Candidate substances for bans, phase-outs, or reductions : multimedia revision : report

144 Pages·1993·8.3 MB·English

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CANDIDATE SUBSTANCES FOR BANS,
PHASE-OUTS OR REDUCTIONS -
MULTIMEDIA REVISION
OCTOBER 1993
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ISBN 0-7778-0774-2
CANDIDATE SUBSTANCES FOR BANS, PHASE-OUTS,
OR REDUCTIONS - MULTIMEDIA REVISION
OCTOBER 1993
©
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n’est disponible qu’en anglais.
Copyright: Queen’s Printer for Ontario, 1993
This publication may be reproduced for non-commercial purposes
with appropriate attribution.
LOG 93-053505
PIBS 2709

CANDIDATE SUBSTANCES FOR BANS, PHASE-OUTS,
OR REDUCTIONS - MULTIMEDIA REVISION
Report prepared by:
A.C. Socha, R. Aucoin, and T. Dickie,
Hazardous Contaminants Branch
and
R.V. Angelow and P. Kauss,
Water Resources Branch
Ministry of Environment and Energy
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Candidate Substances for Bans, Phase-Outs or Reductions - Page i
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to express their appreciation to Andrew Chiu, Peter Dennis,
Yousry Hamdy, Ivy Jung, Ronald Macfarlane, Lorna Poff, Don Poulton, Iraj Rahmani,
Glenn Rutherford, Wolfgang Scheider, Jim Smith and Akos Szakolcai of the Ontario
Ministry of Environment and Energy for their contributions to this report and their
guidance in its preparation. The authors also wish to thank Ivy Wile, Jim Ashman
and Ron Pearson of the Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy and Jim Pettit,
Bruce Archibald and Craig Hunter of the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food
for their review comments.
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Candidate Substances for Bans, Phase-Outs or Reductions - Page iii
Executive Summary
In June 1991 the Ontario Ministry of the Environment’s Hazardous Contaminants
Branch and Water Resources Branch were directed to establish a list of candidate
substances to be considered for banning, phasing out or use/release reductions. The
results were: (i) a process for selecting the substances, (ii) primary and secondary lists
of substances for consideration, (iii) a review of the data on loadings of the primary
list substances to receiving waters from industrial and municipal direct dischargers,
(iv) a hazard evaluation of industrial and municipal effluents monitored under
MISA? and (v) a review of the receiving water impacts, including sediment and biota
impacts, attributable to point and non-point source inputs of substances on the
Primary List.
The selection process, lists of candidate substances and monitoring/impact reviews
were documented in the report entitled "Candidate Substances List for Bans or Phase-
Outs", published in April 1992. For this revised report, the scope of the effort was
widened to encompass multiple media. This involved the hazard evaluation of
substances released primarily to air and to land that were not considered in the first
report.
The Primary List of Candidate Substances for Bans, Phase-Outs or Reductions is a list
of substances present in or discharged to Ontario’s environment which, out of over
1000 substances assessed, are most inherently hazardous due to their persistence, potential
to bioaccumulate and toxicity. It is recommended that these substances be given first
priority in considering candidate substances for banning, phasing out, or use/release
reduction, in that order of preference, and with an emphasis on the application of
pollution prevention techniques. Determining the appropriate action option would
depend in large part on the results of technical feasibility and socioeconomic impact
analyses for each substance or group of substances listed.
The revised Primary List is composed of the following 27 substances or substance
groups. Arsenic, which appeared on the original list, was transferred to the
Secondary List after further review of its bioaccumulation data. The seven substances
that have been added to the original list of 21 are marked with an asterisk:
aldrin* hexachlorobenzene
anthracene alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane (a-HCH)
benzo[a]pyrene gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (y-HCH, Lindane)
benzolghi]perylene mercury & compounds
benz{alanthracene mirex
cadmium & compounds* | pentachlorophenol
chlordane* perylene
DDT & metabolites phenanthrene
1,4-dichlorobenzene polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
3,3’-dichlorobenzidine polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans (PCDD/Fs)
dieldrin toxaphene
endosulfan* tributyl tin
endrin* trifluralin*
heptachlor*
* Municipal-Industrial Strategy for Abatement, a program under which effluents from industrial
and municipal sources directly discharged to surface water are monitored and regulated.
Page iv - Candidate Substances for Bans, Phase-Outs or Reductions
Analyses of the environmental impact of the Primary List substances in the surface
water and sediment media are given in this report. Considerable information is
available on the loadings and environmental impacts of the Primary List substances
to water and sediment, however comparable information is not available for air and
land. As.a result, corresponding impact analyses from the perspectives of air and
land could not be provided.
Although all Primary List substances except 3,3’-dichlorobenzidine and trifluralin
have been detected at elevated concentrations in the water, sediment or aquatic biota
of the Great Lakes basin, it has been demonstrated that 22 of the substances have
caused impairments of water, sediment or biota in Ontario based on exceedences of
available criteria. Of the other five substances, 1,4-dichlorobenzene and toxaphene
have not been detected at levels which exceed established criteria,
3,3’-dichlorobenzidine and tributyl tin could not be evaluated from the perspective of
water/sediment/biota impairment because no appropriate criteria have been
established for these substances, and no data were available for trifluralin.
Twenty-four of the Primary List substances have been monitored under Ontario’s
MISA program or in the Municipal Water Pollution Control Plants Study’. It has
been demonstrated that of these 24 substances, 17 are being directly discharged to
surface waters by Ontario-based industrial point sources or municipal water pollution
control plants. Five substances are being discharged at high concentrations
considered to be acutely toxic to aquatic biota, including cadmium, mercury, PCBs,
polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and benzo[a]pyrene.
A Secondary List of 63 substances divided into three groups is recommended as a
"second tier" of candidate substances. These substances are toxic and either persistent
or bioaccumulative, or are persistent and/or bioaccumulative but somewhat less toxic
than those on the Primary List.
* A 1987 survey of 37 Ontario municipal water pollution control plants.