California Science: Student Edition: Grade 4

448 Pages·2008·57.7 MB·English

by  Dr. Jay K. Hackett

i s e
nteractive tudent dition
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Program Authors Dr. Gerald F. Wheeler
Executive Director
Dr. Jay K. Hackett
National Science Teachers Association
Professor Emeritus of Earth Sciences
University of Northern Colorado Bank Street College of Education
New York, NY
Dr. Richard H. Moyer
Professor of Science Education and Natural Contributing Authors
Sciences
University of Michigan–Dearborn Dr. Sally Ride
Sally Ride Science
Dr. JoAnne Vasquez
San Diego, CA
Elementary Science Education Consultant
NSTA Past President Lucille Villegas Barrera, M.Ed.
Member, National Science Board Elementary Science Supervisor
and NASA Education Board Houston Independent School District
Houston, TX
Mulugheta Teferi, M.A.
Principal, Gateway Middle School Dr. Stephen F. Cunha
St. Louis Public Schools Professor of Geography
St. Louis, MO Humboldt State University
Arcata, CA
Dinah Zike, M.Ed.
Dinah Might Adventures LP American Museum
San Antonio, TX of Natural History
New York, New York
Kathryn LeRoy, M.S.
Executive Director Contributing Writer
Division of Mathematics and Science Education
Ellen Grace
Miami-Dade County Public Schools, FL
Albuquerque, NM
Dr. Dorothy J. T. Terman
Science Curriculum Development Consultant
Former K–12 Science and Mathematics Coordinator
Irvine Unified School District, CA
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Published by Macmillan/McGraw-Hill, of McGraw-Hill Education, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Two Penn Plaza, New
York, New York 10121.
Copyright © 2008 by Macmillan/McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed
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Science Content Standards for California Public Schools reproduced by permission, California Department of Education, CDE
Press, 1430 N Street, Suite 3207, Sacramento, CA 95814.
is a trademark of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Printed in the United States of America
ISBN 0-02-284378-7/4
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (027/055) 10 09 08 07
Content Barbara Messmer Scott Hays Bret Harrison
Roseville City K-8 Teacher (retired) Frank Ledesma
Consultants
School District Coffee Creek Elementary Elementary
Rick MacPherson, Ph.D. Washington Union Soledad USD
Joy Peoples
Program Director School District Soledad, CA
Riverside USD
The Coral Reef Alliance Carmel USD
Dennis Hatland
San Francisco, CA Elizabeth Ramsey
Kathy Jones Abraham Lincoln
Bel Air Elementary
Bonnie J. Brunkhorst, Chico USD Elementary
Ph.D. Andrew Rodarte Simi Valley USD
Nancy Maguire
Department of Easterby Elementary Simi Valley, CA
Westpark Elementary
Geological Sciences, Fresno USD
Irvine, CA Joanne Hemmings
California State University
Rhonda Simard La Veta Elementary
San Bernardino, CA Bettina Pierce
Franklin Elementary Orange USD
Elementary Science
Hector Córdova Franklin USD Orange, CA
Specialist
Mireles, Ph.D.
Jeri Starkweather Irvine USD Christina Lambie
Physics Department
Calwa Elementary Highland Elementary
California State Vince Sipkovich
Fresno USD West Contra Costa USD
Polytechnic University Educator/Science
Richmond, CA
Pomona, CA Lauri Talbott Consultant/Writer
Carr Elementary Huntington Beach, CA Alice Moomjean
Editorial
Torrance USD Cortada Elementary
Melissa Smith
Advisory Board El Monte USD
Dawn Vollmar Canyon Lake Middle
El Monte, CA
Foulks Ranch Elementary School
Gus Dalis, Ed.D.
Elk Grove USD Lake Elsinore USD Michelle Orgon
Education Consultant
Needham Intermediate
Torrance, CA Lindsay Waterman Judith Sydner-Gordon
Lodi USD
Alamo Elementary Canfield Elementary
Debbie Drab Lodi, CA
School
Long Beach USD Sandra S. Wilbur
Los Angeles, CA Sue Parsons
Chaparral Elementary
Carolyn Fong Richard Bard Elementary
Capistrano USD Jennifer Weibert
Los Angeles USD Hueneme USD
Navelencia Middle School
Janet Yamaguchi Pt. Hueneme, CA
Joyce Garcia Reedley, CA
Discovery Science Center
La Seda Elementary Sharon Pendola
Santa Ana, CA Susan Gomez Zwiep
Rowland USD St. Alban’s Country Day
Assistant Professor
Nancy Howe Task Force Science Education School
Roseville, CA
Martin Luther King Diane Carnahan Cal State University
Academy Long Beach Lisa Robinson
K–12 Alliance/WestEd
Alisal USD Marengo Elementary
David M. Harris Teacher
South Pasadena USD
Linda D. King
Escondido USD Reviewers South Pasadena, CA
Principal, Muscoy
Elementary Michael Harris Roberta Sanchez
Vicky Ann Buckley
San Bernardino City USD Chico USD Lindberg Schweitzer
U.S. Grant Elementary
Karen Kohn Helen Logan Hays Colton Joint USD Elementary
San Diego USD
Las Virgenes USD K-8 Teacher (retired) Colton, CA
San Diego, CA
Ukiah USD
Donna Lowe Naomi Griswold
Coffee Creek Elementary
Cherryland Elementary School District Rio Hondo Elementary
Hayward USD Carmel USD Downey USD
Downey, CA
Jerrie Martin
NBCT
Los Angeles USD
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iv
