Campbell's Physiology Notes PDF
Preview Campbell's Physiology Notes
Campbell’s Physiology Notes John Campbell liver hepatic duct cystic duct common bile duct gall bladder duodenum pancreas sphincter of Oddi ampulla Table of Contents Acknowledgements Introduction Chapter 1 Cells and Tissues Introduction Cells, tissues and organisation Cell organelles Cell Membrane Cytosol Cytoskeleton Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ribosomes Golgi complex Mitochondria Lysosomes Peroxisomes Nucleus Chromosomes Nucleolus Specialised cells Cell reproduction Mitosis Meiosis Cells and ageing Cells and enzymes Metabolism Tissues Epithelial tissue Muscle tissue Nervous tissue Essential science - diffusion and osmosis Diffusion Osmosis Cells, tissues and fluids Importance of fluid compartmentalisation Chapter 2 Cardiovascular System Basic structure of the heart The wall of the heart is in three layers Heart valves ensure one way flow of blood Blood flow through the heart Atrial function Ventricular function The cardiac cycle Systole and diastole Heart sounds Blood circulation through the lungs and around the body Circulation of blood through the coronary arteries The internal electrical conducting system The PQRST as seen using an electrocardiograph Effects of exercise Regular exercise is good Blood vessels Arteries Arterioles Arterioles and control of blood pressure Capillaries Tissue fluid formation and reabsorption Gaseous exchange between capillary blood and tissue cells Veins Deep and superficial venous systems Mechanisms facilitating return of venous blood to the heart Clinical applications of venous return physiology Portal veins Chapter 3 Lymphatic System The lymphatic system Lymphatic drainage structures Lymphatic capillaries drain the tissues Afferent lymphatic vessels transport lymphatic fluid towards lymph nodes Lymph nodes filter lymphatic fluid Efferent lymphatic vessels transport lymphatic fluid away from lymph nodes Other lymphatic tissues Spleen holds a reserve of red and white blood cells T lymphocytes mature in the thymus gland The tonsils Diffuse lymphatic tissue Chapter 4 Blood Blood volumes vary with body size Plasma Plasma proteins Nutrients and waste products Other plasma components and functions Blood cells Red blood cells are erythrocytes White blood cells are leucocytes Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Monocyte-macrophage cell system Thrombocytes Phagocytosis is cell eating ABO Rhesus system of blood grouping Rhesus factor Rhesus factor incompatibility in pregnancy and neonates Haemostasis Vascular spasm Platelet plugging Coagulation cascade Breakdown of blood clot Chapter 5 Respiratory System Introduction Structures of the respiratory system Nose and mouth Sinuses Pharynx Larynx Epiglottis Respiratory lining Trachea Bronchial tubes Bronchioles Bronchial diameters Alveoli Blood and lymphatic vessels Muscles associated with ventilation Inspiration Expiration Pleural membranes Ventilatory volumes Cough reflex Gaseous exchange Blood flow through the lungs Transport of gases in blood Regulation of respiration Essential science Elements Compounds Chemical reactions Internal respiration ATP and ADP Hypoxia Chapter 6 Nervous System Introduction Nerve cells Motor neurones Sensory neurones Relay neurones Myelin Essential science Atoms are electrically neutral Ions have an electrical charge Neuronal transmission Speed of a nerve impulse The synapse Chemical transmitters carry an impulse across the synaptic gap The reflex arc The brain Neuroglia Cerebrum Cerebellum Diencephalon Brain stem Cranial nerves Spinal cord Protection of the central nervous system Meninges Blood brain barrier Autonomic nervous system Sympathetic Parasympathetic Repair of the nervous system Sleep Stages of sleep Possible reasons for sleep Circadian Rhythm A developing field Chapter 7 Endocrine System Types of gland Exocrine glands Endocrine glands Signals and receptors Endocrine glands Pituitary gland Posterior pituitary hormones Oxytocin Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Anterior pituitary Anterior pituitary function is controlled by the hypothalamus Anterior pituitary hormones Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinising hormone (LH) Prolactin Growth hormone (GH) Thyroid gland Thyroid hormones Calcitonin Parathyroid glands Parathyroid hormone Pancreas Pancreatic islets Insulin from beta cells will lower blood glucose levels Glucagon will raise blood glucose levels Insulin lack will cause hyperglycaemia Adrenal glands Adrenal cortical hormones Aldosterone Adrenal medullary hormones Stress Kidneys Erythropoietin (EPO) Calcitriol Gonads Ovarian hormones Testicular hormones Other endocrine glands Thymus gland Pineal gland Chapter 8 Digestive System Introduction Structures of the digestive system Layers composing the wall of the digestive tract Mucosa Submucosa Muscular layer Serosa Peritoneum Mesentery Omentum Gastrointestinal regulation Appetite Peristalsis