Table Of Content

DRAFT Canadian Constitutional Law VOLUME 2 P. Macklem R.C.B. Risk C J. Rogerson K. E. Swinton L. E. Weinrib J.D. Whyte 1993 EMOND MONTGOMERY PUBLICATIONS LIMITED TORONTO, CANADA BORA LASKIN LAW LIBRARY .UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO DRAFT Canadian Constitutional Law VOLUME 2 P. Macklem R.C.B. Risk C.J. Rogerson K. E. Swinton L. E. Weinrib J.D. Whyte 1993 EMOND MONTGOMERY PUBLICATIONS LIMITED TORONTO, CANADA Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2019 with funding from University of Toronto https://archive.org/details/canadianconstitu02unse_0 Table of Contents DRAFT VERSION OF CHAPTERS 14 THROUGH 29 — CANADIAN CONSTITUTIONAL LAW RIGHTS Chapter Fourteen The Common Law Constitution. 1 A.V. Dicey, Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution. 2 W. Kaplan, State and Salvation: The Jehovah's Witnesses and Their Fight for Civil Rights . 3 Roncarelli v. Duplessis. 7 Chapter Fifteen Rights and Federalism. 13 I. Introduction. 13 II. Federalism and Race . 14 Union Colliery Co. v. Bryden. 15 Cunningham v. Tomey Homma. 17 Bruce Ryder, “Racism and the Constitution: British Columbia Anti-Asian Legislation, 1872-1923”. 18 Quong Wing v. The King. 19 Note. 23 El. The Implied Bill of Rights. 24 Reference Re Alberta Statutes. 24 Saumur v. City of Quebec. 30 Switzman v. Elbling. 35 A.G. Canada v. Dupond . 39 Chapter Sixteen The Canadian Bill of Rights. 43 The Canadian Bill of Rights.43 I. Hunter, “Human Rights Legislation in Canada: Its Origin, Development and Interpretation”. 48 Canadian Constitutional Law IV Chapter Seventeen The Evolution of the Charter’s Text. 51 Lorraine E. Weinrib, “Of Diligence and Dice: Reconstituting Canada’s Constitution”. 51 P. Russell, “The Political Purposes of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms”. 58 Chapter Eighteen Reading the Charter Text. 69 I. Supremacy. 69 Section 52. 69 II. Institutional Roles: Courts and Legislatures . 70 Section 1. 70 Section 24. 70 Section 32. 71 Section 33. 71 III. Rights and Freedoms. 72 IV. Interpretative Provisions. 76 V. Aboriginal Rights. 77 Chapter Nineteen Principles of Interpretation. 79 I. Rights. 79 Law Society of Upper Canada v. Skapinker. 81 Hunter v. Southam. 84 R. v. Big M Drug Mart Ltd. 86 Note on the Reconsideration of the Canadian Bill of Rights. 88 R. v. Therens. 89 R. Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously. 90 Reference Re Section 94(2) of the Motor Vehicle Act (B.C.). 93 Note. 97 Reference Re Public Service Employee Relations Act (Alta.). 97 Edmonton Journal v. Alberta (Attorney General). 99 II. Limitation on Rights. 102 A. Prescribed by Law. 103 R. v. Therens. 104 Attorney-General of Quebec v. Irwin Toy. 104 Osborne v. Canada (Treasury Board). 105 B. Justification. 107 R. v. Big M Drug Mart. 109 R. v. Oakes . Ill Edwards Books and Art Ltd. v. The Queen. 114 Note: Approaches to Section 1 Justification. 115 C. Objective. 117 Table of Contents v D. Proportionality. . 118 Rational Connection. 119 Minimal Impairment. 119 Deleterious Effects. 120 III. Commentary. 121 Andrew Petter, “The Politics of the Charter”. 121 Allan C. Hutchinson and Andrew Petter, “Private Rights/Public Wrongs: The Liberal Lie of the Charter”. 122 Patrick J. Monahan, “Judicial Review and Democracy: A Theory of Judicial Review” . 126 Bernard H. Siegan, “Commentary on Monahan Paper”. 129 Patrick J. Monahan and Andrew Petter, “Developments in Constitutional Law: the 1985-86 Term”. 132 L. E. Weinrib, “Limitations on Rights in a Constitutional Democracy: Models of Judicial Review under Canada’s Charter”. 141 David Beatty, “Human Rights and Constitutional Review in Canada”. 147 Chapter Twenty The Override. 151 M. Mandel, The Charter of Rights and the Legalization of Politics in Canada . 152 Proprosals to Change the Override. 153 The Background to Ford v. A.G. Quebec. 155 Ford v. A.G. Quebec. 157 Note on the Supreme Court of Canada’s Ruling in Ford. 161 Chapter Twenty-one Application . 167 I. The Debate About Application to Private Action. 167 Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union, Local 580 v. Dolphin Delivery Ltd. 167 Note. 174 David Beatty, “Constitutional Conceits: The Coercive Authority of Courts” .. 175 Alan Hutchinson and Andrew Petter, “Private Rights/Public Wrongs: The Liberal Lie of the Charter”. 177 John Whyte, “Is the Private Sector Affected by the Charter?”. 181 II. Post Dolphin Delivery: Finding Governmental Action. 184 K. Swinton, “Application of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms” .. 187 McKinney v. University of Guelph. 189 Note. 199 Lavigne v. Ontario Public Service Employees Union (OPSEU). 200 Note: Application of Charter to Crown Corporations. 204 Canadian Constitutional Law VI Chapter Twenty-two Remedies. 205 I. Introduction and Overview. 205 A. McLellan and B. Elman, “The Enforcement of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms: An Analysis of Section 24”. 