Candida and candidiasis

544 Pages·2012·10.885 MB·English

by  Richard A Calderone, Cornelius J Clancy

Candida
and Candidiasis
s e c o n d e d i t i o n
This page intentionally left blank
Candida
and Candidiasis
s e c o n d e d i t i o n
e d i t e d b y
Richard A. Calderone
Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
Cornelius J. Clancy
Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division,
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
WA S H I N G TO N, D C
Cover: Candida albicans (red) and Staphylococcus aureus (green) biofilm stained with species-specific pep-
tide nucleic acid (PNA)-FISH probes, demonstrating extensive adherence of S. aureus to the C. albicans
hyphae. Courtesy Mary Ann Jabra-Rizk, University of Maryland, Baltimore.
Copyright© 2012 by ASM Press. ASM Press is a registered trademark of the American Society for
Microbiology. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in whole
or in part or reutilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying
and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from
the publisher.
Disclaimer: To the best of the publisher’s knowledge, this publication provides information concerning
the subject matter covered that is accurate as of the date of publication. The publisher is not providing
legal, medical, or other professional services. Any reference herein to any specific commercial products,
procedures, or services by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not constitute or
imply endorsement, recommendation, or favored status by the American Society for Microbiology
(ASM). The views and opinions of the author(s) expressed in this publication do not necessarily state or
reflect those of ASM, and they shall not be used to advertise or endorse any product.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Candida and candidiasis / edited by Richard A. Calderone, Cornelius J. Clancy. — 2nd ed.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-55581-539-4
1. Candidiasis. 2. Candida. I. Calderone, Richard A., 1942- II. Clancy, Cornelius J.
[DNLM: 1. Candida. 2. Candidiasis. QW 180.5.D38]
QR201.C27C365 2012
616.9'693—dc23
2011025353
E-Book ISBN 978-1-55581-717-6
10.1128/ISBN978-1-55581-717-6
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Address editorial correspondence to: ASM Press, 1752 N St., N.W., Washington, DC
20036-2904, USA.
Send orders to: ASM Press, P.O. Box 605, Herndon, VA 20172, USA.
Phone: [phone]. Fax: [phone].
E-mail: [email protected]
Online: http://estore.asm.org
Contents
Contributors / vii 8 Cell Cycle and Growth Control in Candida
Preface / xi Species / 101
CHERYL A. GALEAND JUDITH BERMAN
1 Candida: What Should Clinicians and
Scientists Be Talking About? / 1
SECTION II
BRAD SPELLBERG, KIEREN A. MARR,
HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS
AND SCOTTG. FILLER
(THE HOST) / 125
SECTION I
9 Immunology of Invasive Candidiasis / 127
THE ORGANISMS, THEIR GENOMICS,AND
LUIGINA ROMANI
VARIABILITY / 9
10 Mucosal Immunity to Candida
2 An Introduction to the Medically Important
albicans / 137
Candida Species / 11
PAUL L. FIDEL, JR.,AND MAIRI C. NOVERR
GARY MORAN, DAVID COLEMAN,AND DEREK
SULLIVAN
11 Innate Immunity to Candida
Infections / 155
3 Comparative Genomics of Candida
MIHAIG. NETEAAND NEIL A. R. GOW
Species / 27
GERALDINE BUTLER
12 Vaccines and Passive Immunity against
Candidiasis / 171
4 The Genetic Code of the Candida CTG
BRAD SPELLBERG,YUE FU,AND ASHRAF S. IBRAHIM
Clade / 45
ANA CATARINAGOMES,GABRIELA R. MOURA,
13 Salivary Histatins: Structure, Function,
AND MANUEL A. S. SANTOS
and Mechanisms of Antifungal Activity / 185
WOON SIK JANGAND MIRA EDGERTON
5 Genome Instability and DNA Repair / 57
GERMÁN LARRIBAAND RICHARD A. CALDERONE
SECTION III
6 Switching and Mating / 75 HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS
DAVID R. SOLL (THE PATHOGEN) / 195
7 Detection and Clinical Significance 14 The Cell Wall: Glycoproteins, Remodeling,
of Variability among Candida Isolates / 91 and Regulation / 197
LOIS L. HOYER CAROL MUNROAND MATHIAS L. RICHARD
v
vi CONTENTS
15 Stress Responses in Candida / 225 25 Multidrug Resistance Transcriptional
