Cambridge Studies of Religion

519 Pages·4·68.833 MB·English

by  Christopher Hartney, Jonathan Noble

Cambridge
Studies of
Religion
Stage 6
Fourth Edition
Christopher Hartney
Jonathan Noble
ISBN 978-1-108-872874 © Hartney et al. 2020 Cambridge University Press
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ISBN 978-1-108-872874 © Hartney et al. 2020 Cambridge University Press
Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
Contents
About the authors vii
How to use this resource viii
Introduction x
Chapter 1: The nature of religion and beliefs
[YEAR 11 – 1 AND 2 UNIT (16 HOURS)] 1
1.1 The nature of religion and beliefs 3
1.2 The characteristics of religion 6
1.3 The contribution of religion to society 9
1.4 Australian Aboriginal beliefs and spiritualities – the Dreaming 11
Chapter summary 17
Review questions 17
Chapter 2: Religion in Australia pre-1945
[YEAR 11 – 2 UNIT (16 HOURS)] 19
2.1 Arrival and establishment of Christianity 20
2.2 Arrival and establishment of other religious traditions 25
2.3 Issues related to the development of Christianity pre-1945 30
2.4 The contribution of one religious tradition to aspects of Australian life: Christianity 33
Chapter summary 38
Review questions 38
Chapter 3: Religion in Australia post-1945
[YEAR 12 – 1 AND 2 UNIT (16 HOURS)] 40
3.1 Introduction 44
3.2 The diversity of contemporary Aboriginal spiritualities 45
3.3 Religious expression in Australia – 1945 to the present 53
Chapter summary 67
HSC exam-style questions 68
Chapter 4: Buddhism: The basic facts
[YEAR 11 – 1 AND 2 UNIT (22 HOURS)] 70
4.1 Introduction 73
4.2 Origins: historical and cultural context 73
4.3 The Buddha 75
4.4 The Sangha and the councils 78
4.5 The main schools of Buddhism 80
4.6 Principal beliefs 83
4.7 Sacred texts and writings 87
4.8 Core ethical teachings 90
4.9 Personal devotion in the home 92
Chapter summary 94
Review questions 94
ISBN 978-1-108-872874 © Hartney et al. 2020 Cambridge University Press
Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
CAMBRIDGE STUDIES OF RELIGION
Chapter 5: Buddhism: Depth study
[YEAR 12 – 1 AND 2 UNIT (22 HOURS)] 96
5.1 Introduction 97
5.2 Significant people and schools of thought 97
Additional material available in the digital versions of this textbook (as 5A)
5.3 Ethics 105
5.4 Significant practices in the lives of adherents 114
Chapter summary 122
HSC exam-style questions 122
Chapter 6: Christianity: The basic facts
[YEAR 11 – 1 AND 2 UNIT (22 HOURS)] 124
6.1 Origins: historical and cultural context 127
6.2 Jesus Christ/Jesus of Nazareth 129
6.3 Development of early Christian communities 134
6.4 Variants in the Christian Church 134
6.5 Principal beliefs 138
6.6 Sacred texts and writings 141
6.7 Core ethical teachings 143
6.8 Personal devotion 146
Chapter summary 148
Review questions 148
Chapter 7: Christianity: Depth study
[YEAR 12 – 1 AND 2 UNIT (22 HOURS)] 150
7.1 Introduction 151
7.2 Significant people and schools of thought 151
Additional material available in the digital versions of this textbook (as 7A)
7.3 Ethics 159
7.4 Significant practices in the lives of adherents 168
Chapter summary 179
HSC exam-style questions 180
Chapter 8: Hinduism: The basic facts
[YEAR 11 – 1 AND 2 UNIT (22 HOURS)] 181
8.1 Introduction 184
8.2 Origins 184
8.3 Two of the main variants in Hinduism: Vaishnava and Shaiva 188
8.4 Principal beliefs 191
8.5 Sacred texts and writings 195
8.6 Ethical systems 198
8.7 Personal devotion in the home 201
Chapter summary 202
Review questions 203
ISBN 978-1-108-872874 © Hartney et al. 2020 Cambridge University Press
Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
CONTENTS
Chapter 9: Hinduism: Depth study
[YEAR 12 – 1 AND 2 UNIT (22 HOURS)] 204
9.1 Introduction 205
9.2 Significant people and schools of thought 206
Additional material available in the digital versions of this textbook (as 9A)
9.3 Ethics 212
9.4 Significant practices in the lives of adherents 218
Chapter summary 227
HSC exam-style questions 228
Chapter 10: Islam: The basic facts
[YEAR 11 – 1 AND 2 UNIT (22 HOURS)] 229
10.1 Introduction 232
10.2 Origins 232
10.3 The Prophet Muhammad 234
10.4 Islam after the Prophet 236
10.5 Principal beliefs 239
