Cancer Prevention and Screening: Concepts, Principles and Controversies

446 Pages·2018·3.147 MB·English

by  Rosalind A Eeles et al. (eds.)

Cancer prevention and screening
Cancer prevention
and screening
Concepts, principles and
controversies
EDITED BY
Rosalind A. Eeles, MA (Cantab), PhD, FRCP, FRCR,
FMedSci
Professor of Oncogenetics and Team Leader in Oncogenetics,
The Institute of Cancer Research,
Honorary Consultant in Cancer Genetics and Clinical Oncology,
The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
Christine D. Berg, MD
Special Advisor to the Director,
Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics,
National Cancer Institute,
National Institutes of Health, Maryland, USA
Jeffrey S. Tobias, MA (Cantab), MD, FRCP, FRCR
Professor of Cancer Medicine,
Department of Oncology,
University College London,
Honorary Consultant,
University College Hospital Foundation Trust,
London, UK
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data
Names: Eeles, Rosalind A., 1959– editor. | Berg, Christine D., editor. | Tobias, Jeffrey S., editor.
Title: Cancer prevention and screening : concepts, principles and controversies /
edited by Rosalind A. Eeles, Christine D. Berg, Jeffrey S. Tobias.
Description: Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references and index. |
Identifiers: LCCN 2018007656 (print) | LCCN 2018009190 (ebook) | ISBN 9781118991022 (pdf) |
ISBN 9781118991060 (epub) | ISBN 9781118990872 (paperback : alk. paper)
Subjects: | MESH: Neoplasms–prevention & control | Mass Screening–methods | Global Health |
Patient Education as Topic
Classification: LCC RC268 (ebook) | LCC RC268 (print) | NLM QZ 250 | DDC 616.99/4052–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018007656
Cover design: Wiley
Cover image: Mesh Figures gouache on paper, 2004 © Michael Peckham
Set in 9/12pt Meridien by SPi Global, Pondicherry, India
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
List of contributors, vii
Foreword, xi
Prologue, xiii
1 Global perspectives surrounding cancer prevention and screening, 1
Peter David Sasieni and Donald Maxwell Parkin
2 Public health perspectives surrounding cancer prevention and
screening: The Ontario edition, 19
Linda Rabeneck and Arlinda Ruco
3 Cancer screening: A general perspective, 31
Otis W. Brawley
4 The balance of cancer screening risks and benefits, 41
Julietta Patnick
5 Cancer screening issues in black and ethnic minority populations, 51
Otis W. Brawley
6 Public awareness of cancer screening, 57
Jane Wardle and Laura A.V. Marlow
7 Public understanding of cancer prevention, 69
Jessica Kirby and Sarah Woolnough
8 Cervical cancer screening: An exemplar of a population screening
programme, and cervical cancer prevention, 81
Albert Singer and Ashfaq Khan
9 Prevention of and screening for anal cancer, 101
Andrew E. Grulich, Richard J. Hillman, and Isobel M. Poynten
10 The prevention of breast cancer, 111
Anthony Howell, Michelle N. Harvie, Sacha J. Howell, Louise S. Donnelly,
and D. Gareth Evans
11 Breast cancer: Population and targeted screening, 129
Fiona J. Gilbert, Fleur Kilburn‐Toppin, Valérie D.V. Sankatsing, and
Harry J de Koning
12 Prostate cancer prevention, 145
Evan Kovac, Andrew J. Stephenson, Margaret G. House, Eric A. Klein,
and Howard L. Parnes
v
vi Contents
13 Population screening for prostate cancer, 171
Richard J. Bryant, Monique J. Roobol, and Freddie C. Hamdy
14 Colon cancer prevention, 183
John Burn and Harsh Sheth
15 Colon cancer screening, 203
David F. Ransohoff
16 Lung cancer prevention, 217
Jonathan M. Samet
17 Lung cancer screening, 237
Christine D. Berg, Kwun M. Fong, and Henry M. Marshall
18 Mesothelioma: Screening in the modern age, 257
Joanna Sesti, Sabina Musovic, Jessica S. Donington, and Harvey I. Pass
19 Skin cancer prevention and screening, 275
Mark Elwood and Terry Slevin
20 Screening and prevention of oral cancer, 295
Apurva Garg, Pankaj Chaturvedi, and Rajiv Sarin
21 Oesophageal cancer, 309
Timothy J. Underwood
22 Hepatocellular carcinoma: Prevention and screening, 317
Aileen Marshall and Tim Meyer
23 Ovarian cancer prevention and screening, 331
Aleksandra Gentry‐Maharaj, Michelle Griffin, and Usha Menon
24 Screening for testicular cancer, 349
Kevin Litchfield, Clare Turnbull, and Robert A. Huddart
25 Issues in paediatric cancers, 361
Jonah Himelfarb and David Malkin
26 Obesity and dietary approaches to cancer prevention, 381
Andrew G. Renehan
27 Risk profiling for cancer prevention and screening – lessons for the future, 403
