Table Of Content

California Workforce Education and Training Needs Assessment For Energy Efficiency, Distributed Generation, and Demand Response DONALD VIAL CENTER ON EMPLOYMENT IN THE GREEN ECONOMY Institute for Research on Labor and Employment University of California, Berkeley 2011 2011 CALIFORNIA WE&T NEEDS ASSESSMENT My Fellow Californians, Over three years ago, the California Public Utilities Commission recognized that California’s ambitious energy efficiency and greenhouse reduction goals required long term strategic planning. In September 2008, the Commission approved the California Long-Term Energy Efficiency Strategic Plan (Plan) in September 2008 providing a roadmap, through the year 2020 and beyond, for a dramatic scaling-up of statewide energy efficiency efforts designed to meet California’s clean energy challenges and goals. The objective of the Plan is to push forward sustained market transformation, thus moving California toward long-term, deep energy savings. The Plan targets, chapter-by-chapter, four market sectors and seven cross cutting sectors. While the industry and cross cutting sectors are the bones of the Plan, four specific programmatic goals—the big bold energy efficiency strategies—may be considered its heart. In the development of the Plan, we recognized that California would not be able to meet these ambitious goals without adequate numbers of trained personnel working the various fields of energy efficiency. Thus we directed the utilities to include a workforce education and training component as one of the cross cutting sectors in the Plan. With the input of the utilities and other relevant stakeholders at the Plan workshops, the Commission adopted a vision for workforce education and training: By 2020, California’s workforce is trained and fully engaged to provide the human capital necessary to achieve California’s economic energy efficiency and demand site management potential. The Plan lays out two goals to achieve this vision. First, establish energy efficiency education and training at all levels of California’s educational systems. Second, ensure that minority, low income and disadvantaged communities fully participate in training and education programs at all levels of the energy efficiency and demand side management industries. While the Plan provides several strategies to meet each of the goals, it recognized that in the immediate future, the state must initiate a needs assessment: an in-depth formal statewide training and education resource inventory of current efforts and an assessment of the training and education resources necessary for successful delivery of the long range goals set forth in the Plan. Thus over the past year, the Donald Vial Center has been conducting interviews and collecting and analyzing data on California workforce resources and issues in the energy efficiency sector. The information and recommendations provided within this report summarize the information collected and present an independent analysis of these issues. This report is a key step in the implementation of the Workforce Education and Training Chapter of the Plan. It gives us a strong idea of where we are and recommendations on how we can ensure that we have a properly trained workforce to enable us to meet California’s clean energy goals, particularly with regard to energy efficiency. Sincerely, Dian M. Grueneich Former Commissioner California Public Utilities Commission UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY Page II ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AUTHORS: DONALD VIAL CENTER ON EMPLOYMENT IN THE GREEN ECONOMY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY Carol Zabin Karen Chapple Ellen Avis Jessica Halpern-Finnerty T. William Lester Sergio Montero Michael Reich Lynn Scholl Peter Berck Salafai J. (Susie) Suafai Zach Church Tory Griffith Kate Stearns RESEARCH INTO ACTION, INC. Jane Peters Nathaniel Albers CENTERS OF EXCELLENCE, CALIFORNIA COMMUNITY COLLEGES Elaine Gaertner Evgeniya Lindstrom John Carrese PUBLIC/PRIVATE VENTURES Joshua Freely LEAD AUTHORS BY CHAPTER Chapter 1: Zabin, Avis, Halpern-Finnerty Chapter 10: Gaertner, Lindstrom, Carrese Chapter 2: Reich, Scholl Chapter 11: Gaertner, Lindstrom, Carrese Chapter 3: Chapple, Lester, Montero, Berck Chapter 12: Zabin, Peters, Albers Chapter 4: Zabin, Avis, Halpern-Finnerty Chapter 13: Zabin, Avis, Halpern-Finnerty, Stearns Chapter 5: Zabin, Avis, Halpern-Finnerty Chapter 14: Gaertner, Lindstrom Chapter 6: Peters, Albers Chapter 15: Zabin, Halpern-Finnerty, Lindstrom, Gaertner Chapter 7: Zabin, Avis, Halpern-Finnerty, Suafai Chapter 16: Zabin, Freely, Carrese, Avis Chapter 8: Gaertner, Lindstrom, Carrese Chapter 17: Zabin, Avis, Halpern-Finnerty Chapter 9: Peters, Albers DONALD VIAL CENTER ON EMPLOYMENT IN THE GREEN ECONOMY Page III 2011 CALIFORNIA WE&T NEEDS ASSESSMENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: We wish to extend our thanks to the many people who gave their time and effort to this project throughout the year. We offer our thanks to the following individuals: RESEARCH ASSISTANCE: April Armstrong, Mersiha Spahic — Research Into Action Nicole Porter, Lori Sanchez — Centers of Excellence, California Community Colleges Sean Campion, Matt Lewis, Elizabeth Mattiuzzi, Lacy Stark, Mi Thich, Dave Graham Squire — UC Berkeley Elizabeth Redman — Cross Sector Strategies EDITING AND PRODUCTION: Jenifer MacGillvary and Sandra Laughlin — UC Berkeley CPUC AND IOU STUDY TEAM: Robin Walther — Study Manager on Behalf of Southern California Edison Company Carlos Hernandez — Southern California Edison Company Lisa Paulo — California Public Utilities Commission Kelly Hymes — California Public Utilities Commission WORKFORCE SUMMIT PLANNING COMMITTEE: Commissioner Dian Grueneich — California Public Utilities Commission Barbara Baran — California Budget Project Panama Bartholomy — California Energy Commission Linda Collins — Career Ladders Project Cesar Diaz — State Building and Construction Trades Council Marcy Drummond — Los Angeles Trade–Technical College Cecilia Estolano — Green For All Barbara Halsey — California Workforce Investment Board Dan Henrich — PDE Total Energy Solutions Bernie Kotlier — LMCC–IBEW–NECA Kip Lipper — Office of Senate President pro Tem Darrell Steinberg Pete Price — Office of Speaker John Perez Daniel Villao — California Construction Academy, UCLA Center for Labor Research and Education UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY Page IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS RESEARCH REVIEW AND EXPERT ADVICE: Carl Blumstein — California Institute for Energy and Environment Marian Brown, Carlos Hernandez, Shahana Samiullah — Southern California Edison Company Barbara Cox, Bernie Kotlier — LMCC-IBEW-NECA Rodney Davis — Southern California Gas Company David Dias — Sheet Metal Workers Local 104 Erik Emblem — Western States Council of Sheet Metal Workers Cathy Fogel, Tory Francisco, Anne Premo — California Public Utilities Commission Glen Forman — California Division of Apprenticeship Standards Elena Foshay — Rising Sun Energy Center Brenda Gettig — San Diego Gas & Electric Company Chuck Goldman, Merrian Fuller — Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Emily Gordon, Jeremy Hays — Green for All Bonnie Graybill, Steve Saxton — California Employment Development Department Dale Gustavson — Better Buildings, Incorporated Mike Jaske — California Energy Commission Ian Kim — Ella Baker Center Rubén Lizardo — PolicyLink Tim Rainey — California Labor Federation Charles Segerstrom, Gil Wong — Pacific Gas and Electric Company Special thanks to all those who were interviewed for this study. We appreciate your taking the time to answer our numerous questions and share your knowledge with us. Also special thanks to Robin Walther, study manager, for her many diligent and insightful reviews of the report and her help in information gathering throughout the research. All errors, editorial decisions, and conclusions are the sole responsibility of the lead authors, Carol Zabin and Karen Chapple. DONALD VIAL CENTER ON EMPLOYMENT IN THE GREEN ECONOMY Page V 2011 CALIFORNIA WE&T NEEDS ASSESSMENT This page intentionally left blank UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY Page VI TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS PART ONE: POLICY IMPACT ON JOBS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ......................................................... 1 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE WORKFORCE EDUCATION & TRAINING NEEDS ASSESSMENT ..................................................... 3 1.1 Why a Workforce Education and Training Needs Assessment for California? .................................................................. 3 1.2 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................. 4 1.3 Research Approach and Conceptual Framework .............................................................................................................. 5 1.3.1 Job Impacts of Energy Efficiency Policies......................................................................................................................................... 5 1.3.2 Workforce Development Infrastructure ............................................................................................................................................. 6 1.4 Paving the High Road and Closing Off the Low Road ....................................................................................................... 