10.6 Sacred texts and writings 241
10.7 Core ethical teachings 244
10.8 Expression of faith 246
Chapter summary 251
Review questions 252
Chapter 11: Islam: Depth study
[YEAR 12 – 1 AND 2 UNIT (22 HOURS)] 253
11.1 Introduction 254
11.2 Significant people and schools of thought 254
Additional material available in the digital versions of this textbook (as 11A)
11.3 Ethics 264
11.4 Significant practices in the lives of adherents 273
Chapter summary 283
HSC exam-style questions 284
Chapter 12: Judaism: The basic facts
[YEAR 11 – 1 AND 2 UNIT (22 HOURS)] 285
12.1 Introduction 288
12.2 Origins 288
12.3 Modern Judaism: its major divisions 294
12.4 Principal beliefs 297
12.5 Sacred texts and writings 299
12.6 Core ethical teachings 302
12.7 Observance 304
Chapter summary 306
Review questions 306
ISBN 978-1-108-872874 © Hartney et al. 2020 Cambridge University Press
Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
CAMBRIDGE STUDIES OF RELIGION
Chapter 13: Judaism: Depth study
[YEAR 12 – 1 AND 2 UNIT (22 HOURS)] 308
13.1 Introduction 309
13.2 Significant people and schools of thought 309
Additional material available in the digital versions of this textbook (as 13A)
13.3 Ethics 316
13.4 Significant practices in the lives of adherents 323
Chapter summary 333
HSC exam-style questions 334
Chapter 14: Religions of ancient origin
[YEAR 11 – 2 UNIT (22 HOURS)] 335
14.1 The nature of three religions of ancient origin 336
14.2 Religion 1: Taoism 337
14.3 Religion 2: Shinto 342
14.4 Religion 3: Nordic 346
14.5 Conclusion 351
Chapter summary 353
Review questions 353
Chapter 15: Religion and peace
[YEAR 12 – 2 UNIT (22 HOURS)] 354
15.1 Introduction 355
15.2 Buddhism and peace 356
15.3 Christianity and peace 360
15.4 Hinduism and peace 365
15.5 Islam and peace 370
15.6 Judaism and peace 373
Chapter summary 379
HSC exam-style question 379
Chapter 16: Religion and non-religion
[YEAR 12 – 2 UNIT (16 HOURS)] 380
16.1 Introduction 381
16.2 The religious dimension in human history 381
16.3 Global distribution of the major religious traditions 385
16.4 New religious expression 387
16.5 Non-religious worldviews 394
16.6 The difference between religious and non-religious worldviews 398
16.7 Conclusion 399
Chapter summary 400
HSC exam-style questions 401
Study Toolkit – available in the digital versions of this textbook
Glossary 403
Answers to multiple-choice questions 411
Index 412
Acknowledgements 418
ISBN 978-1-108-872874 © Hartney et al. 2020 Cambridge University Press
Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
About the authors
Christopher Hartney BA, PhD (Syd)
Christopher grew up in the western suburbs of Sydney where many
religions new to Australia have founded their communities. He began
study at the University of Sydney straight after high school, but found
it generally confusing and left for a number of years. He eventually
returned and finished his bachelor’s degree. He chose Studies of
Religion units just to make up his quota but the more he studied, the
more he fell in love with the subject.
He began specialising in Asian religions and wrote a doctoral thesis
on Caodaism, a new religion that began in Vietnam in the 1920s. An
incredible Caodaist temple can be seen on King Georges Road in
Wiley Park, Sydney, and another has just opened on Wattle Avenue,
Carramar. He visited Caodaist communities in North America, Europe and Vietnam, and studied
French, Vietnamese and Chinese in order to complete his work. His knowledge of the religions
of the world comes not only from books, but also from the hospitality of diverse religious groups
around New South Wales and from his extensive travels in Europe, Africa and Asia.
In 2006 Christopher was appointed lecturer at the University of Sydney in the Department
of Studies of Religion and promoted to Senior Lecturer a few years later. He teaches the two
first-year units for the bachelor’s degree that cover most of the material in this book: Religion:
Texts, Life and Tradition; and Atheism, Fundamentalism and New Religions. Students who have
completed the HSC Studies of Religion course often take these units to further expand their
knowledge of this exciting field.
