Cambridge Dictionary of Christian Theology

573 Pages·2014·7.89 MB·English

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the cambridge dictionary of
Christian Theology
With over 550 entries ranging from ‘Abba’ to ‘Zwingli’ composed by leading
contemporary theologians from around the world, The Cambridge Dictionary of
Christian Theology represents a fresh, ecumenical approach to theological refer-
ence. Written with an emphasis on clarity and concision, all entries are designed
to help the reader understand and assess the specifically theological significance
of the most important concepts. Clearly structured, the volume is organized
around a small number of ‘core entries’ which focus on key topics to provide a
general overview of major subject areas, while making use of related shorter
entries to impart a more detailed knowledge of technical terms. The work as a
whole provides an introduction to the defining topics in Christian thought and is
an essential reference point for students and scholars.
ian a. mcfarland is Associate Professor of Systematic Theology at Emory
University. His publications include Difference and Identity: A Theological Anthro-
pology (2001) and The Divine Image: Envisioning the Invisible God (2005).
david a. s. fergusson is Professor of Divinity and Principal of New College
at the University of Edinburgh. His recent publications include Church, State and
Civil Society (Cambridge, 2004) and Faith and Its Critics (2009).
karen kilby is Head of the Department of Theology and Religious Studies at
the University of Nottingham and President of the Catholic Theological Associ-
ation of Great Britain. She is the author of A Brief Introduction to Karl Rahner
(2007) and Karl Rahner: Theology and Philosophy (2004).
iain r. torrance is President and Professor of Patristics at Princeton
Theological Seminary. He is the author of Christology after Chalcedon (1988)
and co-editor of To Glorify God: Essays in Modern Reformed Liturgy (1999) and
The Oxford Handbook of Systematic Theology (2007).
the cambridge dictionary of
Christian Theology
Edited by
IAN A. MCFARLAND, DAVID A. S. FERGUSSON,
KAREN KILBY, IAIN R. TORRANCE
C A M B R I D G E U N I V E R S I T Y P R E S S
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# Cambridge University Press 2011
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First published 2011
Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The Cambridge dictionary of Christian theology / edited by Ian A. McFarland ... [et al.].
p. cm.
ISBN 978-0-521-88092-3 (Hardback)
1. Theology–Dictionaries. I. McFarland, Ian A. (Ian Alexander), 1963– II. Title.
BV2.5.C36 2011
230.03–dc22
2010022749
ISBN 978-0-521-88092-3 Hardback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or
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in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such
websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
Contents
List of contributors page vi
Acknowledgements xvii
Preface xix
Entries 1
References 542
Contributors
William J. Abraham is Albert Cook Outler Professor John F. Baldovin, S. J., is Professor of Historical and
of Wesley Studies and Altshuler Distinguished Liturgical Theology in the School of Theology
Teaching Professor at the Perkins School of and Ministry at Boston College. Priesthood
Theology, Southern Methodist University. Hans M. Barstad is Professor of Hebrew and Old
Revelation Testament Studies in the School of Divinity at the
Nicholas Adams is Senior Lecturer in Systematic University of Edinburgh. Biblical Theology
Theology and Theological Ethics at the The Revd Dr Michael Battle is Provost and Canon
University of Edinburgh. Frankfurt School, Theologian at the Cathedral Center of the
German Idealism Anglican Diocese of Los Angeles. Nonviolence
Allan Heaton Anderson is Professor of Global The Revd Mgr Dr F. J. Baur is Regent of the
Pentecostal Studies and Director of the Graduate Priesterseminars St. Johannes der Ta¨ufer in
Institute for Theology & Religion at the Munich. Occasionalism
University of Birmingham. Pentecostal Theology Tina Beattie is Professor of Catholic Studies at
Andreas Andreopoulos is Lecturer in Christian Roehampton University. Abortion, Assumption,
Theology and Director of the Centre for Human Rights, Immaculate Conception,
Orthodox Studies at the University of Wales, Mariology, Nuptial Theology
Lampeter. Transfiguration Dana Benesh is a PhD student in theology at Baylor
Edward P. Antonio is Harvey H. Potthoff Associate University, with an interest in the history of
Professor of Christian Theology and Social Theory exegesis. Excommunication, Secularization,
at the Iliff School of Theology. Black Theology Tolerance
Kenneth Appold is the James Hastings Nichols Michael Bergmann is Professor of Philosophy at
Associate Professor of Reformation History at Purdue University. Reformed Epistemology
Princeton Theological Seminary. Justification Nigel Biggar is Regius Professor of Moral and
Willem J. van Asselt is Senior Lecturer of Church Pastoral Theology at the University of Oxford.
History in the Department of Theology at Utrecht Moral Theology
University and Professor of Historical Theology Andr´e Birmele´ is Professor of Dogmatics at the
at the Evangelical Theological Faculty in Facult´e de Th´eologie Protestante in Strasbourg.