7 1.5 What the Study Does Not Do ............................................................................................................................................. 8 1.6 Impact of the Current Economic Crisis ............................................................................................................................... 8 1.7 Stakeholder Engagement ................................................................................................................................................... 9 1.8 Next Steps .......................................................................................................................................................................... 9 1.9 Organization of Report ..................................................................................................................................................... 10 2. PROSPECTS FOR GREEN JOBS AND THE CALIFORNIA ECONOMY ......................................................................................... 12 2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................... 12 2.2 The Economic Crisis, Recent Employment Trends and Forecasts .................................................................................. 13 2.2.1 The Sources of the Crisis ................................................................................................................................................................ 13 2.2.2 Employment Trends in the Recovery .............................................................................................................................................. 16 2.3 California’s Educational and Training System and Labor Market Skill Segments ............................................................ 24 2.3.1 The Labor Market for College Graduates........................................................................................................................................ 24 2.3.2 Middle Skill Jobs.............................................................................................................................................................................. 27 2.3.3 Low Skill Jobs .................................................................................................................................................................................. 28 2.4 Trends in the Number of Green Jobs ............................................................................................................................... 29 2.4.1 Definition of Green Economy and Jobs........................................................................................................................................... 29 2.4.2 Studies Estimating the Size of California’s Green Job Economy.................................................................................................... 30 2.4.3 Jobs Created by Energy Savings .................................................................................................................................................... 31 2.4.4 The Role of Venture Capital Investments ....................................................................................................................................... 33 2.4.5 The Quality of Green Jobs .............................................................................................................................................................. 33 2.5 Labor Market Standards ................................................................................................................................................... 34 2.6 Summary and Conclusions .............................................................................................................................................. 35 3. QUANTIFYING LABOR DEMAND AND SUPPLY ........................................................................................................................ 37 3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................... 37 3.1.1 Clarification of Key Assumptions ..................................................................................................................................................... 39 3.1.2 Summary of Findings ...................................................................................................................................................................... 40 3.2 Methodological Approach ................................................................................................................................................. 41 3.3 Policies, Programs, Scenarios, and Investments ............................................................................................................. 43 3.3.1 Energy Efficiency............................................................................................................................................................................. 50 3.3.2 Distributed Generation .................................................................................................................................................................... 57 DONALD VIAL CENTER ON EMPLOYMENT IN THE GREEN ECONOMY Page VII 2011 CALIFORNIA WE&T NEEDS ASSESSMENT 3.3.3 Demand Response and Smart Meters ............................................................................................................................................ 59 3.3.4 Summary of Policies and Scenarios ............................................................................................................................................... 60 3.4 Projections of Labor Demand and Worker Training Needs .............................................................................................. 61 3.4.1 Projecting Jobs in California ............................................................................................................................................................ 63 3.4.2 Projections by Industry .................................................................................................................................................................... 69 3.4.3 Comparisons to California Projections ............................................................................................................................................ 71 3.4.4 Job Projections by Occupation ........................................................................................................................................................ 71 3.5 Occupational Projections by Metropolitan Region ........................................................................................................... 76 3.6 Labor Supply .................................................................................................................................................................... 77 3.6.1 Methodology .................................................................................................................................................................................... 78 3.6.2 Current Energy Efficiency, Demand Response, and Distributed Generation Labor Supply in California ....................................... 79 3.6.3 Projecting Future Energy Efficiency Labor Supply in California...................................................................................................... 85 3.7 Match Between Labor Demand and Supply ..................................................................................................................... 86 3.8 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................................................... 87 4. CASE STUDIES OF THE HVAC, RESIDENTIAL RETROFIT, AND COMMERCIAL LIGHTING CONTROLS SECTORS ................ 89 4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................... 89 4.1.1 Workforce Issues Affecting Energy Savings Outcomes .................................................................................................................. 89 4.1.2 Workforce Goals and Outcomes ..................................................................................................................................................... 90 4.1.3 Methodology and Chapter Organization ......................................................................................................................................... 91 4.2 Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) .......................................................................................................... 92 4.2.1 Market Dynamics............................................................................................................................................................................. 93 4.2.2 Policy Instruments and Programs ................................................................................................................................................... 94 4.2.3 Labor Market Conditions ................................................................................................................................................................. 98 4.2.4 Impact on Energy Savings and Workforce Outcomes .................................................................................................................. 100 4.2.5 Future Directions and Lessons from HVAC .................................................................................................................................. 