Christopher has more than 50 scholarly articles to his name and he has edited numerous academic
journals and collected volumes of scholarship on various aspects of religion.
Jonathan Noble BTh(Hons), BA, DipEd
Jonathan was born in the 1950s as a ‘baby boomer’. He is the son of
a Presbyterian/Uniting Church minister and grew up in Queensland
and then Western Australia, where his father was a flying Patrol Padre
for the Australian Inland Mission. Formative experiences included life
in outback Australia, contact with Aboriginal spirituality and life in
rural ecumenical parishes.
Jonathan studied theology at the Perth Bible Institute and Moore
Theological College in Sydney, as a Presbyterian candidate, and
was awarded the Bachelor of Theology (Hons). He then achieved a
Bachelor of Arts (Social Welfare) from Charles Sturt University.
For 18 months Jonathan worked with the homeless in inner Sydney,
before being ordained in the Anglican Diocese of Canberra–Goulburn,
and served as parish priest in rural parishes of that diocese, before several years at Castle Cove
in Sydney. After 18 months as Executive Director of a Christian camping organisation, Jonathan
went to All Saints College in Bathurst as Chaplain and Religious Studies teacher. He completed
his Graduate Diploma in Education and in 2001 became a Studies of Religion teacher at the MLC
School in Burwood, Sydney. He was also an elder of the Uniting Church in Strathfield.
Jonathan has also been involved in the development of the HSC Studies of Religion course in
several capacities. He was elected Chairman of the Association for Studies of Religion, serving
from 2006 to 2008. Jonathan has presented seminars on Studies of Religion for students and
teachers in New South Wales as well as several professional papers on religious studies. He has
also been a writer of the Academic Resources Curriculum Trial Examination Papers for Studies of
Religion as well as writing for the Cambridge HSC Studies of Religion Checkpoints.
Jonathan is married with adult children and enjoys reading, movies and music, with a particular
interest in travel, Asian Christian theology and Hinduism. Jonathan considers himself to be of the
‘middle church’ Anglican Christian tradition and attends an Anglican Church near Lake Macquarie.
Jonathan was appointed Religious Studies Coordinator and teacher at St Francis Xavier College in
Newcastle in 2011, but has just retired from teaching full-time. He is currently conducting research
on Balinese Hinduism.
vii
ISBN 978-1-108-872874 © Hartney et al. 2020 Cambridge University Press
Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
How to use this resource
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125
DID YOU KNOW?
3
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48 49
All of the glossary terms in each chapter
are defined in the margin and in the
glossary at the end of the book.
Y11 CAMBRIDGE STUDIES OF RELIGION CHAPTER TEN ISLAM: THE BASIC FACTS Y11
5 HFoarrbaidmdstpe henean outs pneadl reieet r a rfIreoselfrae bmarilsds odto ef onIsr libanHpHim draHaodirrcehaae bimmdnbri i ee ftmiowesta rde t rsahM.yc neA rulsi agpos wflatpoiumispnrr.b e,osC i. isd fneTiodt rhetrteh ai Jsnoeie n fi on wn htrcaiha slruilhrnaod glw.e ss e(mIaussnanuluatddccimn ehhbgr i cae m I sphsl aolaiwagwrvmei in mo oiewcure) ir land,ia stooew .a rlr.Fym las otonsor. y hMI ataan usriysasp tlmaeihmlci.sn tsoTsg, h a octepohf pantlietfslie ruegm mdtoh epctaoastt in oairs egnb lp aaeoirt nofia oshaptnli pcbsolhiitehiepdods l EAXCETRIVCITISIEESS AND EXTENSION 6
EXERCISE 10.5
6 123 DERxeecpsaclalrlii ntbh ehe t oshwoeu Msrocuuessr lcfiemrso mojuf rwMishtusisc ilhinm tIes rleaptmhreiictc at Slh hteea aQrciu’hari ln’aagnws a.ins dd eHriavdeidth. using the processes of ijma and qiyas. Throughout each chapter you will find a
