5 2 22 January 2002
Chapter 2 20 22 January 2002 Chapter 5 3 22 January 2002
Chapter 2 21 22 January 2002 Chapter 5 4 22 January 2002
Chapter 3 1 22 January 2002 Chapter 5 5 22 January 2002
Chapter 3 2 22 January 2002 Chapter 5 6 22 January 2002
Chapter 3 3 22 January 2002 Chapter 5 7 22 January 2002
Chapter 3 4 22 January 2002 Chapter 5 8 22 January 2002
Chapter 3 5 22 January 2002 Chapter 6 1 22 January 2002
22 January 2002 Page iii
CAP 715 An Introduction to Aircraft Maintenance Engineering Human Factors for JAR 66
Contents
List of Effective Pages iii
Contents iv
Explanatory Note vi
Amendment Record vii
Foreword viii
Acknowledgements x
Glossary of Terms xi
Chapter 1 Introduction
The Need To Take Human Factors Into Account 1
Incidents and Accidents Attributable To Human Factors / Human Error 4
Murphy’s Law 8
Chapter 2 Human Performance and Limitations
Human Performance as Part of the Maintenance Engineering System 1
Vision 2
Hearing 8
Information Processing 12
Claustrophobia, Physical Access and Fear of Heights 20
Chapter 3 Social Psychology
The Social Environment 1
Responsibility: Individual and Group 2
Motivation and De-motivation 4
Peer Pressure 8
Culture Issues 9
Team Working 12
Management, Supervision and Leadership 14
Maintenance Resource Management (MRM) 18
Chapter 4 Factors Affecting Performance
Fitness and Health 1
22 January 2002 Page iv
CAP 715 An Introduction to Aircraft Maintenance Engineering Human Factors for JAR 66
Stress: Domestic and Work Related 3
Time Pressure and Deadlines 6
Workload - Overload and Underload 8
Sleep, Fatigue and Shift Work 11
Alcohol, Medication and Drug Abuse 16
Chapter 5 Physical Environment
Noise 1
Fumes 2
Illumination 3
Climate and Temperature 5
Motion and Vibration 6
Confined Spaces 7
Working Environment 7
Chapter 6 Tasks
Physical Work 2
Repetitive Tasks 4
Visual Inspection 5
Complex Systems 7
Chapter 7 Communication
Within and Between Teams 1
Work Logging and Recording 4
Keeping Up-to-Date, Currency 6
Dissemination of Information 6
Chapter 8 Human Error
Error Models and Theories 2
Types of Error in Maintenance Tasks 7
Implications of Errors (i.e. Accidents) 10
Avoiding and Managing Errors 12
Chapter 9 Hazards In The Workplace
Recognising and Avoiding Hazards 1
Appendix A 1
22 January 2002 Page v
CAP 715 An Introduction to Aircraft Maintenance Engineering Human Factors for JAR 66
Explanatory Note
1 Introduction
This document is intended to provide an introduction to human factors and human
performance and limitations for ab-initio engineers studying for their JAR-66
engineering licenses. The document expands upon the syllabus items listed in
Module 9 of JAR-66, but is not a fully comprehensive reference document on human
factors in aircraft maintenance.
A separate document, CAP 7161, addresses human factors in maintenance from an
organisational perspective, within a JAR-145 organisation.
1. Civil Aviation Authority (2002) CAP 716 Aviation Maintenance Human Factors (JAA JAR145)
22 January 2002 Page vi
CAP 715 An Introduction to Aircraft Maintenance Engineering Human Factors for JAR 66
Amendment Record
Amendment
Amendment Date Incorporated by Incorporated on
Number
Edition 1 22 January 2002
22 January 2002 Page vii
CAP 715 An Introduction to Aircraft Maintenance Engineering Human Factors for JAR 66
Foreword
11.1 An understanding of the importance of human factors to aircraft maintenance
engineering is essential to anyone considering a career as a licensed aircraft engineer.
Human factors impinges on everything an engineer does in the course of their job in
one way or another, from communicating effectively with colleagues to ensuring they
have adequate lighting to carry out their tasks. Knowledge of this subject has a
significant impact on the safety standards expected of the aircraft maintenance
engineer.
1.2 This document is intended to provide guidance and supporting information in respect
of those subjects contained in the human factors syllabus: module 9 in JAR 66 and
module 13 in BCAR Section L. In this respect, the order in which subjects are
introduced maps on to that in the JAR and BCAR syllabi to enable ready identification
of the associated information. This text primarily concerns itself with the individual
and his responsibilities. A few other topics, not specifically listed in the syllabus, are
also included in order to provide an introduction to the concepts, e.g. Maintenance
Resource Management (MRM), organisational culture issues, etc. It is hoped that in
studying this publication, prospective aircraft engineers will see that human factors is
not just a subject to be passed in an exam, but rather an area that influences how well
they do their job, in terms of both safety and quality, and ultimately the airworthiness
of the aircraft they maintain.
1.3 There are many publications in existence dealing with aviation human factors, but the
majority of these were developed for pilots rather than maintenance personnel.
Whilst much of the material in these publications is relevant, in as far as it describes
human performance and limitations, the contexts and examples used tend to be less
relevant to the maintenance engineer. This publication has been developed
specifically for the maintenance engineer and focuses on research from a number of
sources and incidents investigated by the CAA.
1.4 How to use this Document
This document should be used as a broad starting point for studying human factors
as it affects aircraft maintenance engineering. Some further reading will be needed
for more detailed information concerning human performance and limitations.
Suggested further reading is included throughout the document.
1.5 In order to aid the reader, key terms are highlighted thus.
Definitions and explanations are indicated like this:
Definition: ............
Important points to remember are shown thus:
Remember: ............
Examples to illustrate points are presented thus:
Example: ............
22 January 2002 Page viii
CAP 715 An Introduction to Aircraft Maintenance Engineering Human Factors for JAR 66
1.6 Whilst this text has been prepared for those personnel wishing to qualify as certifying
staff under JAR66, it is also relevant to all staff working in aircraft maintentance
engineering. Thus whilst the term ‘engineer’ has been used throughout the
document, it is generally used in a generic sense to include all aircraft maintenance
technicians, fitters, licensed engineers, inspectors and supervisors. (In some cases,
it also includes managers, planners, etc.). Where specific reference is made to
Licensed Aircraft Engineers (LAEs), this is made clear in the text.
1.7 Also, for all the female engineers reading this text, please forgive the use of the
masculine gender throughout this document. ‘He’ should be interpreted as ‘he/she’,
and is used merely for ease of reading.
22 January 2002 Page ix