Rosalind A. Eeles, Paul Pharoah, Alison Hall, Susmita Chowdhury,
and Hilary Burton
28 Cancer prevention and screening: Advances to carry forward, 417
Christine D. Berg, Rosalind A. Eeles, and Jeffrey S. Tobias
Index, 425
List of contributors
Christine D. Berg Louise S. Donnelly
Special Advisor to the Director, Division of Research Fellow, Genesis Breast Cancer
Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Prevention Centre, University Hospital of
Cancer Institute, National Institutes of South Manchester NHS Trust, Wythenshawe,
Health, Maryland, USA UK
Otis W. Brawley Rosalind A. Eeles
Chief Medical Officer, American Cancer Professor of Oncogenetics and Team Leader
Society, Georgia, USA in Oncogenetics, The Institute of Cancer
Research, Honorary Consultant in Cancer
Richard J. Bryant Genetics and Clinical Oncology, The Royal
Cancer Research UK, Royal College of Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London,
Surgeons of England Clinician Scientist UK
Fellow, Nuffield Department of Surgical
Sciences, Oxford Cancer Research Centre, Mark Elwood
University of Oxford; Professor of Cancer Epidemiology,
Honorary Consultant Urological Surgeon, School of Population Health, University of
Department of Urology, Oxford University Auckland, New Zealand
Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
D. Gareth Evans
John Burn Professor of Medical Genetics, Genesis
Professor, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Breast Cancer Prevention Centre, University
International Centre for Life, Hospital of South Manchester NHS Trust,
Newcastle University, UK Wythenshawe, UK; The Christie NHS
Foundation Trust & Institute of Cancer
Hilary Burton Sciences; Manchester Centre for Genomic
Director, PHG Foundation, Cambridge, UK Medicine, St Mary’s Hospital, Manchester
Academic Health Sciences Centre (MAHSC),
Pankaj Chaturvedi Institute of Human Development, University
Professor, Head & Neck Surgery, Tata of Manchester, UK
Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
Kwun M. Fong
Susmita Chowdhury Director, University of Queensland Thoracic
Project Manager and Research Associate, Research Centre, and Department of
West Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust; Thoracic Medicine, The Prince Charles
PHG Foundation, Cambridge, UK Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
Jessica S. Donington Apurva Garg
Associate Professor, Department of Senior Research Fellow, Head & Neck
Cardiothoracic Surgery, NYU School of Surgery, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai,
Medicine, New York, USA India
vii
viii List of contributors
Aleksandra Gentry‐Maharaj Margaret G. House
Trial Coordinator, Gynaecological Cancer Nurse Consultant, National Cancer Institute,
Research Centre, UCL, London, UK Rockville, MD, USA
Fiona J. Gilbert Anthony Howell
Professor of Radiology, University of Professor in Breast Oncology, Genesis Breast
Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine; Cancer Prevention Centre, University
Honorary Consultant Radiologist, Hospital of South Manchester NHS Trust,
University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe; The Christie NHS Foundation
Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK Trust & Institute of Cancer Sciences,
University of Manchester, UK
Michelle Griffin
Honorary Clinical Fellow, Gynaecological Sacha J. Howell
Cancer Research Centre, UCL, London, UK Senior Clinical Lecturer, Genesis Breast
Cancer Prevention Centre, University
Andrew E. Grulich Hospital of South Manchester NHS Trust,
Professor and Head, HIV Epidemiology and Wythenshawe; The Christie NHS Foundation
Prevention Program, Kirby Institute, Trust & Institute of Cancer Sciences,
University of New South Wales, Sydney, University of Manchester, UK
Australia
Robert A. Huddart
Alison Hall Professor of Urological Cancer, The Institute
Head of Humanities, PHG Foundation, of Cancer Research, London, UK
Cambridge, UK
Ashfaq Khan
Freddie C. Hamdy Consultant and Head of Colposcopy Service,
Professor, Nuffield Department of Surgical Whittington Hospital, and Senior Clinical
Sciences, Oxford Cancer Research Centre, Lecturer, UCL Medical School, London, UK
University of Oxford; Department of Urology,
Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation
Fleur Kilburn‐Toppin
Trust, Oxford, UK
Consultant Radiologist, University of
Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine;
Michelle N. Harvie
University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust,