EXTENSION ACTIVITY 10.5 wide variety of exercises and extension
1234 RDICNCnehoorvsaonteeewossa tat srurinecgup hyoac antdtteh eita ffea t eh bmedxreliaeei ffncm nteodhcprn eaemltstenr raoocoepefvffl s eooI ersbprcsl eiaytflntsm woo itowvhienceee ,crens hieth fhh a attirawhlctalae aoltly lo c c ta eeeoinlxranltdiucics hfisthet,icp arnaaatrngtsati.,edom Cw nhd oi aoitonnswhfcdd feuMu oxescoxasutdm p sir.flle apiamsil neecsas o w.rdncheshvie ceanhlnso udapss sp teehemeec iwtersr hegoatefht dl iyi cfooeavu lte htcree aatsnicem h dtieein.srgcmos.sv earp apblyo utot. it. aecxttievnitdie ys oduers kignnoewdle tdog hee.lp you test and
10.8 EXPRESSION OF FAITH
7 ViSTht‘GmdThhheoeeaeosd e shsfir teaaearnn dtsiegdtTTtecteSSsMsa mhh ei pohsanh ghMrhueeiseanco’elnaes nluh ehs abpgalhtFnhti rao lmai ado aitsladodvFlsinmf aaaf deacibb ctcyirlImo l luvs,eosa yiPy psllm tasm ai iei aenadrltomtlmhfahwma m istet,cPser hhiay ustteh airsemi Ince tiostlise eielrle fta oaa smynlImic f srvto o hlRaMaMTmu teisoatfchr s nhe os myc fouu a ea ie.cco‘ eoqr nhsTIif io SiMrsfiatml(ustoahfi Aelnoumrrhdaem teu mmdfrmahaIamunerskss mlheenstol e isae inetyl a idsmansnahos ai aidspsn tmAlod ans.y co amaid notn orel hT lwil ua o-as faic’m ahsios bsd ans raI hl egesfsmlleiraadl aocild l dofsa ysaF ,mawedoa s d mrimsipMim nev etsn) Ahs hhb.e cc e at uboatlt.rIela ulsoc ahtshPanaeIt s tcltr esiaiehier iebsnaslomtseildm hnrta ehaiurb a inaseregrop inenee ps f tc elnttodrnot Gcli oriaai fr ottl eia feo’lyta otr to.ofnboveeoht eft driIew isid fee mtr to fl sd.t aaeui nb.hes tn dl fieey.d ls STpdnfhctoTdiinmdaaostattnsrhhhiaoonbrooomhnroraiaa efeaae asl daufieyyoou tamplna ttdet y .a lci str unho edfioilets.tai Thdnluet tht ioehsnr e nr Efta hoa flw ubdes e 4orltcpot-ttxyihe ,r.nheM yn oi 0h s e ra lvsma mcBitsaah mot entnhcrerpduemaeistusea yidmtiga lanetsrtadp btlsv lti n h tl peaf unr hsttep-iepeieftafmaeomoaodrsotueeoscilenerdet llfp u etmrrtlitsr.teare osanse aihmenpu,s vMsans fi trfg s oeraduntei h l sl e tnnihpfai uhmnnhonag s.seocdgao tir so dobsfsIiha.rawaa r nl o e bud uialen taMynbrpmed ifinltornlelvyt teyd dorl cono ;ut ieuyt so arv n eooub oaoef t,stlrtybarar eagnitlmy iler s eoem rnije drs lst w muitt,aearm2pnoeeob sht oesstrtoc ee4ors e uihee fth oa nhf rrrs n-mwtrpse omeodb fhfes o pe sMt pca i ropmseio ep fit.xeufid orps.rhneofuuerrarvarst o-nsr iaf adrsitrdmaensyamotnsre ylcufa ee pip iyttrstssepmpthianwserm ereohsterd t r kausr rs ccnre ta uaasmeaenyfiih,taif ysonr ,tnenw stt oorb neyefiitd;od.so dcg ho nm ua vrha Se.abup sheans. etponro bT ge eut Eoe cpaudrbw tmthu hrnsot oaflipeti aeasom roe orsfnced rdteoibrvnss erfshdhso etaredoa euy bemhtefh stmsiin irspo n;leh let h awmy ao .deusrrf loe se ibamraehfIataei moft aneynlto cy veemr;eg h es dr QTctionoohft R dertpoh relCvuaesiyg Oefii nhwsvD uoestphuE wretpeS i toltmhihgret aiiro nrebgugpois nrov et,ik rsdwa,e edthnohiittc eai(hoirtnei nvec sealn)urs aebd bo yiQnlf e jgeuR y as otc uh7
Fcaiglluigrrea p1h0y.9 i sT ahne ismhpahoartdaan tw arrittt ienn I sinla Amr.abic. Elaborate TtbttaWahoholnusee e dyoMp ss K etarpde aa wrcob‘y’aMbc,h uy taaaehieel .tniicrM ns Tc ir.npso oautI,r n-eos afifial amiynSnnmdidydnds d oge mtatnhrf.hr ’ueeetW.e rsy Truodt ei hmterfi hriaia eeson cr vnceosieesttt r i e rmtotlMyiohdkn o.w reu taboS osarailofrewli edmMmc ae-sopsree xmd Mh ctcpsueocpe rraMpnacan,etscy eiatsa eooca, ,r nMc pwb isranpuuau,. strgpsmd lpstaisomh roh tsati iahqntcc veuautces nleaa nsr Fcaynigcdlue frsoe uk 1rn 0ore.w1pn0e taSitsai olraantks, ’,oa btr. e dAfaocirlteyio pennrsad 1yien–r7gs ,mt hmaeuk pest r oabnyeee rp rweakrift’oharh sm.t eTephdse f a8dc iaifnfnegdr e M9n.te cdcaail.y T phreasyee rrsit uaareli smedad me ouvpe mofe bnetst waeree nd otwneo in ptaobinlettin agt tthhee ccoamdee,r ao ro tfh yroouugr hp haoidn eo fo ar
