Cancer Nanotheranostics PDF
Preview Cancer Nanotheranostics
SPRINGER BRIEFS IN APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY NANOTHERANOSTICS P. Gopinath · S. Uday Kumar Ishita Matai · Bharat Bhushan Deepika Malwal · Abhay Sachdev Poornima Dubey Cancer Nanotheranostics SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology Nanotheranostics Series editors Tamil Selvan Subramanian, Singapore, Singapore Karthikeyan Narayanan, Singapore, Singapore Padmanabhan Parasuraman, Singapore, Singapore Paulmurugan Ramasamy, Palo Alto, USA More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/13040 P. Gopinath · S. Uday Kumar · Ishita Matai Bharat Bhushan · Deepika Malwal Abhay Sachdev · Poornima Dubey Cancer Nanotheranostics 1 3 P. Gopinath Deepika Malwal Centre for Nanotechnology Centre for Nanotechnology Department of Biotechnology Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee Roorkee India India Abhay Sachdev S. Uday Kumar Centre for Nanotechnology Centre for Nanotechnology Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee Roorkee India India Poornima Dubey Ishita Matai Centre for Nanotechnology Centre for Nanotechnology Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee Roorkee India India Bharat Bhushan Centre for Nanotechnology Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee India ISSN 2191-530X ISSN 2191-5318 (electronic) SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology ISSN 2197-6740 ISSN 2197-6759 (electronic) Nanotheranostics ISBN 978-981-287-434-4 ISBN 978-981-287-435-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-981-287-435-1 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015932514 Springer Singapore Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © The Author(s) 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer Science+Business Media Singapore Pte Ltd. is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface Diagnose the illness, trace its cause, seek the proper remedy and apply it with skill. —Thirukural (Verse 948) by Thiruvalluvar, a Tamil Poet (2 B.C–8 A.D) Inspite of being the major cause of death, efficient cancer therapy and its early diagnosis remains elusive for the researchers around the world. With the advent of new nanomaterials, the present century has revolutionized the application of nanoscale formulations for healthcare applications, especially in the field of cancer therapy or diagnosis. These nanoscale materials by virtue of their small dimension and improved therapeutic and diagnostic efficacy against cancer have transcended to the next generation of nanoscale formulations capable of achieving cancer ther- apy and diagnosis simultaneously. Such multifunctional nanoscale formulations would invariantly consist of therapeutic and diagnostic components combined together within a nanoscale carrier molecule. Realizing such multifunctional thera- nostic systems in the imminent future can reinvent the current cancer management strategies. In concert with the aforementioned theme, this book would provide a clear insight into the recent advances in the field of cancer theranostics with special emphasis on nanoscale carrier molecules (polymeric, protein and lipid based) and imaging agents (organic and inorganic). v Acknowledgments Sincere thanks to the Science and Engineering Research Board (No. SR/FT/LS- 57/2012) and Department of Biotechnology (No.BT/PR6804/GBD/27/486/2012), Government of India, for the financial support to conduct research in “Cancer Nanotheranostics” field. vii Contents Cancer Nanotheranostics ........................................ 1 1 Cancer Nanotheranostics: Introduction .......................... 1 1.1 Polymer Based Nanotheranostics ......................... 2 2 Dendrimers: Introduction ..................................... 9 2.1 Dendrimers as Drug Carriers ............................ 11 2.2 Dendrimers for Tumor Imaging .......................... 15 2.3 Dendrimers as Carriers for Theranostic Agents .............. 17 3 Porphyrins as Cancer Theranostic Agents ........................ 20 3.1 Porphyrins as Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) Agents ......... 21 3.2 Porphyrins as Photo Thermal Therapy (PTT) Agents ......... 23 3.3 Porphyrins as Bioimaging Agents ........................ 27 3.4 Porphyrin Based Nanoparticles (Porphysomes) .............. 30 4 Carbon Dots: Introduction .................................... 31 4.1 C-Dots as Bioimaging Agents ........................... 34 4.2 C-Dots as Theranostic Agents ........................... 39 5 Protein Based Nanoparticles: Introduction ....................... 41 5.1 Albumins ........................................... 42 5.2 Gelatin ............................................. 50 5.3 Protein Nanocages .................................... 56 5.4 Lectin .............................................. 61 5.5 Therapeutic Protein and Peptide Based Nanoparticles ........ 63 5.6 Other Protein Based Nanoparticles ....................... 65 6 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN): Introduction .................... 65 6.1 SLN: A Versatile Nanocarrier. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 6.2 Synthesis of SLN Using Different Techniques .............. 68 6.3 SLN for Cancer Therapy ............................... 76 6.4 SLN for Cancer Imaging ............................... 83 6.5 SLN as Theranostic Agent .............................. 85 6.6 Molecular Mechanism of Cellular Uptake .................. 86 6.7 Drug Delivery Routes .................................. 87 ix x Contents 6.8 Drawbacks of SLN .................................... 90 6.9 Other Lipid Based Nanoparticles ......................... 91 7 Conclusion ................................................ 93 References .................................................... 95 Abbreviations 4T1 Murine breast cancer cell 5-FU 5-Fluorouracil A549 Human lung cancer cell ADC Antibody-drug conjugate Aft Apoferritin AMF AC magnetic field Anti-CEA Anti-carcinoembryonic antigen antibodies Anti-TAG-72 Tumor associated glycoprotein-72 monoclonal antibodies ARPE-19 Human retinal pigmented epithelium cell ATF Amino-terminal fragment ATRP Atom transfer radical polymerization Au Gold Au-DENPs Dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles B16 Murine melanoma cell line BBB Blood–brain barrier BCECs Capillary endothelial cells BHHBB 1,2-bis[40-(100,100,100,20 0,20 0,300,300-heptafluoro-400,60 0-hexanedion- 600-yl)-benzyl]-benzene BOPP 4-bis-(a, b-didihidroxyethyl)-deutero-porphyrin IX BPA Borophenylalanine BPT 2-(N,N-diethylanilin-4-yl)-4,6-bis (pyrazol-1-yl)-1,3,5-triazine BSA Bovine serum albumin BT474 Human breast carcinoma cell line BTZ Bortezomib C32 Human amelanotic melanoma cell line C6 Glioma cells Caco-2 Human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma fibroblasts CAFs Cancer-associated fibroblasts xi
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