101 4.3 Residential Energy Efficiency Retrofits .......................................................................................................................... 102 4.3.1 Market Dynamics........................................................................................................................................................................... 102 4.3.2 Policy Instruments and Programs ................................................................................................................................................. 103 4.3.3 Labor Conditions ........................................................................................................................................................................... 106 4.3.4 Impact on Energy Savings and Workforce Outcomes .................................................................................................................. 108 4.3.5 New Policy Directions ................................................................................................................................................................... 109 4.3.6 Lessons from Residential Retrofit ................................................................................................................................................. 112 4.4 Commercial Lighting Controls ........................................................................................................................................ 113 4.4.1 Market Dynamics........................................................................................................................................................................... 113 4.4.2 Policy Instruments and Programs ................................................................................................................................................. 114 4.4.3 Labor Conditions ........................................................................................................................................................................... 115 4.4.4 Lessons from Lighting ................................................................................................................................................................... 116 4.5 Conclusions and Recommendations .............................................................................................................................. 116 4.5.1 Skill Standards and Certifications ................................................................................................................................................. 117 4.5.2 High-Road Agreements and Labor Standards .............................................................................................................................. 117 PART TWO: CALIFORNIA’S WORKFORCE EDUCATION AND TRAINING INFRASTRUCTURE .............. 119 5. CALIFORNIA’S WORKFORCE DEVELOPMENT INFRASTRUCTURE ......................................................................................... 121 5.1 California’s Workforce System ....................................................................................................................................... 121 5.2 Sector Strategies ............................................................................................................................................................ 123 5.3 Credentialing and Certifications ..................................................................................................................................... 124 5.3.1 Professional Licenses ................................................................................................................................................................... 125 5.3.2 Occupational Certification ............................................................................................................................................................. 126 5.3.3 Journey Card ................................................................................................................................................................................. 126 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY Page VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS 5.3.4 Educational Degrees ..................................................................................................................................................................... 126 5.3.5 Educational Certificates ................................................................................................................................................................ 127 5.3.6 Skills Certificates ........................................................................................................................................................................... 127 5.3.7 Self-Defined Certificates ............................................................................................................................................................... 127 5.4 The Specific Venues for Workforce Planning and Sector Strategies in the Energy Efficiency Sectors ......................... 128 5.5 Survey of Training and Education Programs ................................................................................................................. 130 6. FOUR-YEAR COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES ........................................................................................................................... 132 6.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................................................................ 132 6.2 Description of Programs and Incorporation of Energy Efficiency ................................................................................... 132 6.2.1 Multidisciplinary Energy and Energy-Efficiency Specific Programs .............................................................................................. 133 6.2.2 Engineering Programs .................................................................................................................................................................. 134 6.2.3 Architecture ................................................................................................................................................................................... 137 6.2.4 Construction Management ............................................................................................................................................................ 140 6.3 Outcomes ....................................................................................................................................................................... 141 6.4 Licenses and Certification in the Professional Energy Efficiency Workforce ................................................................. 143 6.4.1 Engineers ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 143 6.4.2 Architects ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 145 6.4.3 Construction Managers ................................................................................................................................................................. 146 6.5 Equity and Access in the Professional Occupations ...................................................................................................... 147 6.6 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................................................... 148 7. CERTIFIED APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAMS ................................................................................................................................ 149 7.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................................................................ 149 7.2 Description of Programs ................................................................................................................................................. 150 7.3 Information on Outcomes ............................................................................................................................................... 152 7.4 Employer Involvement .................................................................................................................................................... 153 7.5 Partnerships ................................................................................................................................................................... 153 7.5.1 Education and Recruitment ........................................................................................................................................................... 154 7.6 Pipelines into Apprenticeship ......................................................................................................................................... 155 7.7 Incorporation of Energy Efficiency and Related Skills .................................................................................................... 156 7.8 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................................................... 157 8. COMMUNITY COLLEGES ......................................................................................................................................................... 159 8.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................................................................ 159 8.2 Description of Programs ................................................................................................................................................. 