Cancer Disparities: Causes and Evidence-Based Solutions

582 Pages·2012·3.786 MB·English

by  Ronit Elk PhD, Hope Landrine PhD

Causes and Evidence-Based Solutions
Elk
CanCer Disparities Landrine
Ronit Elk, PhD
Hope Landrine, PhD
Editors CanCer
C
There has been remarkable progress in understanding, preventing, detecting, diagnosing, and treating cancer,
a
resulting in a reduction of cancer incidence and mortality in the United States. Despite this, the cancer burden
varies considerably by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status. Cancer incidence rates vary markedly between n
racial/ethnic groups, but even more startling are the differences in outcome across groups.
Cancer Disparities: Causes and Evidence-Based Solutions helps readers understand the scope and causes of C
Disparities
this inequity by providing a detailed analysis of the many factors that result in cancer disparities across the
cancer continuum, including the role of race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, access to and use of services, e
insurance status, geographic variables, and differences in treatment provided to patients.
r
Further, it is the first book to describe evidence-based, concrete solutions that can be used to reduce or even

eliminate cancer health disparities. Fifteen previously unpublished studies of interventions designed specifi-
D
cally to achieve health equity are described. These studies focus on contextually and culturally appropriate
strategies to enhance cancer prevention, screening and early detection, treatment, symptom management,
i
and quality of life in underserved populations. s
A wide range of populations (including African American, Native American, Latino, and other groups) is p
Causes and Evidence-Based Solutions
included within the studies, and a variety of cancers including breast, colorectal, prostate, cervical, and lung a
cancer are the focus of the interventions.
Descriptions of interventions include measures of effectiveness, and are written in sufficient detail for other r
groups/readers to replicate and/or adapt them within their own communities.
i
t
Several chapters are written by faculty of the American Cancer Society and their collaborators, well-respected
and widely published authorities in their field. The intervention studies were conducted by nationally respected
i
experts who competed successfully in the prestigious and highly competitive national Peer Review System of e
the American Cancer Society.
s
KEy FEaTuREs
• Offers an in-depth look at the latest research regarding cancer disparities
• Presents 15 never-before-published, evidence-based interventions that readers can replicate
• P rovides real-life examples of how barriers to cancer prevention, care, and information can be
reduced or eliminated through interventions with individuals, groups, communities, health care Ronit Elk
systems, and policy change
• Includes interventions for African American, Latino, Native American, and other populations
Hope Landrine
• Written by highly respected and published cancer researchers
Editors
ACS Product Code 974601
ISBN 978-0-8261-0882-1
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Cancer Disparities
Causes and
Evidence-Based Solutions
http://avaxho.me/blogs/ChrisRedfield
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Ronit Elk, PhD is Director of Cancer Control and Prevention Research and Director
of the Priority Program in Health Disparities of the Extramural Research Grants at
the American Cancer Society. Born in Israel, she grew up in Israel, Turkey, India,
Uganda, Kenya, and South Africa. She received her PhD in Cape Town, South
Africa, and shortly thereafter immigrated with her family to the United States. Prior
to joining the American Cancer Society, Dr. Elk was an Associate Professor in the
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at the University of Texas Health
Sciences Center in Houston. She was Principal Investigator of two large National
Institutes of Health (NIH) grants ($3 million); and co-investigator or consultant on
12 additional NIH grants. She has served on several research panels of the NIH, and
published over 40 scientific papers in peer-reviewed journals. During her 10-year
tenure with the American Cancer Society, she has spearheaded the Cancer Control
and Prevention Research program, and led the targeted program in Disparities
Research, resulting in a dramatic increase in applications and funded grants in these
areas. She recently received the Society of Behavioral Medicine, Cancer Special
Interest Group award, in recognition of her contribution to this field. Dr. Elk is the
author, with Dr. Monica Morrow, of Breast Cancer for Dummies. She is also the author
of two children’s books, A Surprise at Dancing Fields and It’s the Elephant’s Picnic.
Hope Landrine, PhD is Director of the Center for Health Disparities Research
and Professor of Psychology at East Carolina University. She received her PhD
in Clinical Psychology at the University of Rhode Island, postdoctoral training
in Social Psychology at Stanford University, and postdoctoral training in Cancer
Prevention and Control as a National Cancer Institute Fellow at the University
of Southern California Medical School. Her research focuses on sociocultural and
contextual factors in cancer and other chronic disease disparities among African
Americans. She has published numerous articles and books on this topic, and
received six national awards for her research, including the American Psychological
Association (APA) Dalmas Taylor Award for Lifetime, Distinguished Contributions
to Research on Ethnic Minorities, and Fellow status in APA Divisions 35 (Women), 9
