California Almanac of Emissions and Air Quality - 2009 Edition

524 Pages·2003·13.18 MB·English

THE CALIFORNIA ALMANAC OF EMISSIONS AND AIR QUALITY
— 2009 Edition —
This almanac was prepared and published by the staff of the
Planning and Technical Support Division
California Air Resources Board
Principal Authors
Paul Cox, Andy Delao, Anna Komorniczak, and Robert Weller
This document has been reviewed and approved by the staff of the
California Air Resources Board. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily
reflect the views and policies of the Air Resources Board.
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ARB Almanac 2009 – Preface ii
Preface
This almanac was prepared and published by the Air Resources
Board (ARB) staff to aid air quality professionals and the public in
evaluating air quality in California (State). The ARB, as part of the
California Environmental Protection Agency (CalEPA), is the State
board responsible for achieving and maintaining healthful air quality
in California. This responsibility is shared with local air districts and
the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA).
The following staff and managers of the Planning and Technical
Support Division contributed to the production of this almanac: Andy
Alexis, Dr. Michael Benjamin, Vijay Bhargava, Chris Halm, Martin
Johnson, Darryl Look, Elizabeth Melgoza, Sylvia Zulawnick, Chris
Nguyen, John Nguyen, Michael Redgrave, Dale Shimp, Webster Tasat,
Jon Taylor, and Xijie Zhang. The project was approved by Dr. Linda
Murchison, Chief of the Planning and Technical Support Division.
The project was managed by Karen Magliano, Chief of the Air Quality
Data Branch, Richard Bode, Chief of the Emission Inventory Branch,
Karen Buckley, Manager of the Emission Inventory Systems Section,
Mena Shah, Manager of the Air Quality Data Section, and Gayle
Sweigert, Manager of the Air Quality Analysis Section.
This is the tenth edition of this almanac which is updated annually
as additional air quality and emission inventory data become avail-
able. If you find errors or have suggestions for improvements, please
let us know. For general issues or issues related to air quality data,
contact Paul Cox at [phone] or [email protected]. For issues
related to emissions data, contact Andy Delao at [phone] or
[email protected]. For issues related to air toxics data, contact Robert
Weller at [phone] or [email protected].
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The California Almanac of Emissions and Air Quality - 2009 Edition
Chapter 1: Introduction
Overview .............................................................................................................................................................................................................1-2
Organization .......................................................................................................................................................................................................1-3
California Facts and Figures ..............................................................................................................................................................................1-5
Quick Facts .........................................................................................................................................................................................................1-5
California Quick Facts ........................................................................................................................................................................................1-6
Interpreting the Emission and Air Quality Statistics ......................................................................................................................................1-8
Meteorology’s Role in Air Quality ...................................................................................................................................................................1-11
Sources of Emissions in California .................................................................................................................................................................1-12
Air Quality Monitoring ...................................................................................................................................................................................1-14
California Air Basins ........................................................................................................................................................................................1-15
Criteria Air Pollutants ......................................................................................................................................................................................1-18
California and National Ambient Air Quality Standards .......................................................................................................................1-18
Ozone ....................................................................................................................................................................................................1-19
Particulate Matter (PM and PM ) ................................................................................................................................................1-20
10 2.5
Carbon Monoxide ................................................................................................................................................................................1-21
Air Quality Standards Table ..........................................................................................................................................................1-22
California and National Area Designations .............................................................................................................................................1-24
Ozone ....................................................................................................................................................................................................1-25
PM ......................................................................................................................................................................................................1-28
10
PM .....................................................................................................................................................................................................1-30
2.5
Carbon Monoxide ................................................................................................................................................................................1-32
Toxic Air Contaminants ...................................................................................................................................................................................1-34
Climate Change ................................................................................................................................................................................................1-36
California Air Quality Regulation ...................................................................................................................................................................1-37
List of Air Pollution Contacts .........................................................................................................................................................................1-38
Milestones in California’s Emission Control Programs .................................................................................................................................1-41
Web Resources ..................................................................................................................................................................................................1-43
Chapter 2: Current Emissions and Air Quality -- Criteria Pollutants
Introduction........................................................................................................................................................................................................2-2
2008 Statewide Emission Inventory Summary ...............................................................................................................................................2-4
ARB Almanac 2009 – Table of Contents iii
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ARB Almanac 2009 – Table of Contents iv
2008 Statewide Emission Inventory by Sub-Category ...................................................................................................................................2-5
Ozone ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................2-12
2008 Statewide Emission Inventory – Ozone Precursors by Category .................................................................................................2-12
NO Sources ........................................................................................................................................................................................2-12
x
ROG Sources .......................................................................................................................................................................................2-12
Largest Stationary Sources Statewide.......................................................................................................................................................2-13
NO Sources ........................................................................................................................................................................................2-13
x
ROG Sources .......................................................................................................................................................................................2-13
Statewide Emissions Maps ..................................................................................................................................................................2-14
NO Map ......................................................................................................................................................................................2-14
x
ROG Map .....................................................................................................................................................................................2-14
2007 Air Quality – Ozone .........................................................................................................................................................................2-16
2007 Air Quality Tables ............................................................................................................................................................................2-17
Peak 1-Hour and 8-Hour Indicator and Exceedance Days by Air Basin ........................................................................................2-17
National 8-Hour Nonattainment Areas: Design Values and 8-Hour Exceedance Days by Area .....................................................2-17
Top Sites with Peak 8-Hour Indicator Values above the State 8-Hour Ozone Standard ..............................................................2-18
The Nature of Particulate Matter (PM and PM ) ...................................................................................................................................2-19
10 2.5
- 2008 Statewide Emission Inventory – Directly Emitted PM by Category ........................................................................................2-20
10
Largest Stationary Sources Statewide.......................................................................................................................................................2-21
2008 Statewide Emission Inventory – Directly Emitted PM by Category .......................................................................................2-22
2.5
Largest Stationary Sources Statewide.......................................................................................................................................................2-23
2007 Air Quality – PM ..........................................................................................................................................................................2-24
10
2007 Air Quality Tables ............................................................................................................................................................................2-25
Maximum 24-Hour and Annual PM Concentrations by Air Basin ...............................................................................................2-25
10
Top Sites with 24-Hour Concentrations above the State PM Standard .......................................................................................2-26
10
2007 Air Quality – PM ..........................................................................................................................................................................2-28