Louvain. Synod of Dort Ecumenism, World Council of Churches
Paul Avis is the General Secretary of the Council for C. Clifton Black is Otto A. Piper Professor of Biblical
Christian Unity. Episcopacy Theology at Princeton Theological Seminary.
Christine Axt-Piscalar is Professor of Systematic Kingdom of God
Theology and Director of the Institutum Paul M. Blowers is Dean E. Walker Professor of
Lutheranum in the Theological Faculty of the Church History at the Emmanuel School of
Georg-August-Universita¨t, Go¨ttingen. Liberal Religion. Maximus the Confessor, Monothelitism
Theology H. Russel Botman is Rector and Vice-Chancellor at
Lewis Ayres is Bede Professor of Catholic Theology Stellenbosch University. African Theology
at the University of Durham. Arian Controversy, John Bowlin is the Rimmer and Ruth de Vries
Augustine of Hippo, Creeds, Council of Nicaea Associate Professor of Reformed Theology and
Vincent Bacote is Associate Professor of Theology Public Life at Princeton Theological Seminary.
and Director of the Center for Applied Christian Aristotelianism
Ethics at Wheaton College. Abraham Kuyper Ian Bradley is Reader in Practical Theology in
Gary D. Badcock is Associate Professor of Divinity the School of Divinity at the University of
at Huron University College. Vocation St Andrews. Pilgrimage
vi
LIST OF CONTR I BUTORS
Lucy Bregman is Professor of Religion in the and Ingraham Professor at Claremont School of
Religion Department of Temple University. Death Theology. Panentheism
and Dying Francis X. Clooney, S. J., is Parkman Professor of
Luke Bretherton is Senior Lecturer in Theology and Divinity and Professor of Comparative Theology
Politics and Convener of the Faith and Public at Harvard Divinity School. Hinduism and
Policy Forum at King’s College London. Christianity
Constantinianism, Divine Command Ethics Basil Cole, O. P., teaches Moral, Spiritual, and
James T. Bretzke, S. J., is Professor of Moral Dogmatic Theology at the Dominican House of
Theology in the Boston College School of Studies, Washington, DC. Seven Deadly Sins
Theology and Ministry. Casuistry Tim Cooper is Lecturer in Church History in the
Lynn Bridgers is Director of Intercultural Religious Department of Theology and Religious Studies at
Research at the College of Santa Fe. William James the University of Otago. Antinomianism
John P. Burgess is the James Henry Snowden Paul Copan is Pledger Family Chair of Philosophy
Professor of Systematic Theology at Pittsburgh and Ethics at Palm Beach Atlantic University.
Theological Seminary. Baptism Moral Argument
Stanley M. Burgess is Distinguished Professor of M. Shawn Copeland is Associate Professor of
Christian History at the Regent University School Theology at Boston College. Womanist Theology
of Divinity. Perfectionism John Cottingham is Professor Emeritus of
David B. Burrell, C. S. C., is Hesburgh Professor Philosophy at the University of Reading and an
Emeritus in Philosophy and Theology at the Honorary Fellow of St John’s College, Oxford.
University of Notre Dame and the Uganda Cartesianism
Martyrs University. Islam and Christianity S. Peter Cowe is the Narekatsi Professor of
Jason Byassee is the Director of the Center for Armenian Studies in the Department of Near
Theology, Writing and Media at Duke Divinity Eastern Languages and Cultures at the University
School. Allegory, Typology of California, Los Angeles. Armenian Theology
Euan Cameron is Henry Luce III Professor of James L. Cox is Professor of Religious Studies in
Reformation Church History at Union the School of Divinity at the University of
Theological Seminary, New York. Reformation Edinburgh. Traditional Religions and Christianity
Amy Carr is Associate Professor of Religious Studies William Lane Craig is Research Professor of
at Western Illinois University. Temptation Philosophy at the Talbot School of Theology.
Mark J. Cartledge is Senior Lecturer in Pentecostal Cosmological Argument, Middle Knowledge
and Charismatic Theology at the University of Shannon Craigo-Snell is Associate Professor of
Birmingham. Glossolalia Religious Studies at Yale University. Patriarchy,
Augustine Casiday is Lecturer in Historical Supernatural existential
Theology and Director of the MA in Monastic Andrew Crislip holds the Blake Chair in the History
Studies at the University of Wales, Lampeter. of Christianity at Virginia Commonwealth
Hesychasm, Gregory Palamas, Platonism University. Asceticism
Christophe Chalamet is Assistant Professor in the Garry J. Crites is Director of Evening and Weekend
Department of Theology at Fordham University. Courses at Duke University. Fasting
Dialectical Theology The Revd Dr Anthony R. Cross is Fellow of the Centre
The Revd Dr Mark D. Chapman is Vice-Principal of for Baptist History and Heritage at Regent’s Park
Ripon College Cuddesdon, Oxford, and member College, University of Oxford. Joachim of Fiore
of the Faculty of Theology at the University of Richard Crouter is John M. and Elizabeth
Oxford. Ernst Troeltsch W. Musser Professor of Religious Studies,
Sathianathan Clarke is Bishop Sundo Kim Professor Emeritus at Carleton College. Enlightenment
of World Christianity at the Wesley Theological Lawrence Cunningham is the Revd John A. O’Brien
Seminary. Dalit Theology Professor of Theology in the Department of
Philip Clayton is Professor of Religion and Theology of the University of Notre Dame.