159 8.2.1 Traditional Community College Programs .................................................................................................................................... 160 8.2.2 Apprenticeship Training Community College Programs ............................................................................................................... 163 8.2.3 Emerging Green Community College Programs ........................................................................................................................... 163 8.3 Information on Outcomes ............................................................................................................................................... 165 8.4 Employer Involvement .................................................................................................................................................... 165 8.5 Partnerships ................................................................................................................................................................... 166 8.6 Incorporation of Energy Efficiency and Related Skills .................................................................................................... 167 8.7 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................................................... 168 9. PRIVATE TRAINING PROGRAMS .............................................................................................................................................. 169 9.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................................................................ 169 9.2 Description of Programs ................................................................................................................................................. 169 9.3 Certifications .................................................................................................................................................................. 171 DONALD VIAL CENTER ON EMPLOYMENT IN THE GREEN ECONOMY Page IX 2011 CALIFORNIA WE&T NEEDS ASSESSMENT 9.4 Information on Outcomes ............................................................................................................................................... 171 9.4.1 Entry-Level Occupational Trainings .............................................................................................................................................. 173 9.4.2 Intermediate Technical Training .................................................................................................................................................... 173 9.4.3 Incumbent Worker Technical Skills Upgrade ................................................................................................................................ 174 9.5 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................................................... 174 10. COMMUNITY-BASED ORGANIZATIONS .............................................................................................................................. 176 10.1 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................................... 176 10.2 Description of Programs ............................................................................................................................................... 176 10.3 Information on Outcomes ............................................................................................................................................. 178 10.4 Employer Involvement .................................................................................................................................................. 178 10.5 Partnerships ................................................................................................................................................................. 179 10.6 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................................................. 180 11. REGIONAL OCCUPATIONAL PROGRAMS ............................................................................................................................ 181 11.1 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................................... 181 11.2 Description of Programs ............................................................................................................................................... 181 11.3 Information on Outcomes ............................................................................................................................................. 183 11.4 Employer Involvement .................................................................................................................................................. 184 11.5 Partnerships ................................................................................................................................................................. 185 11.6 Incorporation of Energy Efficiency and Related Skills .................................................................................................. 186 11.7 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................................................. 186 12. INVESTOR-OWNED UTILITY PROGRAMS ............................................................................................................................ 187 12.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................. 187 12.2 Key WE&T Programs ................................................................................................................................................... 188 12.3 Centergies (Energy Training Centers) ......................................................................................................................... 188 12.3.1 Energy Center Collaborations ..................................................................................................................................................... 192 12.3.2 Sector Strategies—The CALCTP model ..................................................................................................................................... 195 12.3.3 Entry Level Training and Inclusion of Low-Income and Disadvantaged Workers ....................................................................... 196 12.3.4 HVAC .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 199 12.4 Connections (Energy Efficiency Educational Programs) .............................................................................................. 200 12.4.1 Pilot Programs ............................................................................................................................................................................. 201 12.5 Other Programs ............................................................................................................................................................ 202 12.5.2 Power Pathways.......................................................................................................................................................................... 202 12.6 Analysis of Utility WE&T Programs .............................................................................................................................. 203 12.7 Recommendations ....................................................................................................................................................... 204 12.7.1 Energy Center Recommendations .............................................................................................................................................. 205 12.7.2 Connections Program Recommendations .................................................................................................................................. 206 12.7.3 General Recommendations for WE&T Programs ....................................................................................................................... 207 13. ANALYSIS OF WORKFORCE EDUCATION AND TRAINING SURVEY .................................................................................. 208 13.1 Overview of Workforce Training and Education Institutions ......................................................................................... 209 13.2 Occupational Profile and Scope of Training Institutions ............................................................................................... 209 13.2.1 Emerging vs. Traditional Occupations ........................................................................................................................................ 213 13.3 Skills and Credentials ................................................................................................................................................... 215 13.3.1 Training Institution Graduation Levels......................................................................................................................................... 217 13.4 Career Pathways and Training ..................................................................................................................................... 218 13.4.1 Professional and Managerial Pathways ...................................................................................................................................... 220 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY Page X