ALISTAIR J. P. BROWN, KEN HAYNES, NEIL A. R. GOW, Regulatory Networks in Candida / 403
AND JANET QUINN P. DAVID ROGERSAND KATHERINE S. BARKER
16 Adhesins in Opportunistic Fungal SECTION V
Pathogens / 243 CANDIDIASIS, EVOLVING DIAGNOSTICS,
REBECCA ZORDANAND BRENDAN CORMACK AND TREATMENT PARADIGMS / 417
17 Encounters with Mammalian Cells: 26 Mucosal Candidiasis / 419
Survival Strategies of Candida Species / 261 SANJAYG. REVANKARAND JACK D. SOBEL
SLAVENA VYLKOVAAND MICHAEL C. LORENZ
27 Systemic Candidiasis: Candidemia and
18 Gene Expression during the Distinct Deep-Organ Infections / 429
Stages of Candidiasis / 283 CORNELIUS J. CLANCYAND M. HONG NGUYEN
DUNCAN WILSON, FRANCOIS MAYER,
AND BERNHARD HUBE 28 New Developments in Diagnostics and
Management of Invasive Candidiasis / 443
SUJATHA KRISHNANAND LUIS OSTROSKY-
19 Biofilm Formation in Candida
ZEICHNER
albicans / 299
JONATHAN SEWELL FINKELAND
29 The Epidemiology of Invasive
AARON P. MITCHELL
Candidiasis / 449
MICHAEL A. PFALLERAND DANIEL J. DIEKEMA
20 Candida spp. in Microbial Populations
and Communities: Molecular Interactions
SECTION VI
and Biological Importance / 317
AMY E. PIISPANENAND DEBORAH A. HOGAN COOL TOOLS FOR RESEARCH / 481
30 Cool Tools 1: Development and
21 Back to the Future: Candida Mitochondria
Application of a Candida albicans
and Energetics / 331
Two-Hybrid System / 483
DEEPU ALEX, RICHARD CALDERONE,
AND DONGMEI LI BRAM STYNEN, PATRICK VAN DIJCK,
AND HÉLÈNE TOURNU
SECTION IV 31 Cool Tools 2: Development of a Candida
ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS, DRUG RESISTANCE, albicans Cell Surface Protein Microarray / 489
A. BRIAN MOCHON
AND DISCOVERY / 343
32 Cool Tools 3: Large-Scale Genetic
22 Antifungals: Drug Class, Mechanisms of
Interaction Screening in Candida
Action, Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics,
albicans / 497
Drug-Drug Interactions, Toxicity, and Clinical
YEISSA CHABRIER-ROSELLÓ, ANUJ KUMAR,
Use / 345
AND DAMIAN KRYSAN
JENIEL E. NETTAND DAVID R. ANDES
33 Cool Tools 4: Imaging Candida Infections
23 The Impact of Antifungal Drug Resistance in the Live Host / 501
in the Clinic / 373 SOUMYA MITRA, THOMAS H. FOSTER,
RUSSELL E. LEWISAND DIMITRIOS P. AND MELANIE WELLINGTON
KONTOYIANNIS
34 Cool Tools 5: The Candida albicans
24 Insights in Antifungal Drug ORFeome Project / 505
Discovery / 387 MÉLANIE LEGRAND, CAROL MUNRO,AND
FRANÇOISEGAY-ANDRIEU, JARED MAY, DONGMEI CHRISTOPHED’ENFERT
LI, NUO SUN, HUI CHEN, RICHARD CALDERONE,
AND DEEPU ALEX Index / 511
Contributors
DEEPU ALEX CORNELIUS J. CLANCY
Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh,
DC 20057 PA 15261
DAVIDR. ANDES DAVID COLEMAN
Department of Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Microbiology Research Unit, Division of Oral Biosciences,
Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine Dublin Dental School & Hospital, Trinity College Dublin,
and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792 University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
KATHERINES. BARKER BRENDAN CORMACK
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns
University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Children’s Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore,
Foundation Research Center, Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, MD 21205
Memphis, TN 38163
CHRISTOPHE D’ENFERT
JUDITH BERMAN
Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques,
Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development
DépartementGénomes et Génétique, and INRA, USC2019,
and Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota,
F-75015 Paris, France
Minneapolis, MN 55455
DANIEL J. DIEKEMA
ALISTAIR J. P. BROWN
Departments of Pathology and Medicine, University of Iowa
School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Institute
Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD,
United Kingdom
MIRA EDGERTON
Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State
GERALDINE BUTLER
University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214
School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science,
Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield,
PAUL L. FIDEL, JR.
