Canine and Feline Endocrinology

684 Pages·2015·45.86 MB·English

by  Edward C. Feldman

CONVERSION TO SYSTEME INTERNATIONAL (SI) UNITS
FOR HORMONE ASSAYS
Measurement SI Unit Common Unit Common → SI* SI → Common*
Aldosterone pmol/L ng/dL 27.7 0.036
Corticotropin (ACTH) pmol/L pg/mL 0.220 4.51
Cortisol nmol/L μg/dL 27.59 0.036
C-peptide nmol/L ng/mL 0.331 3.02
β-Endorphin pmol/L pg/mL 0.292 3.43
Epinephrine pmol/L pg/mL 5.46 0.183
Estrogen (estradiol) pmol/L pg/mL 3.67 0.273
Gastrin ng/L pg/mL 1.00 1.00
Gastrointestinal polypeptide pmol/L pg/mL 0.201 4.98
Glucagon ng/L pg/mL 1.00 1.00
Growth hormone μg/L ng/mL 1.00 1.00
Insulin pmol/L μU/mL 7.18 0.139
Metanephrine pmol/L pg/mL 5.07 0.197
αMSH pmol/L pg/mL 0.601 1.66
Norepinephrine pmol/L pg/mL 5.91 0.169
Normetanephrine pmol/L pg/mL 5.46 0.183
Pancreatic polypeptide mmol/L mg/dL 0.239 4.18
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) pmol/L pg/mL 0.11 9.1
Progesterone nmol/L ng/mL 3.18 0.315
Prolactin μg/L ng/mL 1.00 1.00
Renin ng/L/s ng/mL/hr 0.278 3.60
Somatostatin pmol/L pg/mL 0.611 1.64
Testosterone nmol/L ng/mL 3.47 0.288
Thyroxine (T4) nmol/L μg/dL 12.87 0.078
Free Thyroxine (fT) pmol/L ng/dL 12.87 0.078
4
Triiodothyronine (T3) nmol/L μg/dL 0.0154 64.9
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide pmol/L pg/mL 0.301 3.33
*Factor to multiply to convert from one unit to other.
CONVERSION TO SYSTEME INTERNATIONAL (SI) UNITS
FOR COMMON SERUM CHEMISTRY DATA
Measurement SI Unit Common Unit Common → SI* SI → Common*
Albumin g/L g/dL 10.0 0.100
Bile acids μmol/L mg/L 2.55 0.392
Bilirubin μmol/L mg/dL 17.10 0.058
Calcium mmol/L mg/dL 0.250 4.00
Carbon dioxide content mmol/L mEq/L 1.00 1.00
Cholesterol mmol/L mg/dL 0.026 38.7
Chloride mmol/L mEq/L 1.00 1.00
Creatinine μmol/L mg/dL 88.40 0.011
Creatinine clearance mL/s mL/min 0.017 60.0
Glucose mmol/L mg/dL 0.056 18.0
Inorganic phosphorus nmol/L mg/dL 0.323 3.10
Magnesium mmol/L mg/dL 0.41 2.44
Osmolality nmol/kg mOsm/kg 1.00 1.00
Potassium mmol/L mEq/L 1.00 1.00
Protein, total g/L g/dL 10.0 0.100
Sodium mmol/L mEq/L 1.00 1.00
Triglycerides mmol/L mg/dL 0.01 10.0
Urea nitrogen mmol/L mg/dL 0.357 2.8
*Factor to multiply to convert from one unit to other.
&
Canine Feline
ENDOCRINOLOGY
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Fourth Edition
&
Canine Feline
ENDOCRINOLOGY
Edward C. Feldman,
DVM, DACVIM (Internal Medicine)
Professor, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology
School of Veterinary Medicine
University of California, Davis
Davis, California
Richard W. Nelson,
DVM, DACVIM (Internal Medicine)
Professor, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology
School of Veterinary Medicine
University of California, Davis
Davis, California
Claudia E. Reusch,
DVM, DECVIM-CA
Professor
Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine
Vetsuisse Faculty
University of Zurich
Zurich, Switzerland
J. Catharine R. Scott-Moncrieff,
MA, Vet MB, MS, DACVIM (Small Animal Internal Medicine),
DSAM, DECVIM-CA
Professor, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
College of Veterinary Medicine
Purdue University
West Lafayette, Indiana
CONTRIBUTING AUTHOR
Ellen N. Behrend
, VMD, PhD, DACVIM (Small Animal Internal Medicine)
Joezy Griffin Professor, Department of Clinical Sciences
Auburn University
Auburn, Alabama
3251 Riverport Lane
St. Louis, Missouri 63043
CANINE AND FELINE ENDOCRINOLOGY, EDITION 4 ISBN: 978-1-4557-4456-5
Copyright © 2015 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Previous editions copyrighted 2004, 1996, 1987
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Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our
understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Feldman, Edward C., author.
[Canine and feline endocrinology and reproduction]
Canine and feline endocrinology / Edward C. Feldman, Richard W. Nelson, Claudia E. Reusch, J. Catharine R.