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California Workforce Education and Training Needs Assessment For Energy Efficiency, Distributed Generation, and Demand Response DONALD VIAL CENTER ON EMPLOYMENT IN THE GREEN ECONOMY Institute for Research on Labor and Employment University of California, Berkeley 2011 2011 CALIFORNIA WE&T NEEDS ASSESSMENT My Fellow Californians, Over three years ago, the California Public Utilities Commission recognized that California’s ambitious energy efficiency and greenhouse reduction goals required long term strategic planning. In September 2008, the Commission approved the California Long-Term Energy Efficiency Strategic Plan (Plan) in September 2008 providing a roadmap, through the year 2020 and beyond, for a dramatic scaling-up of statewide energy efficiency efforts designed to meet California’s clean energy challenges and goals. The objective of the Plan is to push forward sustained market transformation, thus moving California toward long-term, deep energy savings. The Plan targets, chapter-by-chapter, four market sectors and seven cross cutting sectors. While the industry and cross cutting sectors are the bones of the Plan, four specific programmatic goals—the big bold energy efficiency strategies—may be considered its heart. In the development of the Plan, we recognized that California would not be able to meet these ambitious goals without adequate numbers of trained personnel working the various fields of energy efficiency. Thus we directed the utilities to include a workforce education and training component as one of the cross cutting sectors in the Plan. With the input of the utilities and other relevant stakeholders at the Plan workshops, the Commission adopted a vision for workforce education and training: By 2020, California’s workforce is trained and fully engaged to provide the human capital necessary to achieve California’s economic energy efficiency and demand site management potential. The Plan lays out two goals to achieve this vision. First, establish energy efficiency education and training at all levels of California’s educational systems. Second, ensure that minority, low income and disadvantaged communities fully participate in training and education programs at all levels of the energy efficiency and demand side management industries. While the Plan provides several strategies to meet each of the goals, it recognized that in the immediate future, the state must initiate a needs assessment: an in-depth formal statewide training and education resource inventory of current efforts and an assessment of the training and education resources necessary for successful delivery of the long range goals set forth in the Plan. Thus over the past year, the Donald Vial Center has been conducting interviews and collecting and analyzing data on California workforce resources and issues in the energy efficiency sector. The information and recommendations provided within this report summarize the information collected and present an independent analysis of these issues. This report is a key step in the implementation of the Workforce Education and Training Chapter of the Plan. It gives us a strong idea of where we are and recommendations on how we can ensure that we have a properly trained workforce to enable us to meet California’s clean energy goals, particularly with regard to energy efficiency. Sincerely, Dian M. Grueneich Former Commissioner California Public Utilities Commission UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY Page II ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AUTHORS: DONALD VIAL CENTER ON EMPLOYMENT IN THE GREEN ECONOMY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY Carol Zabin Karen Chapple Ellen Avis Jessica Halpern-Finnerty T. William Lester Sergio Montero Michael Reich Lynn Scholl Peter Berck Salafai J. (Susie) Suafai Zach Church Tory Griffith Kate Stearns RESEARCH INTO ACTION, INC. Jane Peters Nathaniel Albers CENTERS OF EXCELLENCE, CALIFORNIA COMMUNITY COLLEGES Elaine Gaertner Evgeniya Lindstrom John Carrese PUBLIC/PRIVATE VENTURES Joshua Freely LEAD AUTHORS BY CHAPTER Chapter 1: Zabin, Avis, Halpern-Finnerty Chapter 10: Gaertner, Lindstrom, Carrese Chapter 2: Reich, Scholl Chapter 11: Gaertner, Lindstrom, Carrese Chapter 3: Chapple, Lester, Montero, Berck Chapter 12: Zabin, Peters, Albers Chapter 4: Zabin, Avis, Halpern-Finnerty Chapter 13: Zabin, Avis, Halpern-Finnerty, Stearns Chapter 5: Zabin, Avis, Halpern-Finnerty Chapter 14: Gaertner, Lindstrom Chapter 6: Peters, Albers Chapter 15: Zabin, Halpern-Finnerty, Lindstrom, Gaertner Chapter 7: Zabin, Avis, Halpern-Finnerty, Suafai Chapter 16: Zabin, Freely, Carrese, Avis Chapter 8: Gaertner, Lindstrom, Carrese Chapter 17: Zabin, Avis, Halpern-Finnerty Chapter 9: Peters, Albers DONALD VIAL CENTER ON EMPLOYMENT IN THE GREEN ECONOMY Page III 2011 CALIFORNIA WE&T NEEDS ASSESSMENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: We wish to extend our thanks to the many people who gave their time and effort to this project throughout the year. We offer our thanks to the following individuals: RESEARCH ASSISTANCE: April Armstrong, Mersiha Spahic — Research Into Action Nicole Porter, Lori Sanchez — Centers of Excellence, California Community Colleges Sean Campion, Matt Lewis, Elizabeth Mattiuzzi, Lacy Stark, Mi Thich, Dave Graham Squire — UC Berkeley Elizabeth Redman — Cross Sector Strategies EDITING AND PRODUCTION: Jenifer MacGillvary and Sandra Laughlin — UC Berkeley CPUC AND IOU STUDY TEAM: Robin Walther — Study Manager on Behalf of Southern California Edison Company Carlos Hernandez — Southern California Edison Company Lisa Paulo — California Public Utilities Commission Kelly Hymes — California Public Utilities Commission WORKFORCE SUMMIT PLANNING COMMITTEE: Commissioner Dian Grueneich — California Public Utilities Commission Barbara Baran — California Budget Project Panama Bartholomy — California Energy Commission Linda Collins — Career Ladders Project Cesar Diaz — State Building and Construction Trades Council Marcy Drummond — Los Angeles Trade–Technical College Cecilia Estolano — Green For All Barbara Halsey — California Workforce Investment Board Dan Henrich — PDE Total Energy Solutions Bernie Kotlier — LMCC–IBEW–NECA Kip Lipper — Office of Senate President pro Tem Darrell Steinberg Pete Price — Office of Speaker John Perez Daniel Villao — California Construction Academy, UCLA Center for Labor Research and Education UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY Page IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS RESEARCH REVIEW AND EXPERT ADVICE: Carl Blumstein — California Institute for Energy and Environment Marian Brown, Carlos Hernandez, Shahana Samiullah — Southern California Edison Company Barbara Cox, Bernie Kotlier — LMCC-IBEW-NECA Rodney Davis — Southern California Gas Company David Dias — Sheet Metal Workers Local 104 Erik Emblem — Western States Council of Sheet Metal Workers Cathy Fogel, Tory Francisco, Anne Premo — California Public Utilities Commission Glen Forman — California Division of Apprenticeship Standards Elena Foshay — Rising Sun Energy Center Brenda Gettig — San Diego Gas & Electric Company Chuck Goldman, Merrian Fuller — Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Emily Gordon, Jeremy Hays — Green for All Bonnie Graybill, Steve Saxton — California Employment Development Department Dale Gustavson — Better Buildings, Incorporated Mike Jaske — California Energy Commission Ian Kim — Ella Baker Center Rubén Lizardo — PolicyLink Tim Rainey — California Labor Federation Charles Segerstrom, Gil Wong — Pacific Gas and Electric Company Special thanks to all those who were interviewed for this study. We appreciate your taking the time to answer our numerous questions and share your knowledge with us. Also special thanks to Robin Walther, study manager, for her many diligent and insightful reviews of the report and her help in information gathering throughout the research. All errors, editorial decisions, and conclusions are the sole responsibility of the lead authors, Carol Zabin and Karen Chapple. DONALD VIAL CENTER ON EMPLOYMENT IN THE GREEN ECONOMY Page V 2011 CALIFORNIA WE&T NEEDS ASSESSMENT This page intentionally left blank UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY Page VI TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS PART ONE: POLICY IMPACT ON JOBS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ......................................................... 1 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE WORKFORCE EDUCATION & TRAINING NEEDS ASSESSMENT ..................................................... 3 1.1 Why a Workforce Education and Training Needs Assessment for California? .................................................................. 3 1.2 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................. 4 1.3 Research Approach and Conceptual Framework .............................................................................................................. 5 1.3.1 Job Impacts of Energy Efficiency Policies......................................................................................................................................... 5 1.3.2 Workforce Development Infrastructure ............................................................................................................................................. 6 1.4 Paving the High Road and Closing Off the Low Road ....................................................................................................... 