Dublin 4, Ireland
Department of Oral and Craniofacial Biology, Louisiana State
RICHARD A. CALDERONE University Health Sciences Center, School of Dentistry,
Department of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Medical New Orleans, LA 70119
School,Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057
SCOTTG. FILLER
YEISSA CHABRIER-ROSELLÓ DavidGeffen School of Medicine at the University of
Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, School California Los Angeles (UCLA), and Division of Infectious
of Medicine and Dentistry, Box 850, 601 Elmwood Ave., Diseases, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute,
Rochester, NY 14642 Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502
HUI CHEN JONATHAN SEWELL FINKEL
Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon
DC 20057 University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
vii
viii CONTRIBUTORS
THOMAS H. FOSTER DAMIAN KRYSAN
Department of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology/Immunology,
Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave., Box 648, Rochester, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry,
NY 14642 Box 850, 601 Elmwood Ave., Rochester, NY 14642
YUE FU ANUJ KUMAR
DavidGeffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and Division Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental
of Infectious Diseases, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Biology, Life Sciences Institute, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann
Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, Arbor, MI 48109
CA 90502
GERMÁN LARRIBA
CHERYL A. GALE Área Microbiología, Edificio Biológicas, F. Ciencias,
Department of Pediatrics and Department of Genetics, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, MN 55455 MÉLANIE LEGRAND
Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques,
FRANÇOISEGAY-ANDRIEU DépartementGénomes et Génétique, and INRA, USC2019,
Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, F-75015 Paris, France
DC 20057, and Nantes Atlantique Universities, EA1155-
IICiMed, Nantes, France RUSSELL E. LEWIS
University of Houston College of Pharmacy and University of
ANA CATARINA GOMES Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston,
Genomics Unit, Biocant, BiocantPark–Parque Tecnologico de TX 77030
Cantanhede, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
DONGMEI LI
NEIL A. R. GOW
Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington,
School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Institute
DC 20057
of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD,
United Kingdom
MICHAEL C. LORENZ
Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The
KEN HAYNES
University of Texas Health Science Center, 6431 Fannin St.,
School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD,
Houston, TX 77030
United Kingdom
KIEREN A. MARR
DEBORAH A. HOGAN
Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth
School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755
LOIS L. HOYER JARED MAY
Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington,
Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802 DC 20057
BERNHARD HUBE FRANCOIS MAYER
Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz
Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology,
Hans Knoell Institute Jena (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, Hans Knoell Institute Jena (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a,
D-07745 Jena, Germany D-07745 Jena, Germany
ASHRAF S. IBRAHIM AARON P. MITCHELL
DavidGeffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and Division Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon
of Infectious Diseases, Los Angeles Biomedical Research University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance,
CA 90502 SOUMYA MITRA
Department of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester
WOON SIK JANG Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave., Box 648, Rochester,
Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State NY 14642
University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214
A. BRIAN MOCHON
DIMITRIOS P. KONTOYIANNIS Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David
University of Houston College of Pharmacy and Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave.,
University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Brentwood Annex, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1732
Houston, TX 77030
GARY MORAN
SUJATHA KRISHNAN Microbiology Research Unit, Division of Oral Biosciences,
Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Dublin Dental School & Hospital, Trinity College Dublin,
School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030 University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
Contributors ix
GABRIELA R. MOURA MANUEL A. S. SANTOS
Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro,
Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
CAROL MUNRO JACK D. SOBEL
Aberdeen Fungal Group, University of Aberdeen, School of Division of Infectious Diseases, Wayne State University
Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, Aberdeen, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
DAVID R. SOLL
MIHAIG. NETEA Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa
Department of Medicine and Nijmegen University Centre for City, IA 52242
Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical
Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands BRAD SPELLBERG
Division of General Internal Medicine, Los Angeles
JENIEL E. NETT Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of
Department of Medicine, Medical Microbiology and California Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center,
Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Torrance,
and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792 CA 90502
M. HONG NGUYEN BRAM STYNEN
Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, VIB Department of Molecular Microbiology, K.U. Leuven
PA 15261 Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and
Microbiology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Postbus 2438, B-3001
MAIRI C. NOVERR Leuven, Belgium
Department of Oral and Craniofacial Biology, Louisiana State
University Health Sciences Center, School of Dentistry, New DEREK SULLIVAN
Orleans, LA 70119 Microbiology Research Unit, Division of Oral Biosciences,
Dublin Dental School & Hospital, Trinity College Dublin,
LUIS OSTROSKY-ZEICHNER University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical
School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030 NUO SUN
Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington,
MICHAEL A. PFALLER DC 20057
Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College
of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, University of HÉLÈNE TOURNU
Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA 52242 VIB Department of Molecular Microbiology, K.U. Leuven
Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and
AMY E. PIISPANEN Microbiology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Postbus 2438, B-3001
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Leuven, Belgium
Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755
PATRICK VAN DIJCK
JANET QUINN VIB Department of Molecular Microbiology, K.U. Leuven
Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and
University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Microbiology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Postbus 2438, B-3001
Kingdom Leuven, Belgium
SANJAYG. REVANKAR SLAVENA VYLKOVA
Division of Infectious Diseases, Wayne State University Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The
School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 University of Texas Health Science Center, 6431 Fannin St.,
Houston, TX 77030
MATHIAS L. RICHARD
MICrobiologie de l’ALImentation au service de la Santé, MELANIE WELLINGTON
Equipe “Virulence et Infection Fongique,” INRA UMR1319 Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical
AgroParisTech, 78850 Thiverval Grignon, France Center, 601 Elmwood Ave., Box 690, Rochester, NY 14642
P. DAVID ROGERS DUNCAN WILSON
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz
University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Children’s Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology,
Foundation Research Center, Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Hans Knoell Institute Jena (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a,
Memphis, TN 38163 D-07745 Jena, Germany
LUIGINA ROMANI REBECCA ZORDAN
Microbiology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns
and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore,
Giochetto, 06122 Perugia, Italy MD 21205