Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology (4th Edition)

753 Pages·2012·125.365 MB·English

by  Eric J. Simon, Jean L. Dickey, Jane B. Reece

C A M P B E L L

FOURTH EDITION
Eric J. Simon
New England College
Jean L. Dickey
Clemson University
Jane B. Reece
Berkeley, California
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Simon, Eric J. (Eric Jeffrey), 1967-
Campbell essential biology with physiology / Eric J. Simon, Jane B. Reece, Jean L.
Dickey.--4th ed.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-321-77260-2
ISBN-10: 0-321-77260-1
1. Biology--Textbooks. 2. Physiology--Textbooks. 3. Plant physiology--Textbooks.
I. Reece, Jane B. II. Dickey, Jean. III. Title.
QH308.2.C344 2013
570--dc23
2011038831
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10—CRK—16 15 14 13 12
ISBN 10: 0-321-77260-1; ISBN 13: 978-0-321-77260-2 (Student edition)
ISBN 10: 0-321-78825-7; ISBN 13: 978-0-321-78825-2 (Books à la Carte edition)
Dorling Kindersley Limited,
80 Strand,
www.pearsonhighered.com London WC2R ORL.
About the Authors ABOUT THE AUTHORS
ERIC J. SIMON JANE B. REECE
is an associate professor in the Department of has worked in biology publishing since 1978,
Biology and Health Science at New England when she joined the editorial staff of Benjamin
College, in Henniker, New Hampshire. He Cummings. Her education includes an A.B. in
teaches introductory biology to science majors biology from Harvard University (where she
and nonscience majors, as well as upper-level was initially a philosophy major), an M.S. in
courses in genetics, microbiology, tropical microbiology from Rutgers University, and
marine biology, and careers in science. a Ph.D. in bacteriology from the University
Dr. Simon received a B.A. in biology and of California, Berkeley. At UC Berkeley, and
computer science and an M.A. in biology from Wesleyan University later as a postdoctoral fellow in genetics at Stanford University, her
and a Ph.D. in biochemistry from Harvard University. His research research focused on genetic recombination in bacteria. Dr. Reece taught
focuses on innovative ways to use technology to improve teaching biology at Middlesex County College (New Jersey) and Queensborough
and learning in the science classroom, particularly for nonscience Community College (New York). During her 12 years as an editor at
majors. Dr. Simon is also a coauthor of C ampbell Biology: Concepts & Benjamin Cummings, she played a major role in a number of successful
Connections , 7th Edition. textbooks. She is the lead author of C ampbell Biology , 9th Edition, and
To Marshall, an intellectual role model, a source of data and wisdom, Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections , 7th Edition.
an organizational tour de force, a hardcore bicyclist, a bona fide To my wonderful coauthors, who have made working on our books
Deadhead, a great father, and one cool dude a pleasure
JEAN L. DICKEY NEIL A. CAMPBELL
is a professor of biology at Clemson University (1946–2004) combined the inquiring nature
in South Carolina. She had no idea that science of a research scientist with the soul of a
was interesting until her senior year in high caring teacher. Over his 30 years of teaching
school, when a scheduling problem landed her introductory biology to both science majors
in an advanced biology course. Abandoning and nonscience majors, many thousands of
plans to study English or foreign languages, she students had the opportunity to learn from
enrolled in Kent State University as a biology him and be stimulated by his enthusiasm for
major. After receiving her B.S. in biology, the study of life. While he is greatly missed by
she went on to earn a Ph.D. in ecology and evolution from Purdue his many friends in the biology community,
University. Since joining the faculty at Clemson in 1984, Dr. Dickey has his coauthors remain inspired by his visionary dedication to education
specialized in teaching nonscience majors, including a course designed and are committed to searching for ever-better ways to engage students
for pre-service elementary teachers and workshops for in-service in the wonders of biology.
teachers. She also developed an investigative laboratory curriculum for
general biology. Dr. Dickey is the author of L aboratory Investigations for
Biology , 2nd Edition, and is a coauthor of C ampbell Biology: Concepts &
Connections , 7th Edition.
To my mother, who taught me to love learning, and to my daughters
Katherine and Jessie, the twin delights of my life
iii
DETAILED CONTENTS Detailed Contents
1
Introduction:
Biology Today
2
CHAPTER THREAD: BIOLOGY IN OUR EVERYDAY LIVES
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY
Biology All Around Us 3
The Scope of Life 4
The Properties of Life 4
Life at Its Many Levels 4
Life in Its Diverse Forms 8
Evolution: Biology’s Unifying Theme 1 0
The Darwinian View of Life 10
Natural Selection 11
The Process of Science 1 4
Discovery Science 14
Hypothesis-Driven Science 14
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE
Are Trans Fats Bad for You? 1 5
Theories in Science 16
The Culture of Science 17
Science, Technology, and Society 17
EVOLUTION CONNECTION
Evolution in Our Everyday Lives 1 8
iv
DETAILED CONTENTS
4
A Tour of the Cell
UNIT 1: Cells 54
CHAPTER THREAD: ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANT
BACTERIA
2
Essential Chemistry
for Biology BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY
22
Antibiotics: Drugs that Target Bacterial Cells 5 5
CHAPTER THREAD: LIFE’S DEPENDENCE ON WATER
The Microscopic World of Cells 5 6
Microscopes as Windows on the World of Cells 56
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY The Two Major Categories of Cells 58
More Precious than Gold 2 3
An Overview of Eukaryotic Cells 59
Some Basic Chemistry 2 4
Membrane Structure 6 0
Matter: Elements and Compounds 24
The Plasma Membrane: A Fluid Mosaic of Lipids
Atoms 25
and Proteins 60
Chemical Bonding and Molecules 27
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE
Chemical Reactions 28 What Makes a Superbug? 6 1
Cell Surfaces 61
Water and Life 2 9
Water’s Life-Supporting Properties 29 The Nucleus and Ribosomes:
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Genetic Control of the Cell 6 2
Can Exercise Boost Your Brain Power? 3 1 Structure and Function of the Nucleus 62
Acids, Bases, and pH 32 Ribosomes 63
How DNA Directs Protein Production 63
EVOLUTION CONNECTION
The Search for Extraterrestrial Life 3 3
The Endomembrane System: Manufacturing
and Distributing Cellular Products 6 4
The Endoplasmic Reticulum 64
The Golgi Apparatus 65
3
The Molecules of Life Lysosomes 66
36
Vacuoles 67
CHAPTER THREAD: LACTOSE INTOLERANCE
Chloroplasts and Mitochondria: Energy Conversion 6 8
Chloroplasts 68

