Copyright © 2016 by Hugh Kennedy Published in the United States by Basic Books, an imprint of Perseus Books, LLC, a subsidiary of Hachette Book Group, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this book may be reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For information, address Basic Books, 250 West 57th Street, 15th Floor, New York, NY 10107. Books published by Basic Books are available at special discounts for bulk purchases in the United States by corporations, institutions, and other organizations. For more information, please contact the Special Markets Department at the Perseus Books Group, 2300 Chestnut Street, Suite 200, Philadelphia, PA 19103, or call (800) 810-4145, ext. 5000, or e-mail [email protected]. First published in 2016 in the United Kingdom by Pelican Books, Penguin Books, Penguin Random House. Designed by Jack Lenzo Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Kennedy, Hugh (Hugh N.), author. Title: Caliphate: the history of an idea / Hugh Kennedy. Description: First edition. | New York: Basic Books, 2016. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016029769 (print) | LCCN 2016032016 (ebook) | ISBN 9780465094394 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Caliphate—History. | Caliphs—History. | Islamic Empire—History—622–661. | Islamic Empire—History—661–750. | Islamic Empire—History—750–1258. | Islamic Empire—Kings and rulers. Classification: LCC BP166.9 .K36 2016 (print) | LCC BP166.9 (ebook) | DDC 909/.09767—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016029769 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To my young grandchildren, Ferdie, Ronja and Aurora in the hope that they may grow up in a world where people of different religions and cultures can live together in peace and mutual respect. Contents Maps Introduction 1 THE FIRST CALIPHS 2 THE EXECUTIVE CALIPHATE: THE RULE OF THE UMAYYADS 3 THE EARLY ABBASID CALIPHATE 4 THE CULTURE OF THE ABBASID CALIPHATE 5 THE LATER ABBASID CALIPHATE 6 THREE AUTHORS IN SEARCH OF THE CALIPHATE 7 THE CALIPHATE OF THE SHIITES 8 THE UMAYYADS OF CÓRDOBA 9 THE ALMOHAD CALIPHS 10 THE CALIPHATE UNDER THE MAMLUKS AND OTTOMANS 11 THE TWENTIETH CENTURY AND BEYOND Acknowledgements Glossary List of Caliphs Notes Further Reading Index
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