Scott-Moncrieff. -- Fourth edition.
pages ; cm
Preceded by Canine and feline endocrinology and reproduction / Edward C. Feldman, Richard W. Nelson.
3rd ed. c2004.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4557-4456-5 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Dogs--Diseases. 2. Cats--Diseases. 3. Dogs--Endocrinology.
4. Cats--Endocrinology. 5. Dogs--Reproduction. 6. Cats--Reproduction. I. Nelson, Richard W. (Richard William),
author. II. Reusch, Claudia, author. III. Scott-Moncrieff, J. Catharine R., author. IV. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Dog Diseases. 2. Endocrine System Diseases--veterinary. 3. Cat Diseases. 4. Genital Diseases,
Female--veterinary. 5. Genital Diseases, Male--veterinary. SF 992.E53]
SF992.E53F45 2015
636.7’08964--dc23
2014034827
Vice President and Publisher: Loren Wilson
Content Strategy Director: Penny Rudolph
Content Development Specialist: Brandi Graham
Publishing Services Manager: Deborah Vogel
Senior Project Manager: Brandilyn Flagg
Designer: Ashley Miner
Printed in the United States of America
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Editors
Edward C. Feldman, DVM, DACVIM (Internal Medicine), is a Professor of
Small Animal Internal Medicine in the Department of Medicine & Epidemiol-
ogy, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis. Dr. Feld-
man earned his DVM from the University of California in 1973. He joined the
Davis faculty in 1979 after an internship at the Animal Medical Center in New
York City, a residency with Dr. Stephen Ettinger in the world’s first referral-only
private-veterinary-practice in Berkeley California, a year in general practice, and
another 2 years on faculty at the University of Saskatchewan in Canada. Dr. Feld-
man has authored more than 160 peer-reviewed scientific publications, 110 sci-
entific abstracts, and 75 book chapters. He is co-editor with Dr. Ettinger of the
Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, now in its 7th edition and translated into
six foreign languages. He has also served as co-author with Dr. Nelson on the first
three editions of this book, which have been translated into five foreign languages. Dr. Feldman has lectured
in more than 40 of the 50 United States and 25 countries. He has served on the Board of Directors for Guide
Dogs for the Blind and on the Board of Directors for the Western Veterinary Conference (one of the two largest
veterinary conferences in the United States), and he is a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of the Annette
Funicello Foundation for Multiple Sclerosis. He is a co-founder and two-term past-president of the Society for
Comparative Endocrinology. Dr. Feldman’s teaching awards include the Faculty Teacher of the Year Award from
the University of Saskatchewan Western College of Veterinary Medicine, the UC Davis Norden Distinguished
Teaching Award, the North American Veterinary Conference Speaker of the Year Award, and the California Acad-
emy of Veterinary Medicine’s Award for Excellence in Continuing Education. Dr. Feldman has been honored
with several research awards, including the Ralston Purina Small Animal Research Award, the American Association
of Feline Practitioners Research Award, the SmithKline Beecham Award for Research Excellence, eight Daniels /
Oxford Laboratory Awards for authoring one of the two or three best clinical veterinary endocrine research pub-
lications for a given year, and the American Veterinary Medical Foundation / AKC Career Achievement Award in
Canine Research. Additional recognitions received by Dr. Feldman include the FIDO Award from the American
Veterinary Medical Association, the Distinguished Alumnus Award from the Animal Medical Center in New York
City, and the UC Davis Alumni Achievement Award.
Richard W. Nelson, DVM, DACVIM (Internal Medicine), is a Professor in
the Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medi-
cine, University of California, Davis. Dr. Nelson received his DVM degree
from the University of Minnesota in 1979. After graduation he completed
an internship at Washington State University and a medicine residency at the
University of California, Davis. In 1982 he joined the small animal medicine
faculty at Purdue University. In 1989 he moved to the University of Califor-
nia, Davis, where he is currently a professor in small animal internal medi-
cine. Dr. Nelson’s interest lies in clinical endocrinology, with an emphasis on
disorders of the endocrine pancreas, thyroid gland, and adrenal gland. Dr.
Nelson has authored numerous scientific publications and book chapters; has
co-authored two textbooks, Canine and Feline Endocrinology and Reproduction
with Dr. Feldman and Small Animal Internal Medicine with Dr. Guillermo Couto; and has lectured exten-
sively nationally and internationally. He was an associate editor for the Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
and serves as a reviewer for several veterinary journals. Dr. Nelson is a co-founder and member of the Society
for Comparative Endocrinology and a member of the European Society of Veterinary Endocrinology. Dr.