What Is Science? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Observation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Question and Hypothesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Collecting Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Forming a Hypothesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Defining Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Designing an Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Analyzing Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Forming New Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Students make
observations and
record data. C
v
CHAPTER 1
Living Things Need Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Literature: The Story Goes On . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Lesson 1 Plants and Sunlight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Inquiry Skill Builder: Observe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Lesson 2 Food Chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Inquiry Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Lesson 3 Food Webs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Writing in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Math in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Lesson 4 Microorganisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Reading in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Chapter 1 Review and Test Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
B Antelopes travel together.
vi
CHAPTER 2
Living Things and Their Environment . . . . . . . . 78
Literature: Welcome to the Sea of Sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Lesson 1 Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Inquiry Skill Builder: Predict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Lesson 2 Living Things Need Each Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Writing in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Math in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Lesson 3 Changes in Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Reading in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Lesson 4 Adaptations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Inquiry Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Chapter 2 Review and Test Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Sea Otters: Key to the Kelp Forest . . . . . . . . . 130
Careers in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
B Coral reef ecosystems contain living and nonliving things.
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CHAPTER 3
Rocks and Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Literature: Rock Secrets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136
Lesson 1 Minerals: The Building Blocks of Rocks . . . . . 138
Inquiry Skill Builder: Measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148
Lesson 2 Igneous Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Reading in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Lesson 3 Sedimentary Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Inquiry Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Lesson 4 Metamorphic Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170
Writing in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Math in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Chapter 3 Review and Test Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
CHAPTER 4
Slow Changes on Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Literature: Sierra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Lesson 1 Weathering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Inquiry Skill Builder: Communicate . . . . . . . . 200
Lesson 2 Erosion and Deposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Inquiry Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Lesson 3 Landforms: Changing Over Time . . . . . . . . . . 212
Writing in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Math in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Reading in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Chapter 4 Review and Test Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Feldspar is a mineral that makes C
up about half of Earth’s crust.
viii
CHAPTER 5
Fast Changes on Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Literature: California’s Weather Woes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Lesson 1 Landslides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Inquiry Skill Builder: Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Lesson 2 Earthquakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Inquiry Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Writing in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Math in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Lesson 3 Volcanoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Reading in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Chapter 5 Review and Test Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Lichen: Life on the Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Careers in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
B Lava flows from an active volcano.
ix