205 Note. 207 Schachter v. Canada . 208 Further Reading. 222 II. Partial Invalidation: Severance, Reading Down and Constitutional Exemptions . . 223 A. Severance. 223 B. Reading Down. 223 Osborne v. Canada. 225 C. Constitutional Exemptions . 228 R. v. Chief. 229 R. v. Seaboyer, R. v. Gayme. 231 B. Extension of Laws. 233 ^. Temporary Suspension of Declaration of Invalidity. 235 < Structural Injunctions. 236 R.J. Sharpe, “Injunctions and the Charter”. 236 Marchand v. Simcoe County Board of Education. 240 Further Reading. 243 VI. Damages. 243 Chapter Twenty-three Religion. 245 S. 2(a) Freedom of Conscience and Religion. 245 W. James, The Varieties of Religious Experience. 245 R. v. Videoflicks. 246 International Comparisons. 246 I. Sunday closing. 247 W. Rybczynski, Waiting for the Weekend. 247 R. v. Big M Drug Mart Ltd. 251 Edwards Books and Art Ltd. v. The Queen. 261 II. Education. 276 Zylberberg v. Sudbury Board of Education (Director). 276 Re Corporation of the Canadian Civil Liberties Association et al. and Minister of Education et al.; Canadian Jewish Congress et al.. Interveners. 282 Reference Re Bill 30, an Act to amend the Education Act (Ontario). 285 Note on the Funding of Independent Religious Schools. 291 Table of Contents vii Chapter Twenty-four Freedom of Expression. 293 I. Introduction. 293 A. International Comparisons . 293 American Constitution, First Amendment. 293 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. 293 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. 294 B. Purposes of the Guarantee. 295 R. v. Keegstra. 295 Allan Hutchinson, “Money Talk: Against Constitutionalizing (Commercial) Speech”. 299 II. The Scope of Freedom of Expression. 302 A. The Right to Express Oneself. 302 Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union, Local 580 v. Dolphin Delivery Ltd. 302 Ford v. A.G. Quebec. 305 Irwin Toy v. Quebec (Attorney General). 307 Notes and Questions. 320 B. The Right to Refrain From Speaking . 326 HI. Content-Based Restrictions on Expression. 326 A. Prostitution. 326 Reference re ss. 193 and 195.1(1 )(c) of the Criminal Code. 326 Jody Freeman, “The Feminist Debate Over Prostitution Reform: Prostitutes’ Rights Groups, Radical Feminists, and the (Im)possibility of Consent”. 338 Note. 342 B. Hate Literature. 343 R. v. Keegstra. 343 Notes and Questions. 370 Note: R. v. Zundel. 372 C. Obscenity, Pornography and Indecency. 375 Catherine A. MacKinnon, “Not a Moral Issue”. 375 David A. J. Richards, “Pornography Commissions and the First Amendment: On Constitutional Values and Constitutional Facts”.378 Robin West, “The Feminist-Conservative Anti-Pornography Alliance and the 1986 Attorney-General’s Commission on Pornography Report”. 383 Carol Smart, Feminism and the Power of Law. 392 R. v. Butler. 393 Notes and Questions.410 IV. Freedom of Expression and the Political Process. 414 A. Controls on Election Spending. 414 National Citizens Coalition Inc.—Coalition nationale des citoyens Inc. v. Canada (Attorney General). 415 Note. 421 Somerville v. Canada (Attorney General).421 viii Canadian Constitutional Law David A. Richards, Toleration and the Constitution. 426 Note. 428 B. State Funding of Political Speech. 429 Re MacKay et al. and Government of Manitoba. 429 Note. 433 C. Restrictions on the Political Activities of Civil Servants. 434 Osborne v. Canada (Treasury Board). 434 D. The Right to Vote. 437 Reference re Electoral Boundaries Commission Act (Saskatchewan). 437 Chapter Twenty-five Freedom of Association. 443 Reference Re Public Service Employee Relations Act (Alta.). 443 Notes. 468 Professional Institute of the Public Service of Canada v. Northwest Territories. 470 Notes. 480 Patrick Macklem, “Developments in Employment Law: The 1990-91 Term”. 480 Lavigne v. Ontario Public Service Employees Union. 482 Notes. 500 Chapter Twenty-six Life, Liberty and Security of the Person . 501 I. Introduction. 501 J.D. Whyte, “Fundamental Justice: The Scope and Application of Section 7 of the Charter”... 502 Note: Two Further Interpretive Problems. 506 II. Principles of Fundamental Justice. 507 Reference re s. 94(2) of the Motor Vehicle Act (B.C.). 507 Note: Section 7 and Criminal Law. 516 Note: Vague Laws and Fundamental Justice. 520 R. v. Nova Scotia Pharmaceutical Society. 521 III. Life, Liberty and Security of the Person. 526 A. Personal Integrity . 526 Re Singh and Minister of Employment and Immigration. 526 R. v. Morgentaler. 533 IV. Economic Interests. 547 A. The Problem of “Everyone”. 547 B. The Scope of “Liberty” and “Security of the Person”. 549 J.D. Whyte, “Fundamental Justice: the Scope and Application of Section 7 of the Charter”. 550 Johnston, “Section 7 of the Charter and Constitutionally Protected Welfare” .. 553 Wilson v. Medical Services Commission. 554 Reference re ss. 193 and 195.1(l)(c) of the Criminal Code. 559