Nelson has served as Chair of the Department of Medicine and Epidemiology and as Director of the Small
Animal Clinic at UC Davis. Dr. Nelson has received the N orden Distinguished Teaching Award, the BSAVA
Bourgelat Award, and the ACVIM Robert W. Kirk Award for Professional Excellence.
v
vi EDITORS
Claudia E. Reusch, DVM, J. Catharine R. Scott- Moncrieff,
DECVIM-CA, Professor, Clinic MA, Vet MB, MS, DACVIM
for Small Animal Internal Medi- (Small Animal Internal Medicine),
cine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University DSAM, DECVIM (Companion
of Zurich, Switzerland. After grad- Animal), Professor, Department
uation Claudia Reusch worked in of Veterinary Clinical Sciences,
private small animal clinics for College of Veterinary Medicine,
several years before moving to the Purdue University, West Lafay-
University of Munich, where she ette, Indiana. Catharine Scott-
became Professor for Small Animal Moncrieff received her veterinary
Internal Medicine in 1992. Since degree from the University of
1996 she has been the director of Cambridge in 1985. She com-
the Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine at the University of pleted an internship in small animal medicine and surgery at
Zurich in Switzerland. She is founding member of the European the University of Saskatchewan, Canada, and a residency and
Society of Veterinary Endocrinology (ESVE) and was its president Master of Science degree in internal medicine at Purdue Univer-
from 2001 to 2003. From 2003 to 2006 she was president of the sity. In 1989 she joined the faculty of Purdue University, where
European College of Veterinary Internal Medicine-Companion she is currently Professor of small animal internal medicine and
Animals (ECVIM-CA). Since 2011 she has been a member of Head of the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences. She
the University Council of the University of Veterinary Medicine is a Diplomate of the American College of Veterinary Internal
in Vienna, Austria, and since 2013 she has been a member of the Medicine (small animal) and the European College of Veterinary
Scientific Advisory Board of the same university. In 2014 she was Internal Medicine (companion animal), and has a diploma in
given the Bourgelat Award by the British Small Animal Veterinary Small Animal Medicine from the Royal College of Veterinary
Association (BSAVA) for outstanding international contributions Surgeons. She is a past president of the Socety for Compara-
to the field of small animal practice. Her research focus is on clini- tive Endocrinology and has lectured extensively nationally and
cal endocrinology in dogs and cats. internationally. Her research focus is clinical endocrinology of
the dog and cat with an emphasis on disorders of the thyroid and
adrenal glands. She has authored numerous scientific publica-
tions and lectured extensively both nationally and internation-
ally. She served as Associate Editor of the Journal of Veterinary
Internal from 2002 to 2010 and is a member and past president
of the Society of Comparative Endocrinology. She has received
the Daniels Award for Excellence in Small Animal Endocrinol-
ogy on three occasions.
CONTRIBUTING AUTHOR
Ellen N. Behrend, VMD, PhD, DACVIM (Small Animal Internal Medicine), Joezy
Griffin Professor, Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Ala-
bama. Dr. Behrend received her VMD degree from the University of Pennsylvania in
1988 and her PhD from Auburn University in 2001. Dr. Behrend’s research interest
lies in clinical endocrinology with an emphasis on diagnostic testing and diseases of the
canine adrenal glands. She has authored numerous scientific publications and book
chapters, served as Endocrine section editor for editions of Consultations in Feline Inter-
nal Medicine and Kirk’s Current Veterinary Therapy, and was the editor for the canine
chapters of Clinical Endocrinology of Companion Animals. Dr. Behrend has been on the
review board for two journals and is currently serving on the Small Animal Advisory
Panel for Morris Animal Foundation and holds a position on the ACVIM Board of
Regents. She has provided numerous continuing education lectures at national and
international conferences. Dr. Behrend has received the Daniels Award for Excellence in Small Animal Endocrinology
and has twice won the Norden Distinguished Teaching Award.
Preface
The goal of the fourth edition of our textbook on canine and and algorithms. Diagnostic strategies are presented with the intent
feline endocrinology is similar to that of the first three editions: to of making them practical, cost-effective, and expedient while
provide veterinarians and readers of this textbook with a concise ensuring they represent standard of care backed by research and
but complete source of information on pathophysiology, clini- experience. Treatment recommendations were also consistently
cal signs, diagnosis, and treatment of endocrine disorders in dogs developed with practicality, cost-effectiveness, and compassionate
and cats. Because of the tremendous expansion of information on care in mind, backed by research and experience.
these disorders since publication of the last edition more than a The development of this textbook provided us with a challeng-
decade ago, the fourth edition required a complete overhaul of ing, informative, and laborious but rewarding task. We are confi-
the previous edition. To help accomplish this, we brought three dent this textbook provides the reader with complete, current, and
additional world-renowned clinical endocrinologists on board, applicable information on endocrine disorders of dogs and cats
Claudia Reusch, Catharine Scott-Moncrieff, and Ellen Behrend, and will help veterinary students, practitioners, interns, residents,
whom are superb clinician scientists; all are actively involved in and owners. We do not claim that the information is presented
patient care, clinical investigative studies, and publications in the completely without bias. Indeed, our extensive clinical experience
field of small animal endocrinology. creates bias, which we are convinced provides a positive and well-
The fourth edition has significant changes starting with the established foundation to our recommendations on diagnostic
removal of the reproduction section, thereby allowing us to focus and treatment strategies. We hope you will find our textbook a
entirely on our primary passion: endocrine disorders of dogs valuable resource for information on endocrine disorders of dogs
and cats. There are many additions to this book we believe will and cats.
enhance the clinical usefulness of this resource. All chapters have
undergone extensive rewriting and updating of material, provision Edward C. Feldman
of new or updated tables, and addition of new or updated figures Richard W. Nelson
vii