Table Of Content

CAMBRIDGE English Phonetics and Phonology A practical course Peter Roach Fourth edition English Phonetics and Phonology A practical course English Phonetics and Phonology: A practical course by Peter Roach has been a leading coursebook on English pronunciation for twenty-five years. It presents the basic theoretical material needed to understand phonetics, phonology and the pronunciation of English in the form of a 02-unit course. Each unit ends with notes on issues that deserve further study and recommendations for further reading, as well as notes for teachers and written exercises. In addition, there are audio exercises for every chapter of the course on the two accompanying CDs. The new edition adds to this a website with additional written and spoken exercises, as well as a wealth of other material offering a wider perspective on the subject. • Combines examination of theoretical matters with extensive practice material • Designed as a 02-unit course which is suitable both for self-study or group work • Includes notes for teachers working with a class and an answer key at the back of the book • Is suitable for beginners who are expected to achieve a thorough working knowledge of English phonetics and phonology • Includes updated references and bibliography, greater coverage of different varieties of English • Visit www.cambridge.org/elt/peterroach for additional exercises and resources Peter Roach has taught phonetics and English pronunciation in France and Spain and has been a visiting lecturer in many countries around the world. He is the principal editor of the Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary, 71th edition, and a member of the International Phonetic Association, the British Association of Academic Phoneticians and IATEFL. Before retiring in 0222 he was Professor of Phonetics and Head of the School of Linguistics and Applied Language Studies at the University of Reading. He is now Emeritus Professor of Phonetics at the University of Reading. 1250879292707 English Phonetics and Phonology A practical course Fourth edition PETER ROACH Emeritus Professor of Phonetics . University of Reading CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS 7 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo, Delhi Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB7 5RU, UK www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/1250879292707 © Cambridge University Press 7001 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 9157 Fourth edition 7001 Printed in Italy by G.Canale & C. S.p.A. A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Roach, Peter (Peter John) English phonetics and phonology: a practical course / Peter Roach. - 7th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 125-0-879-29270-7 (pbk.) - ISBN 125-0-879-55557-0 9. English language - Phonetics. 7. English language - Phonology. 7. English language - Study and teaching - Foreign speakers. I. Title. PE9977.R88 7001 779'.8-dc77 7005087070 ISBN 125-0-879-29270-7 paperback ISBN 125-0-879-55557-0 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. 7 Contents Preface to the fourth edition ix List of symbols x Chart of the International Phonetic Alphabet xii 1. Introduction 1 • How the course is organised 1 • The English Phonetics and Phonology website 2 • Phonemes and other aspects of pronunciation 2 • Accents and dialects 3 2. The production of speech sounds 8 • Articulators above the larynx 8 • Vowel and consonant 01 • English short vowels 03 3. Long vowels, diphthongs and triphthongs 11 • English long vowels 01 • Diphthongs 01 • Triphthongs 11 4. Voicing and consonants 22 • The larynx 22 • Respiration and voicing 22 • Plosives 21 • English plosives 21 • Fortis and lenis 28 5. Phonemes and symbols 11 • The phoneme 30 • Symbols and transcription 33 • Phonology 33 7 6. Fricatives and affricates 13 • Production of fricatives and affricates 33 • The fricatives of English 01 • The affricates of English 43 • Fortis consonants 00 7. Nasals and other consonants 61 • Nasals 01 • The consonant l 08 • The consonant r 24 • The consonants j and w 05 8. The syllable 61 • The nature of the syllable 31 • The structure of the English syllable 57 • Syllable division 05 9. Strong and weak syllables 16 • Strong and weak 10 • The @ vowel ("schwa") 65 • Close front and close back vowels 66 • Syllabic consonants 68 11. Stress in simple words 31 • The nature of stress 73 • Levels of stress 74 • Placement of stress