Philosophy at Claremont Graduate University Catholic Theology
vii
LI ST OF CONTR I BUTOR S
Mary B. Cunningham is Lecturer in Theology at the Paul S. Fiddes is Professor of Systematic Theology
University of Nottingham. Divine Energies, at the University of Oxford and Director of
Iconoclasm Research at Regent’s Park College, Oxford.
Ivor J. Davidson is Professor of Systematic Theology Baptist Theology
at the University of Otago. Catechesis, Stephen Fields, S. J., is Associate Professor of
Catechumen, Council of Chalcedon, Jerome Theology at Georgetown University. Symbol
Douglas J. Davies is Professor in the Study of Duncan B. Forrester is Honorary Fellow and
Religion at Durham University. The Church of Professor Emeritus in the School of Divinity
Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints at the University of Edinburgh. Political
Andrew Dawson is Lecturer in Religious Studies at Theology
Lancaster University. Base Communities Paul Foster is Senior Lecturer in New Testament in
Juliette Day is Senior Research Fellow in Christian the School of Divinity at the University of
Liturgy at Blackfriars Hall, Oxford. Canon of Mass Edinburgh. Logos
Gavin D’Costa is Professor of Catholic Theology in Nancy Frankenberry is the John Phillips Professor
the Department of Theology and Religious of Religion at Dartmouth College. Natural
Studies at the University of Bristol. Anonymous Theology
Christianity, Inculturation, Religious Pluralism, Mary McClintock Fulkerson is Professor of
Karl Rahner Theology at Duke Divinity School. Feminist
Celia Deane-Drummond is Professor of Theology Theology
and the Biological Sciences and Director of the Simon Gathercole is Lecturer in New Testament
Centre for Religion and the Biosciences at the Studies in the Faculty of Divinity at the
University of Chester. Ecotheology University of Cambridge. Paul, Quest of the
Paul J. DeHart is Associate Professor of Theology Historical Jesus
at Vanderbilt University Divinity School. Michelle A. Gonzalez is Assistant Professor of
Postliberal Theology Religious Studies at the University of Miami.
Ralph Del Colle is Associate Professor of Theology Latino/a Theology, Mujerista Theology
at Marquette University. Mortal Sin, Penance, Todd Gooch is Associate Professor in the
Venial Sin Department of Philosophy and Religion at
Gary Dorrien is the Reinhold Niebuhr Professor of Eastern Kentucky University. Rudolf Otto
Social Ethics at Union Theological Seminary and Bruce Gordon is Professor of Reformation History
Professor of Religion at Columbia University. at Yale Divinity School. Heinrich Bullinger,
Social Gospel Conciliarism
Geoffrey D. Dunn is an Australian Research Fellow Elaine Graham is Grosvenor Research Professor in
at the Centre for Early Christian Studies, the Department of Theology and Religious Studies
Australian Catholic University. Tertullian at the University of Chester. Practical Theology
Mark W. Elliott is Lecturer in Church History in the Gordon Graham is Henry Luce III Professor of
School of Divinity at the University of St Philosophy and the Arts at Princeton Theological
Andrews. Nominalism, Pelagianism Seminary. Commonsense Philosophy
Noel Leo Erskine is Professor of Theology and Janette Gray, R. S. M., is Lecturer in Theology at the
Ethics at the Candler School of Theology, Jesuit Theological College, the United Faculty of
Emory University. Caribbean Theology, Martin Theology, Melbourne. Celibacy
Luther King Joel B. Green is Professor of New Testament
Wendy Farley is Professor in the Department of Interpretation and Associate Dean for the
Religion at Emory University. Phenomenology Center for Advanced Theological Studies at
Douglas Farrow is Professor of Christian Thought in Fuller Theological Seminary. Soul
the Faculty of Religious Studies, McGill Niels Henrik Gregersen is Professor of Systematic
University. Ascension and Session Theology in the Faculty of Theology at the
Richard Fenn is Maxwell M. Upson Professor of University of Copenhagen. Nordic Theology
Christianity and Society at Princeton Theological Mike Grimshaw is Senior Lecturer in Religious
Seminary. Purgatory Studies in the School of Philosophy and Religious
viii