7 1.5 What the Study Does Not Do ............................................................................................................................................. 8 1.6 Impact of the Current Economic Crisis ............................................................................................................................... 8 1.7 Stakeholder Engagement ................................................................................................................................................... 9 1.8 Next Steps .......................................................................................................................................................................... 9 1.9 Organization of Report ..................................................................................................................................................... 10 2. PROSPECTS FOR GREEN JOBS AND THE CALIFORNIA ECONOMY ......................................................................................... 12 2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................... 12 2.2 The Economic Crisis, Recent Employment Trends and Forecasts .................................................................................. 13 2.2.1 The Sources of the Crisis ................................................................................................................................................................ 13 2.2.2 Employment Trends in the Recovery .............................................................................................................................................. 16 2.3 California’s Educational and Training System and Labor Market Skill Segments ............................................................ 24 2.3.1 The Labor Market for College Graduates........................................................................................................................................ 24 2.3.2 Middle Skill Jobs.............................................................................................................................................................................. 27 2.3.3 Low Skill Jobs .................................................................................................................................................................................. 28 2.4 Trends in the Number of Green Jobs ............................................................................................................................... 29 2.4.1 Definition of Green Economy and Jobs........................................................................................................................................... 29 2.4.2 Studies Estimating the Size of California’s Green Job Economy.................................................................................................... 30 2.4.3 Jobs Created by Energy Savings .................................................................................................................................................... 31 2.4.4 The Role of Venture Capital Investments ....................................................................................................................................... 33 2.4.5 The Quality of Green Jobs .............................................................................................................................................................. 33 2.5 Labor Market Standards ................................................................................................................................................... 34 2.6 Summary and Conclusions .............................................................................................................................................. 35 3. QUANTIFYING LABOR DEMAND AND SUPPLY ........................................................................................................................ 37 3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................... 37 3.1.1 Clarification of Key Assumptions ..................................................................................................................................................... 39 3.1.2 Summary of Findings ...................................................................................................................................................................... 40 3.2 Methodological Approach ................................................................................................................................................. 41 3.3 Policies, Programs, Scenarios, and Investments ............................................................................................................. 43 3.3.1 Energy Efficiency............................................................................................................................................................................. 50 3.3.2 Distributed Generation .................................................................................................................................................................... 57 DONALD VIAL CENTER ON EMPLOYMENT IN THE GREEN ECONOMY Page VII 2011 CALIFORNIA WE&T NEEDS ASSESSMENT 3.3.3 Demand Response and Smart Meters ............................................................................................................................................ 59 3.3.4 Summary of Policies and Scenarios ............................................................................................................................................... 60 3.4 Projections of Labor Demand and Worker Training Needs .............................................................................................. 61 3.4.1 Projecting Jobs in California ............................................................................................................................................................ 63 3.4.2 Projections by Industry .................................................................................................................................................................... 69 3.4.3 Comparisons to California Projections ............................................................................................................................................ 71 3.4.4 Job Projections by Occupation ........................................................................................................................................................ 71 3.5 Occupational Projections by Metropolitan Region ........................................................................................................... 76 3.6 Labor Supply .................................................................................................................................................................... 77 3.6.1 Methodology .................................................................................................................................................................................... 78 3.6.2 Current Energy Efficiency, Demand Response, and Distributed Generation Labor Supply in California ....................................... 79 3.6.3 Projecting Future Energy Efficiency Labor Supply in California...................................................................................................... 85 3.7 Match Between Labor Demand and Supply ..................................................................................................................... 86 3.8 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................................................... 87 4. CASE STUDIES OF THE HVAC, RESIDENTIAL RETROFIT, AND COMMERCIAL LIGHTING CONTROLS SECTORS ................ 89 4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................... 89 4.1.1 Workforce Issues Affecting Energy Savings Outcomes .................................................................................................................. 89 4.1.2 Workforce Goals and Outcomes ..................................................................................................................................................... 90 4.1.3 Methodology and Chapter Organization ......................................................................................................................................... 91 4.2 Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) .......................................................................................................... 92 4.2.1 Market Dynamics............................................................................................................................................................................. 93 4.2.2 Policy Instruments and Programs ................................................................................................................................................... 94 4.2.3 Labor Market Conditions ................................................................................................................................................................. 98 4.2.4 Impact on Energy Savings and Workforce Outcomes .................................................................................................................. 100 4.2.5 Future Directions and Lessons from HVAC .................................................................................................................................. 