Mitochondria 68
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY
The Cytoskeleton: Cell Shape and Movement 6 9
Got Lactose? 3 7
Maintaining Cell Shape 69
Organic Compounds 3 8
Cilia and Flagella 70
Carbon Chemistry 38
Giant Molecules from Smaller Building Blocks 39 EVOLUTION CONNECTION
The Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance 7 1
Large Biological Molecules 4 0
Carbohydrates 40
Lipids 43
Proteins 46
Nucleic Acids 49
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE
Does Lactose Intolerance Have a Genetic Basis? 51
EVOLUTION CONNECTION
The Evolution of Lactose Intolerance in Humans 5 1
v
DETAILED CONTENTS
5 6
The Working Cell Cellular Respiration:
74
Obtaining Energy from Food
CHAPTER THREAD: NANOTECHNOLOGY 90
CHAPTER THREAD: AEROBIC VERSUS
ANAEROBIC LIFESTYLES
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY
Harnessing Cellular Structures 7 5 Marathoners versus Sprinters 9 1
Some Basic Energy Concepts 7 6 Energy Flow and Chemical Cycling in the Biosphere 9 2
Conservation of Energy 76 Producers and Consumers 92
Entropy 77 Chemical Cycling between Photosynthesis and Cellular
Chemical Energy 77 Respiration 92
Food Calories 78 Cellular Respiration: Aerobic Harvest of Food Energy 9 4
ATP and Cellular Work 7 9 The Simplified Equation for Cellular Respiration 94
The Structure of ATP 79 The Role of Oxygen in Cellular Respiration 95
Phosphate Transfer 79 An Overview of Cellular Respiration 96
The ATP Cycle 80 The Three Stages of Cellular Respiration 97
The Results of Cellular Respiration 100
Enzymes 80
Activation Energy 80 Fermentation: Anaerobic Harvest of Food Energy 1 01
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Fermentation in Human Muscle Cells 101
Can Enzymes Be Engineered? 8 1 THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE
Induced Fit 82 What Causes Muscle Burn? 1 02
Enzyme Inhibitors 82 Fermentation in Microorganisms 102
Membrane Function 8 3 EVOLUTION CONNECTION
Passive Transport: Diffusion across Membranes 83 Life before and after Oxygen 1 03
Osmosis and Water Balance 84
Active Transport: The Pumping of Molecules
across Membranes 86
Exocytosis and Endocytosis: Traffic of Large Molecules 86
The Role of Membranes in Cell Signaling 87
EVOLUTION CONNECTION
The Origin of Membranes 8 7
vi
DETAILED CONTENTS
7
Photosynthesis: Using
UNIT 2: Genetics
Light to Make Food
106
CHAPTER THREAD: GREEN ENERGY
8