Research Dietitian, Genesis Breast Cancer
Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
Prevention Centre, University Hospital of
South Manchester NHS Trust, Wythenshawe,
Jessica Kirby
UK
Senior Health Information Manager, Cancer
Research UK, London, UK
Richard J. Hillman
Associate Professor, HIV, Immunology and
Infectious Diseases, St Vincent’s Hospital, Eric A. Klein
Sydney, Australia Chairman, Glickman Urological and
Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic,
Jonah Himelfarb Cleveland, OH, USA
Internal Medicine Resident, Division
of Hematology/Oncology, Genetics and Harry J de Koning
Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Professor of Evaluation of Screening,
Sick Children; Department of Pediatrics, Department of Public Health, Erasmus
University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
List of contributors ix
Evan Kovac Sabina Musovic
Urologic Oncology Fellow, Glickman Research Data Coordinator, Department
Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland of Cardiothoracic Surgery, NYU School of
Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA Medicine, New York, USA
Kevin Litchfield Donald Maxwell Parkin
Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Honorary Senior Research Fellow, Nuffield
Institute of Cancer Research; MRC Skills Department of Public Health, University of
Oxford, UK
Development Fellow (Bioinformatics),
Translational Cancer Therapeutics
Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Howard L. Parnes
Chief, National Cancer Institute, Rockville,
London, UK
MD, USA
David Malkin Harvey I. Pass
Director, Cancer Genetics Program, Staff Stephen E. Banner Professor of Thoracic
Oncologist, Senior Scientist, Genetics & Oncology, Department of Cardiothoracic
Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Surgery, NYU School of Medicine, New York,
Sick Children, Department of Pediatrics, USA
University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Julietta Patnick
Laura A.V. Marlow Visiting Professor, Cancer Screening,
Research Associate, Cancer Research University of Oxford, UK
UK Health Behaviour Research Centre,
Department of Epidemiology & Public Paul Pharoah
Health, UCL, London, UK Professor of Cancer Epidemiology, Centre for
Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of
Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Aileen Marshall
Consultant in Hepatology, The Royal Free
Isobel M. Poynten
Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre, and UCL
Senior Lecturer, HIV Epidemiology and
Institute of Liver and Digestive Health,
Prevention Program, Kirby Institute,
Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
University of New South Wales, Sydney,
Australia
Henry M. Marshall
Clinical Academic Fellow, University of Linda Rabeneck
Queensland Thoracic Research Centre, Vice President, Institute for Clinical
and Department of Thoracic Medicine, Evaluative Sciences; Cancer Care Ontario;
The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Department of Medicine, Institute of Health
Australia Policy, Management and Evaluation,
and Dalla Lana School of Public Health,
University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
Usha Menon
Research Group Lead, Gynaecological Cancer
David F. Ransohoff
Research Centre, UCL, London, UK
Professor of Medicine, Division of
Gastroenterology and Hepatology,
Tim Meyer Department of Medicine; Clinical
Professor, Department of Oncology, UCL Professor of Epidemiology, Department of
Medical School, and UCL Cancer Institute, Epidemiology, University of North Carolina,
London, UK Chapel Hill, NC, USA
x List of contributors
Andrew G. Renehan Albert Singer
Professor of Cancer Studies and Surgery, Emeritus Professor of Gynaecological
Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Research, Institute for Women’s Health,
Medical Sciences, University of Manchester; UCL, London, UK
Manchester Cancer Research Centre and
NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Terry Slevin
Centre; Colorectal and Peritoneal Oncology Director, Education and Research, Cancer
Centre, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Council of Western Australia, Perth,
Manchester, UK Australia
Monique J. Roobol Andrew J. Stephenson
Professor in Decision making in Urology, Director, Glickman Urological and Kidney
Erasmus University Medical Center, Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH,
Rotterdam, Netherlands USA
Arlinda Ruco Jeffrey S. Tobias