101 4.3 Residential Energy Efficiency Retrofits .......................................................................................................................... 102 4.3.1 Market Dynamics........................................................................................................................................................................... 102 4.3.2 Policy Instruments and Programs ................................................................................................................................................. 103 4.3.3 Labor Conditions ........................................................................................................................................................................... 106 4.3.4 Impact on Energy Savings and Workforce Outcomes .................................................................................................................. 108 4.3.5 New Policy Directions ................................................................................................................................................................... 109 4.3.6 Lessons from Residential Retrofit ................................................................................................................................................. 112 4.4 Commercial Lighting Controls ........................................................................................................................................ 113 4.4.1 Market Dynamics........................................................................................................................................................................... 113 4.4.2 Policy Instruments and Programs ................................................................................................................................................. 114 4.4.3 Labor Conditions ........................................................................................................................................................................... 115 4.4.4 Lessons from Lighting ................................................................................................................................................................... 116 4.5 Conclusions and Recommendations .............................................................................................................................. 116 4.5.1 Skill Standards and Certifications ................................................................................................................................................. 117 4.5.2 High-Road Agreements and Labor Standards .............................................................................................................................. 117 PART TWO: CALIFORNIA’S WORKFORCE EDUCATION AND TRAINING INFRASTRUCTURE .............. 119 5. CALIFORNIA’S WORKFORCE DEVELOPMENT INFRASTRUCTURE ......................................................................................... 121 5.1 California’s Workforce System ....................................................................................................................................... 121 5.2 Sector Strategies ............................................................................................................................................................ 123 5.3 Credentialing and Certifications ..................................................................................................................................... 124 5.3.1 Professional Licenses ................................................................................................................................................................... 125 5.3.2 Occupational Certification ............................................................................................................................................................. 126 5.3.3 Journey Card ................................................................................................................................................................................. 126 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY Page VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS 5.3.4 Educational Degrees ..................................................................................................................................................................... 126 5.3.5 Educational Certificates ................................................................................................................................................................ 127 5.3.6 Skills Certificates ........................................................................................................................................................................... 127 5.3.7 Self-Defined Certificates ............................................................................................................................................................... 127 5.4 The Specific Venues for Workforce Planning and Sector Strategies in the Energy Efficiency Sectors ......................... 128 5.5 Survey of Training and Education Programs ................................................................................................................. 130 6. FOUR-YEAR COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES ........................................................................................................................... 132 6.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................................................................ 132 6.2 Description of Programs and Incorporation of Energy Efficiency ................................................................................... 132 6.2.1 Multidisciplinary Energy and Energy-Efficiency Specific Programs .............................................................................................. 133 6.2.2 Engineering Programs .................................................................................................................................................................. 134 6.2.3 Architecture ................................................................................................................................................................................... 137 6.2.4 Construction Management ............................................................................................................................................................ 140 6.3 Outcomes ....................................................................................................................................................................... 141 6.4 Licenses and Certification in the Professional Energy Efficiency Workforce ................................................................. 143 6.4.1 Engineers ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 143 6.4.2 Architects ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 145 6.4.3 Construction Managers ................................................................................................................................................................. 146 6.5 Equity and Access in the Professional Occupations ...................................................................................................... 147 6.6 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................................................... 148 7. CERTIFIED APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAMS ................................................................................................................................ 149 7.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................................................................ 149 7.2 Description of Programs ................................................................................................................................................. 150 7.3 Information on Outcomes ............................................................................................................................................... 152 7.4 Employer Involvement .................................................................................................................................................... 153 7.5 Partnerships ................................................................................................................................................................... 153 7.5.1 Education and Recruitment ........................................................................................................................................................... 154 7.6 Pipelines into Apprenticeship ......................................................................................................................................... 155 7.7 Incorporation of Energy Efficiency and Related Skills .................................................................................................... 156 7.8 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................................................... 157 8. COMMUNITY COLLEGES ......................................................................................................................................................... 159 8.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................................................................ 159 8.2 Description of Programs ................................................................................................................................................. 