California Soul: Music of African Americans in the West PDF
Preview California Soul: Music of African Americans in the West
DjeDjeFM_i-x 2/26/01 11:29 AM Page i California Soul DjeDjeFM_i-x 2/26/01 11:29 AM Page ii MUSIC OF THE AFRICAN DIASPORA Edited by Samuel A. Floyd Jr. . California Soul: Music of African Americans in the West, edited by Jacqueline Cogdell DjeDje and Eddie S. Meadows DjeDjeFM_i-x 2/26/01 11:29 AM Page iii California Soul Music of African Americans in the West EDITED BY Jacqueline Cogdell DjeDje and Eddie S. Meadows UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley Los Angeles London DjeDjeFM_i-x 2/26/01 11:29 AM Page iv University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England © by The Regents of the University of California Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data California Soul: music of African Americans in the west / edited by Jacqueline Cogdell DjeDje and Eddie S. Meadows. p. cm. — (Music of the African diaspora ; ) Includes bibliographic references and index. Contents: Music in an urban environment — Music and the media — The musician as innovator — Source materials. ISBN ––– (alk. paper). — ISBN ––– (pbk.: alk. paper) . Afro-Americans—California—Music—History and criticism. . Popular music— California—History and criticism. I. DjeDje, Jacqueline Cogdell. II. Meadows, Eddie S. III. Series. ML.C ’.’—DC – CIP MN Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standards for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z.–. DjeDjeFM_i-x 2/26/01 11:29 AM Page v CONTENTS , , ⁄ vii ⁄ ix Jacqueline Cogdell DjeDje and Eddie S. Meadows / I MUSIC IN AN URBAN ENVIRONMENT . Way out West on Central: Jazz in the African-American Community of Los Angeles before Michael B. Bakan / . “Pitchin’ up a Boogie”: African-American Musicians, Nightlife, and Music Venues in Los Angeles, – Ralph Eastman / . Oakland Blues Part . Essay Lee Hildebrand / Part . A Conversation with Bob Geddins James C. Moore Sr. / . The California Black Gospel Music Tradition: A Confluence of Musical Styles and Cultures Jacqueline Cogdell DjeDje / II MUSIC AND THE MEDIA . Insider Perspectives on the American Afrikan Popular Music Industry and Black Radio Kwaku Person-Lynn / DjeDjeFM_i-x 2/26/01 11:29 AM Page vi vi CONTENTS Part : The Popular Music Industry: An Interview with Al Bell / Part : Black Radio in Los Angeles, –: An Interview with Pam Robinson / . California Rhythm and Blues Recordings, –: A Diversity of Styles Willie R. Collins / . African Americans and “Lites Out Jazz” in San Diego: Marketing, Impact, and Criticism Eddie S. Meadows / III THE MUSICIAN AS INNOVATOR . Clora Bryant: Gender Issues in the Career of a West Coast Jazz Musician Danica L. Stein / . The Gospel of Andraé Crouch: A Black Angeleno Jean Kidula / . Brenda Holloway: Los Angeles’s Contribution to Motown Kimasi L. Browne / : - , , David Martinelli / . ⁄ . ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ DjeDjeFM_i-x 2/26/01 11:29 AM Page vii ILLUSTRATIONS, CHARTS, AND TABLES FIGURES . Original So Different Band / . Jelly Roll Morton and band / . Hotel Gordon/Dixie Hotel (advertisement) / . Humming Bird Cafe (advertisement) / . Reb Spikes / . NAACP benefit dance featuring Reb Spikes (advertisement) / . Slim Jenkins Club / . Blues composer, pianist, and producer Bob Geddins / . Blues guitarist and singer Pee Wee Crayton / . Gospel singer Sallie Martin / . J. Earle Hines and His Goodwill Singers / . Gospel director, singer, and composer Thurston G. Frazier / . Gospel singer and composer Eugene D. Smallwood / . Gospel composer and organist Albert A. Goodson / . Andrews Sisters gospel singers / . Gospel singer Marvin C. Hines / . Blues singer Jimmy McCracklin / . Ivory Joe Hunter and His Band / vii DjeDjeFM_i-x 2/26/01 11:29 AM Page viii viii ILLUSTRATIONS, CHARTS, AND TABLES . Blues singer Lowell Fulson / . Jazz trumpeter “Fro” Brigham / . Jazz trumpeter Walter Fuller with his band, ca. / . Jazz trumpeter Walter Fuller with his band, / . Jazz trumpeter Clora Bryant / . Gospel musician Andraé Crouch / . Soul singer Brenda Holloway / . Brenda Holloway with Marvin Gaye / CHARTS . California rhythm and blues recording locales / . Performance of California rhythm and blues recordings / . Rhythm and blues recordings by year, – / TABLES I. Population and percentage distribution of ethnic groups in four cities in California / . Family income of African Americans, San Diego County, / . Mortgage payments of African Americans, San Diego County, / . Household income by age, African Americans, San Diego County, / . Mortgage payments of African Americans, San Diego County, / . AM radio stations, San Diego County, / . FM radio stations, San Diego County, / DjeDjeFM_i-x 2/26/01 11:29 AM Page ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are indebted to many people and organizations that assisted us in the long and arduous process of completing this project. To the Society for Ethnomusicology (SEM), we are grateful for the opportunity to organize and co-chair the SEM Pre-Conference Symposium (“The Chal- lenge of Change: Approaches to the Study of African-American Music”). Be- cause this collection of essays is the outgrowth of the symposium, we want to thank the many people and organizations that made contributions to the pre- conference. These include the Cultural Arts Division of the City of Oakland, the California Council for the Humanities, SOLAR Records, the BEEM Foundation, Capitol Records, the UCLA Department of Ethnomusicology, the San Diego State University School of Music and Dance, the UCLA Center for African- American Studies, the SEM Pre-Conference Symposium Planning Committee, and the SEM Local Arrangements Committee. To our editors Doris Kretschmer and Rachel Berchten, who both encouraged and supported us, we are especially grateful. From the beginning Doris saw the significance of this book to the study of American culture. We commend her for supporting a book on a topic that has received little scholarly attention. To the anonymous referees who critically assessed early drafts of the manu- script, we offer thanks for helpful insights and comments. To the numerous musicians who provided penetrating insights and information about themselves, their music, and the context in which they performed, we are eternally indebted. We thank them for graciously allowing us to use their pho- tographs and memorabilia without renumeration. To the many research assistants, students, staff, and colleagues who helped us to prepare this volume for publication, we give our thanks. Without their assis- tance and support, it would have been difficult to bring this project to closure. To the contributors to this volume, we are especially grateful. Without their en- ix DjeDjeFM_i-x 2/26/01 11:29 AM Page x x ACKNOWLEDGMENTS couragement, patience, and prompt response to our numerous inquiries, it would have been difficult to publish a volume of such complexity and magnitude. We ap- preciate their willingness to be part of this work and beg their indulgence should there be errors, while accepting full responsibility commensurate with our roles and functions as editors. To our families, especially Dominique and Eddie Jr.: thank you for your un- wavering support.
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