Health Services Researcher, Institute of Professor of Cancer Medicine, Department
Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, of Oncology, University College London;
University of Toronto; Department of Honorary Consultant, University College
Surgery, St. Michael’s Hospital, Canada Hospital Foundation Trust, London, UK
Jonathan M. Samet Clare Turnbull
Dean and Professor, Colorado School of Professor of Genomic Medicine,  William
Public Health, Aurora, USA Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary
University; Senior Researcher, Division of
Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute
Valérie D.V. Sankatsing
of Cancer Research; Honorary Consultant
Department of Public Health, Erasmus
in Clinical Genetics, Department of Clinical
Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Genetics, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS
Foundation Trust, London, UK
Rajiv Sarin
Professor, Radiation Oncology & Cancer
Timothy J. Underwood
Genetics, Tata Memorial Hospital,
Associate Professor in Surgery, Cancer
Mumbai, India
Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Southampton, UK
Peter David Sasieni
Director of King’s Clinical Trials Unit, School
Jane Wardle
of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
(now deceased) Formerly:
King’s College London, UK
Professor, Cancer Research UK Health
Behaviour Research Centre, Department of
Joanna Sesti Epidemiology & Public Health, UCL,
Thoracic and Cardiac Surgeon, Department London, UK
of Cardiothoracic Surgery, NYU School of
Medicine, New York, USA
Sarah Woolnough
Executive Director of Policy and
Harsh Sheth Information, Cancer Research UK,
Research Associate, Institute of Genetic London, UK
Medicine, International Centre for Life,
Newcastle University, UK
Foreword
Saving lives, saving money, and reducing the huge physical and emotional toll of
cancer – the potential gains that can be made through successful cancer preven-
tion and screening should not be underestimated. In the UK, 4 in 10 cancer cases
could be prevented, mostly through modifying aspects of our lifestyles which we
have the ability to change. Thousands of lives each year are saved through the
existing cancer screening programmes. However, there is much scope for improve-
ment, as set out in the chapters in this book.
New screening modalities and refinements to existing screening technologies
are in development, which could help save even more lives if the evidence
becomes strong enough to support their implementation. More sophisticated risk
stratification could lead to tailored screening approaches for individuals or groups,
maximizing their efficacy. While these developments hold much promise, research
continues to highlight the unintended consequences of screening, and the need
for new approaches to minimize harms, as well as clear communication to enable
informed decision‐making. Public perceptions of screening are extremely positive,
but these strong views should not sway a carefully considered and evidence‐based
approach to screening policy‐making.
Legislative changes such as the standardized packaging of cigarettes, and major
developments like human papilloma virus vaccination, offer much hope for
cancer prevention. But still there are many untapped opportunities. Political dis-
course on obesity remains predominantly focused on individual choice. We need
also to address our obesogenic environment and the influence of industry, while
waistlines continue to grow rapidly. The question is, can lessons from tobacco
control be transferred to addressing the more complex challenge of obesity?
Our understanding of how and when to deliver health messages for greatest
impact is growing, so continued research into successful behaviour change inter-
ventions, and making the most of ‘teachable moments’, should prove fruitful.
And as we gain more insight into individual risk prediction, this information can
increasingly be used to help target prevention – whether lifestyle or medical – to
those who will benefit the most. Successful cancer prevention requires upfront
investment, but the large pay‐off in savings on cancer care and treatment makes
investment in prevention a prudent long‐term approach.
Globally, cancer is becoming an extremely important health problem, including
in countries where it has historically not been considered a priority. Increases in
longevity, together with high tobacco use and the growing prevalence of obesity,
xi