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Y12 CAMBRIDGE STUDIES OF RELIGION CHAPTER NINE HINDUISM: DEPTH STUDY Y12
9
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END OF CHAPTER SECTIONS
10
Y11 CAMBRIDGE STUDIES OF RELIGION 10 CHAPTER FOUR BUDDHISM: THE BASIC FACTS Y11 At the end of each chapter, you will find a
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REVIEW QUESTIONS 11 Figure 4.17 The tree at Bodhgaya, in the Mahabodhi Temple exam-style questions ensure that you are fully
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INTERACTIVE TEXTBOOK
This resource comes with an online Interactive
Textbook that contains audio and video to enhance
your understanding (including, but not limited to,
all the videos available through the QR codes in
the print book) and interactive activities to support
your learning.
Each of the Depth Study chapters has additional
digital content covering further significant
individuals and schools of thought. This is available
in the Interactive Textbook, and also in offline
digital format.
For a list of websites and links related to this book,
go to www.cambridge.edu.au/sor4ed.
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ISBN 978-1-108-872874 © Hartney et al. 2020 Cambridge University Press
Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
Introduction
In the 2016 census, nearly 40 per cent of Australians either did not state their religion (9.1 per cent)
or stated that they had no religion (30.1 per cent – this included secular beliefs such as atheism
and other spiritual beliefs such as New Age). Compare this to the 1986 census, where only
12.7 per cent of Australians stated they had no religion. This suggests a significant decline in
religious affiliation, or certainly an indifference to it. However, religion as a social experience is
still considered by many as a vital phenomenon of life. Even the majority of atheists agree that
much of our culture, politics, history and sense of self are deeply affected by religious attitudes.
Moreover, in Australia’s multicultural society, it is important to understand the religious and
cultural attitudes of people from all around the world. The Studies of Religion course offers a
way of studying these attitudes and thus understanding people more profoundly.
DID YOU KNOW?
Studies of Religion is one of the largest candidature courses of the HSC. While many Church
schools encourage the course, its popularity is growing in public schools as well. Why do
you think that is the case? If we are becoming a more secular (non-religious) society, why is
religion of interest?
Table 1 2016 Census figures on religious affiliation in Australia. When updated Census figures are
released, a new table will be available on http://www.cambridge.edu.au/GO
Religion Number Per cent
Buddhism 563 674 2.4%
Christianity 12 201 600 52.1%
Hinduism 440 300 1.9%
Islam 604 240 2.6%
Judaism 91 022 0.4%
Other religions 221 590 0.9%
No religion* 7 040 717 30.1%
Not stated/Inadequately described 2 238 735 9.6%
* ’No religion’ includes secular beliefs (e.g. atheism) and other spiritual beliefs (e.g. New Age)
Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics ’2016 Census Religious Affiliation’, viewed 23 April 2020
Table 2 World religious affiliation (2019 estimated)
Religion Per cent
Buddhism 7.1%
Christianity 31.4%
Hinduism 15%
Islam 23.2%
Judaism 0.2%
Other religions 6.7%
No religion 16.4%
Source: The World Factbook https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html
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ISBN 978-1-108-872874 © Hartney et al. 2020 Cambridge University Press
Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.