159 8.2.1 Traditional Community College Programs .................................................................................................................................... 160 8.2.2 Apprenticeship Training Community College Programs ............................................................................................................... 163 8.2.3 Emerging Green Community College Programs ........................................................................................................................... 163 8.3 Information on Outcomes ............................................................................................................................................... 165 8.4 Employer Involvement .................................................................................................................................................... 165 8.5 Partnerships ................................................................................................................................................................... 166 8.6 Incorporation of Energy Efficiency and Related Skills .................................................................................................... 167 8.7 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................................................... 168 9. PRIVATE TRAINING PROGRAMS .............................................................................................................................................. 169 9.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................................................................ 169 9.2 Description of Programs ................................................................................................................................................. 169 9.3 Certifications .................................................................................................................................................................. 171 DONALD VIAL CENTER ON EMPLOYMENT IN THE GREEN ECONOMY Page IX 2011 CALIFORNIA WE&T NEEDS ASSESSMENT 9.4 Information on Outcomes ............................................................................................................................................... 171 9.4.1 Entry-Level Occupational Trainings .............................................................................................................................................. 173 9.4.2 Intermediate Technical Training .................................................................................................................................................... 173 9.4.3 Incumbent Worker Technical Skills Upgrade ................................................................................................................................ 174 9.5 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................................................... 174 10. COMMUNITY-BASED ORGANIZATIONS .............................................................................................................................. 176 10.1 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................................... 176 10.2 Description of Programs ............................................................................................................................................... 176 10.3 Information on Outcomes ............................................................................................................................................. 178 10.4 Employer Involvement .................................................................................................................................................. 178 10.5 Partnerships ................................................................................................................................................................. 179 10.6 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................................................. 180 11. REGIONAL OCCUPATIONAL PROGRAMS ............................................................................................................................ 181 11.1 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................................... 181 11.2 Description of Programs ............................................................................................................................................... 181 11.3 Information on Outcomes ............................................................................................................................................. 183 11.4 Employer Involvement .................................................................................................................................................. 184 11.5 Partnerships ................................................................................................................................................................. 185 11.6 Incorporation of Energy Efficiency and Related Skills .................................................................................................. 186 11.7 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................................................. 186 12. INVESTOR-OWNED UTILITY PROGRAMS ............................................................................................................................ 187 12.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................. 187 12.2 Key WE&T Programs ................................................................................................................................................... 188 12.3 Centergies (Energy Training Centers) ......................................................................................................................... 188 12.3.1 Energy Center Collaborations ..................................................................................................................................................... 192 12.3.2 Sector Strategies—The CALCTP model ..................................................................................................................................... 195 12.3.3 Entry Level Training and Inclusion of Low-Income and Disadvantaged Workers ....................................................................... 196 12.3.4 HVAC .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 199 12.4 Connections (Energy Efficiency Educational Programs) .............................................................................................. 200 12.4.1 Pilot Programs ............................................................................................................................................................................. 201 12.5 Other Programs ............................................................................................................................................................ 202 12.5.2 Power Pathways.......................................................................................................................................................................... 202 12.6 Analysis of Utility WE&T Programs .............................................................................................................................. 203 12.7 Recommendations ....................................................................................................................................................... 204 12.7.1 Energy Center Recommendations .............................................................................................................................................. 205 12.7.2 Connections Program Recommendations .................................................................................................................................. 206 12.7.3 General Recommendations for WE&T Programs ....................................................................................................................... 207 13. ANALYSIS OF WORKFORCE EDUCATION AND TRAINING SURVEY .................................................................................. 208 13.1 Overview of Workforce Training and Education Institutions ......................................................................................... 209 13.2 Occupational Profile and Scope of Training Institutions ............................................................................................... 209 13.2.1 Emerging vs. Traditional Occupations ........................................................................................................................................ 213 13.3 Skills and Credentials ................................................................................................................................................... 215 13.3.1 Training Institution Graduation Levels......................................................................................................................................... 217 13.4 Career Pathways and Training ..................................................................................................................................... 218 13.4.1 Professional and Managerial Pathways ...................................................................................................................................... 220 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY Page X

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