within the word 75 11. Complex word stress 82 • Complex words 82 • Suffixes 83 • Prefixes 10 • Compound words 83 • Variable stress 81 • Word-class pairs 81 12. Weak forms 83 8 13. Problems in phonemic analysis 33 • Affricates 31 • The English vowel system 33 • Syllabic consonants 011 • Clusters of s with plosives 010 • Schwa (@) 010 • Distinctive features 012 • Conclusion 013 14. Aspects of connected speech 103 • Rhythm 011 • Assimilation 115 • Elision 003 • Linking 003 15. Intonation 1 113 • Form and function in intonation 021 • Tone and tone languages 020 • Complex tones and pitch height 022 • Some functions of English tones 023 • Tones on other words 021 16. Intonation 2 123 • The tone-unit 023 • The structure of the tone-unit 031 • Pitch possibilities in the simple tone-unit 033 17. Intonation 1 111 • Fall-rise and rise-fall tones followed by a tail 031 • High and low heads 038 • Problems in analysing the form of intonation 001 • Autosegmental treatment of intonation 003 18. Functions of intonation 1 161 • The attitudinal function of intonation 001 • Expressing attitudes 031 6 19. Functions of intonation 2 161 • The accentual function of intonation 033 • The grammatical function of intonation 030 • The discourse function of intonation 031 • Conclusions 033 21. Varieties of English pronunciation 111 • The study of variety 010 • Geographical variation 012 • Other sources of variation 013 21. Recorded exercises 113 Audio Unit 1: Introduction 013 Audio Unit 2: English short vowels 011 Audio Unit 3: Long vowels, diphthongs and triphthongs 010 Audio Unit 2: Plosives 013 Audio Unit 0: Revision 011 Audio Unit 0: Fricatives and affricates 011 Audio Unit 7: Further consonants 013 Audio Unit 1: Consonant clusters 080 Audio Unit 4: Weak syllables 083 Audio Unit 15: Word stress 083 Audio Unit 11: Complex word stress 081 Audio Unit 12: Weak forms 088 Audio Unit 13: Revision 031 Audio Unit 12: Elisions and rhythm 030 Audio Unit 10: Tones 032 Audio Unit 10: The tone-unit 033 Audio Unit 17: Intonation 033 Audio Unit 11: Intonation: extracts from conversation 031 Audio Unit 14: Further practice on connected speech 031 Audio Unit 25: Transcription of connected speech 038 22. Answers to written exercises 200 23. Answers to recorded exercises 210 Recommendations for general reading 203 Bibliography 222 Index 221 2 Preface In previous editions I have used the Preface as a place to thank all the people who have helped me with the book. My debt to them, which in some cases dates back more than twenty-five years, remains, and I have put copies of the Prefaces to the first three editions on the new website of the book so that those acknowledgements are not lost and forgotten. In this new edition, I would like firstly to thank Professor Nobuo Yuzawa of the Takasaki City University of Economics for his wise suggestions and his meticulous and expert scrutiny of the text, which have been invaluable to me. Any errors that remain are entirely my fault. At Cambridge University Press, I would like to thank Jane Walsh, Jeanette Alfoldi, Liz Driscoll, Anna Linthe, Clive Rumble and Brendan Wightman. As in all previous editions, I want to thank my wife Helen for all her help and support. 5 List of symbols 9 Symbols for phonemes  as in 'pit'   as in 'key'   as in 'pet'   as in 'car'   as in 'pat'   as in 'core'   as in 'putt'   as in 'coo'   as in 'pot'   as in 'cur'   as in 'put'   as in 'about', upper' ,   as in 'bay'   as in 'go'   as in 'buy'   as in 'cow'   as in 'boy'   as in 'peer'   as in 'pear'   as in 'poor'   as in 'pea'   as in 'bee'   as in 'toe'   as in 'doe'   as in 'cap' g as in 'gap'   as in 'fat'   as in 'vat'   as in 'thing'   as in 'this'   as in 'sip'   as in 'zip'   as in 'ship'   as in 'measure'   as in 'hat'   as in 'led'   as in 'map'   as in 'red'   as in 'nap'   as in 'yet'   as in 'hang'   as in 'wet'   as in 'chin'   as in 'gin'  1 7 Non-phonemic symbols   as in 'react', 'happy' ,    as in 'to each'    (glottal stop) h aspiration, as in 'pin' phn  syllabic consonant, as in 'button'   shortened vowel, as in 'miss'  . syllable division, as in 'differ'  7 Word stress  primary stress, as in 'open'   secondary stress, as in 'half time'  7 Intonation  tone-unit boundary  pause Tones: \ fall / rise  fall-rise  rise-fall - level  stressed syllable in head, high pitch, as in please \do  stressed syllable in head, low pitch, as in please \do . stressed syllable in the tail, as in \my .turn  extra pitch height, as in \my .turn 90