Digestion Mechanical digestion Chemical digestion uses digestive enzymes Mouth Teeth Saliva Eating and swallowing Oesophagus Stomach Basic structure Mucosa lines the inside of the stomach Gastric regulation Mechanical and chemical digestion in the stomach Absorption from the stomach Vomiting is an important defence mechanism Liver and pancreas Regulation of the liver and pancreas Chemical digestion in the small intestine Digestion of proteins Digestion of carbohydrates Digestion of lipids Intestinal juice Absorption of nutrients Essential science Fat and water solubility Mechanisms of absorption Secretion and reabsorption Colon Components of the colon Absorption from the colon Motility of the colon Diarrhoea is an important defense mechanism The appendix probably has a function Chapter 9 Liver Introduction Blood supply Structure related to function Position The liver is arranged in four lobes The liver contains thousands of lobules Sinusoids are the hepatic capillaries Hepatic macrophage system Canaliculi are the bile carrying channels The liver produces a lot of lymph Bile Liver functions Carbohydrate metabolism Fat metabolism Protein metabolism Formation of plasma proteins, including clotting proteins Production of urea Storage of nutrients Breakdown of toxins and drugs Generation of heat Chapter 10 Renal and Urinary Systems The kidneys Macroscopic renal structure Renal blood supply Microscopic renal structure - the nephrons Formation of urine Endothelial-capsular membrane Ultrafiltration from the glomerulus into the capsular space Tubular reabsorption from the nephrons back into the blood Essential science – ions and electrolytes Selective reabsorption and homeostasis Mechanisms of reabsorption Plasma is ‘cleaned’ 60 times a day Tubular secretion occurs directly from the capillaries into the nephrons Essential science - acids and alkalis Urine Normal urine Urine volumes Obligatory urine volume Abnormal urine Water balance The hypothalamus controls thirst and ADH secretion Homeostasis of blood pressure Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) Renal endocrine functions Activation of vitamin D Erythropoietin stimulates formation of erythrocytes The urinary tract Ureters transport urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder Prevention of reflux from the bladder back into the ureters Urinary bladder The urethra drains urine from the bladder out of the body Sphincters retain and allow the release of urine Passing urine Chapter 11 Skin Introduction Epidermis Epidermal-dermal junction Epidermal turnover constantly renews the epidermis Epidermis is a stratified, keratinized, squamous epithelium Epidermal lipids hold keratinocytes together and provide waterproofing Synthesis of Vitamin D in the epidermis Epidermal melanocytes produce melanin Dermis Fibroblasts secrete the intercellular components Collagen is a tough structural protein Dermal water Elastic fibres provide elasticity Hair follicles house the hair shafts Hair Sebaceous glands produce sebum Sweat glands produce sweat Nerve endings facilitate tactile sensation Dermal blood vessels Dermal lymphatic vessels Hypodermis is the layer below the dermis Age related changes Skin colour is an important clinical observation Pallor Flushing Cyanosis Jaundice Chapter 12 Thermoregulation Introduction Mechanisms of heat gain Metabolic processes generate heat Heat gain from the environment Heat retention in the body Mechanisms of heat loss Conduction Convection Radiation Body temperature Core temperature Peripheral temperature Temperature detection within the body When core temperature rises Behavioural change Sweating Failure to lower body temperature will cause hyperthermia Fever When core temperature falls Behavioural change Arterial vasoconstriction reduces blood flow to the periphery Venoconstriction Contraction of hair erector muscles Shivering generates a lot of heat Metabolic (non-shivering) thermogenesis Failure to maintain body temperature will cause hypothermia The body is economical in using water or energy reserves Alcohol and anaesthesia Chapter 13 Musculoskeletal System Functions of bones Long bone macroscopic structure Bone tissue Compact bone Cancellous (spongy bone) Bone cells Bone mass and exercise Bone growth Classification of bones The skeleton Joints Fibrous joints Cartilaginous joints Synovial joints Types of synovial joint Ball and socket joints Hinge joints Pivot joints Condyloid joints Saddle joints Gliding joints Problems with joints Skeletal muscles Functions of skeletal muscles Movement Tendons and ligaments Bursae Origin and insertion of muscles Rigor mortis develops after death Chapter 14 Male Reproductive System Scrotum Testes are the male gonads Spermatogenesis is the process of sperm production and occurs in the seminiferous tubules Spermatic cord Sperm (spermatozoa) are the male gametes Sperm and seminal fluid ducts Straight tubules and rete testis
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