(Social Issues), 38 (Health), and 45 (Ethnic Minorities) for outstanding contributions
to research. She is the former Director of Multicultural Health Behavior Research at
the American Cancer Society, and continues to collaborate with American Cancer
Society and National Cancer Institute scholars on studies of Black–White cancer
disparities. Her current grants focus on improving quality of care for Black women
breast cancer patients in oncology practices, and on novel strategies for providing
cancer education to low-income, rural, minority communities.
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Cancer Disparities
Causes and
Evidence-Based Solutions
Ronit Elk, PhD
Hope Landrine, PhD
Editors
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Title: Cancer Disparities: Causes & Evidence-Based Solutions, Server: Short / Normal Publishing Services
Copyright © 2012 American Cancer Society
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ISBN: 978-0-8261-0882-1
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The author and the publisher of this Work have made every effort to use sources believed to be reliable to
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Cancer disparities : causes and evidence-based solutions / [edited by] Ronit Elk, Hope Landrine.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 978-0-8261-0882-1 — ISBN 978-0-8261-0883-8 (e-book)
I. Elk, Ronit. II. Landrine, Hope, 1954-
[DNLM: 1. Neoplasms—epidemiology—United States. 2. African Americans—United States. 3. Health Status
Disparities—United States. 4. Healthcare Disparities—United States. 5. Hispanic Americans—United States.
6. Socioeconomic Factors—United States. QZ 220 AA1]
LC-classification not assigned
614.5’9990973—dc23 2011028433
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We owe a debt of gratitude to the many people—
researchers, clinicians, policy makers,
community advocates, and others—who have committed their
lives’ work to reducing health disparities:
The leaders who paved the way;
Those who are currently engaged in the work, and
Future generations who will continue their commitment until
health equity is achieved.
To my father and grandfather
who instilled in me the value of
“tikkun olam” (fixing the world) through example.
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Contents
Contributors xi
Preface by Linda G. Blount xix
Acknowledgments xxv
Introduction by Otis W. Brawley xxvii
part I: UNDErStaNDING CaNCEr DISparItIES
1. The Biology of Cancer and Its Relationship to Disparities
in Cancer Occurrence and Outcomes 3
Brooke Sylvester, Olufunmilayo I. Olopade,
and Margaret K. Offermann
2. Racial/Ethnic and Socioeconomic Disparities in Cancer Incidence,
Stage, Survival, and Mortality in the United States 37
Jiemin Ma, Rebecca Siegel, and Ahmedin Jemal
3. Disparities in Cancer Risk Factors and Cancer Screening
in the United States 59
Vilma Cokkinides, J. Lee Westmaas, Priti Bandi,
and Elizabeth Ward
4. Disparities in Cancer Treatment: Factors That Impact Health Equity
in Breast, Colon, and Lung Cancer 89
Ronit Elk, Arden Morris, Tracy L. Onega, Pamela Ganschow,
Dawn Hershmann, Otis W. Brawley, and Samuel Cykert
5. Racial, Ethnic, and Socioeconomic Health Disparities
Among Cancer Survivors and Informal Caregivers 121
Tenbroeck Smith, Kevin Stein, Youngmee Kim, Dexter Cooper,
Katherine Virgo, Irma Corral, and Hope Landrine
6. The Geography of Cancer and Its Risk Factors: Implications of
Neighborhood Disparities for Cancer Disparities 141
Hope Landrine, Irma Corral, Yongping Hao, Chiewkwei Kaw,
Joy L. King, and Julia C. Fondren
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viii Contents
part II: INtErVENtIONS FOr ELIMINatING CaNCEr DISparItIES
section A: eliminating Disparities in cancer Risk Factors
7. 5-a-Day and Fit-for-Life Badge Programs for Cancer
Prevention in Boy Scouts 169
Amy Shirong Lu, Janice Baranowski, Debbe Thompson, Karen W. Cullen,
Tom Baranowski, Russ Jago, and Richard Buday
8. A Systematic Approach to Developing Contextually, Culturally,
and Gender-Sensitive Interventions for African American
Men: The Example of Men 4 Health 193
Derek M. Griffith, Katie Gunter, and Julie Ober Allen
9. The North Carolina BEAUTY and Health Project: Preventing Cancer
in African American Beauty Salons 211
Laura A. Linnan, Cherise B. Harrington, John M. Rose, Veronica Carlisle,
and Morris Boswell
10. Promoting Healthy Eating by Strengthening Family Relations:
Design and Implementation of the Entre Familia: Reflejos de Salud
Intervention 237
Guadalupe X. Ayala, Leticia Ibarra, Elva Arredondo, Lucy Horton,
Erika Hernandez, Humberto Parada, Donald Slymen, Cheryl Rock, Moshe
Engelberg, and John P. Elder
section B: eliminating Disparities in cancer screening
11. Racial Disparities in Breast and Cervical Cancer: Can Legislative
Action Work? 253
E. Kathleen Adams and Li-Nien Chien
12. Messengers for Health: Apsáalooke Women Capture the Vision
of Wellness 277
Vanessa Watts Simonds, Suzanne Christopher, Beldine Crooked Arm
Pease, Lois Jefferson, Carol Howe, Deb LaVeaux, Myra Lefthand, Rochelle
Lodgepole, Alma McCormick, Larna Old Elk, Eleanor Pretty On Top,
Colleen Simpson, Maudine Stewart, and Chaplain Carol Whiteman
13. Tools for Improving Colorectal Cancer Screening Rates: Multimedia
Versus Print in an Underserved Community 293
Gregory Makoul, David W. Baker, Denise Scholtens, and Ann Trauscht
14. Partnering With Safety-Net Primary Care Clinics: A Model
to Enhance Screening in Low-Income Populations—Principles,
Challenges, and Key Lessons 315
Samantha Hendren, Sharon Humiston, and Kevin Fiscella
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