Cellular Reproduction:
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Cells from Cells 1 20
Biofuels 1 07
CHAPTER THREAD: LIFE WITH AND WITHOUT SEX
The Basics of Photosynthesis 1 08
Chloroplasts: Sites of Photosynthesis 108
The Simplified Equation for Photosynthesis 109 BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY
Virgin Birth of a Dragon 1 21
A Photosynthesis Road Map 110
What Cell Reproduction Accomplishes 1 22
The Light Reactions: Converting Solar Energy
to Chemical Energy 1 10 The Cell Cycle and Mitosis 1 23
The Nature of Sunlight 110 Eukaryotic Chromosomes 123
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE The Cell Cycle 125
What Colors of Light Drive Photosynthesis? 1 11 Mitosis and Cytokinesis 126
Chloroplast Pigments 112 Cancer Cells: Growing Out of Control 128
How Photosystems Harvest Light Energy 112
Meiosis, the Basis of Sexual Reproduction 1 30
How the Light Reactions Generate ATP and NADPH 113
Homologous Chromosomes 130
The Calvin Cycle: Making Sugar from Carbon Dioxide 1 15 Gametes and the Life Cycle of a Sexual Organism 131
The Process of Meiosis 132
EVOLUTION CONNECTION
Solar-Driven Evolution 1 15 Review: Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis 134
The Origins of Genetic Variation 135
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE
Do All Animals Have Sex? 1 37
When Meiosis Goes Awry 138
EVOLUTION CONNECTION
The Advantages of Sex 1 40
vii
DETAILED CONTENTS
9 10
Patterns of Inheritance The Structure and Function
144
of DNA
CHAPTER THREAD: DOG BREEDING 172
CHAPTER THREAD: THE DEADLIEST VIRUS

BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY
Our Longest-Running Genetic Experiment: Dogs 1 45 Mix-and-Match Viruses 1 73
Heritable Variation and Patterns of Inheritance 1 46 DNA: Structure and Replication 1 74
In an Abbey Garden 146 DNA and RNA Structure 174
Mendel’s Law of Segregation 147 Watson and Crick’s Discovery of the Double Helix 175
Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment 150 DNA Replication 177
Using a Testcross to Determine an Unknown Genotype 152
The Flow of Genetic Information from DNA
The Rules of Probability 152 to RNA to Protein 1 78
Family Pedigrees 153 How an Organism’s Genotype Determines Its Phenotype 178
Human Disorders Controlled by a Single Gene 154 From Nucleotides to Amino Acids: An Overview 179
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE The Genetic Code 180
What Is the Genetic Basis of Coat Variation in Dogs? 1 57 Transcription: From DNA to RNA 181
Variations on Mendel’s Laws 1 58 The Processing of Eukaryotic RNA 182
Incomplete Dominance in Plants and People 158 Translation: The Players 182
ABO Blood Groups: An Example of Multiple Alleles and Translation: The Process 184
Codominance 159 Review: DNA ➞ RNA ➞ Protein 185
Pleiotropy and Sickle-Cell Disease 160
Mutations 186
Polygenic Inheritance 160
Viruses and Other Noncellular Infectious Agents 1 88
The Role of Environment 161
Bacteriophages 188
The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance 1 62 Plant Viruses 190
Linked Genes 163
Animal Viruses 190
Genetic Recombination: Crossing Over 163
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE
Linkage Maps 164 Do Flu Vaccines Protect the Elderly? 1 92
HIV, the AIDS Virus 192
Sex Chromosomes and Sex-Linked Genes 1 65
Viroids and Prions 194
Sex Determination in Humans 165
Sex-Linked Genes 165 EVOLUTION CONNECTION
Emerging Viruses 1 94
EVOLUTION CONNECTION
Barking Up the Evolutionary Tree 1 67
viii
DETAILED CONTENTS
11 12
How Genes Are Controlled DNA Technology
198 218
CHAPTER THREAD: CANCER CHAPTER THREAD: DNA PROFILING

BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY
Tobacco’s Smoking Gun 1 99 DNA, Guilt, and Innocence 2 19
How and Why Genes Are Regulated 2 00 Recombinant DNA Technology 2 20
Patterns of Gene Expression in Differentiated Cells 200 Applications: From Humulin to Foods to “Pharm” Animals 220
Gene Regulation in Bacteria 200 Recombinant DNA Techniques 222
Gene Regulation in Eukaryotic Cells 202 DNA Profiling and Forensic Science 2 26
Cell Signaling 205 Investigating Murder, Paternity, and Ancient DNA 226
Homeotic Genes 205 DNA Profiling Techniques 227
DNA Microarrays: Visualizing Gene Expression 206
Genomics and Proteomics 2 30
Cloning Plants and Animals 2 07 The Human Genome Project 230
The Genetic Potential of Cells 207 Tracking the Anthrax Killer 231
Reproductive Cloning of Animals 208 Genome-Mapping Techniques 232
Therapeutic Cloning and Stem Cells 210 THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE
Can Genomics Cure Cancer? 2 33
The Genetic Basis of Cancer 2 11
Proteomics 233
Genes That Cause Cancer 211
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Human Gene Therapy 2 34
Are Childhood Tumors Special? 2 12
Safety and Ethical Issues 2 35
Cancer Risk and Prevention 214
The Controversy over Genetically Modified Foods 235
EVOLUTION CONNECTION Ethical Questions Raised by DNA Technology 236
The Evolution of Cancer in the Body 2 15
EVOLUTION CONNECTION
The Y Chromosome as a Window on History 2 37
ix