2.5
Maximum 24-Hour, 98th Percentile, and Annual PM Concentrations by Air Basin .....................................................................2-29
2.5
PM and PM – Linking Emissions Sources with Air Quality .................................................................................................................2-30
10 2.5
San Joaquin Valley Air Basin .....................................................................................................................................................................2-33
San Francisco Bay Area Air Basin ..............................................................................................................................................................2-34
Sacramento Valley Air Basin ......................................................................................................................................................................2-35
South Coast Air Basin ................................................................................................................................................................................2-36
References ...................................................................................................................................................................................................2-38
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Carbon Monoxide ............................................................................................................................................................................................2-39
2008 Statewide Emission Inventory – Carbon Monoxide by Category ................................................................................................2-39
2007 Air Quality – Carbon Monoxide .....................................................................................................................................................2-40
2007 Air Quality Tables ............................................................................................................................................................................2-41
Maximum Peak 8-Hour Indicator by Air Basin ..................................................................................................................................2-41
Sites with Peak 8-Hour Indicator Values above the State CO Standard ..........................................................................................2-42
Ammonia ...................................................................................................................................................................................................2-43
2008 Statewide Emission Inventory – Ammonia by Category ..........................................................................................................2-43
Chapter 3: Statewide Trends and Forecasts -- Criteria Pollutants
Introduction........................................................................................................................................................................................................3-2
Emission Trends and Forecasts ....................................................................................................................................................................3-2
Statewide Population and VMT .................................................................................................................................................................3-3
Ozone ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................3-4
Emission Trends and Forecasts – Ozone Precursors ..................................................................................................................................3-4
NO Emission Trends and Forecasts ...........................................................................................................................................................3-4
x
ROG Emission Trends and Forecasts ..........................................................................................................................................................3-5
Statewide Air Quality ..................................................................................................................................................................................3-7
Population-Weighted Exposures Over the State Ozone Standard ............................................................................................................3-8
Ozone Transport .........................................................................................................................................................................................3-11
Directly Emitted Particulate Matter ................................................................................................................................................................3-12
Emission Trends and Forecasts (PM ) ....................................................................................................................................................3-12
10
Emission Trends and Forecasts (PM )....................................................................................................................................................3-13
2.5
Statewide Air Quality (PM ) ...................................................................................................................................................................3-14
10
Statewide Air Quality (PM ) ............................................................................................................................................................3-15
2.5
Carbon Monoxide ............................................................................................................................................................................................3-16
Emission Trends and Forecasts ..................................................................................................................................................................3-16
Statewide Air Quality ................................................................................................................................................................................3-17
Lead ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................3-18
Statewide Air Quality ................................................................................................................................................................................3-18
Sulfur Dioxide ..................................................................................................................................................................................................3-19
Emission Trends and Forecasts .................................................................................................................................................................3-19
Nitrogen Dioxide ..............................................................................................................................................................................................3-20
Emission Trends and Forecasts .................................................................................................................................................................3-20
Statewide Air Quality ................................................................................................................................................................................3-21
ARB Almanac 2009 – Table of Contents v
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ARB Almanac 2009 – Table of Contents vi
Chapter 4: Air Basin Trends and Forecasts -- Criteria Pollutants
Introduction........................................................................................................................................................................................................4-2
South Coast Air Basin .......................................................................................................................................................................................4-4
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................................4-4
Ozone ............................................................................................................................................................................................................4-6
Particulate Matter (PM and PM ) ......................................................................................................................................................4-10
10 2.5
Carbon Monoxide ......................................................................................................................................................................................4-14
Nitrogen Dioxide .......................................................................................................................................................................................4-16
San Francisco Bay Area Air Basin ...................................................................................................................................................................4-18
Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................................................................4-18
Ozone ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................4-20
Particulate Matter (PM and PM ) ......................................................................................................................................................4-22
10 2.5
Carbon Monoxide ......................................................................................................................................................................................4-26
Nitrogen Dioxide .......................................................................................................................................................................................4-28
San Joaquin Valley Air Basin...........................................................................................................................................................................4-30
Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................................................................4-30
Ozone ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................4-32
Particulate Matter (PM and PM ) ......................................................................................................................................................4-36
10 2.5
Carbon Monoxide ......................................................................................................................................................................................4-40
Nitrogen Dioxide .......................................................................................................................................................................................4-42
San Diego Air Basin .........................................................................................................................................................................................4-44
Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................................................................4-44
Ozone ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................4-46
Particulate Matter (PM and PM ) ......................................................................................................................................................4-48
10 2.5
Carbon Monoxide ......................................................................................................................................................................................4-52
Nitrogen Dioxide .......................................................................................................................................................................................4-54
Sacramento Valley Air Basin ...........................................................................................................................................................................4-56
Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................................................................4-56
Ozone ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................4-58
Particulate Matter (PM and PM ) ......................................................................................................................................................4-62
10 2.5
Carbon Monoxide ......................................................................................................................................................................................4-66
Nitrogen Dioxide .......................................................................................................................................................................................4-68
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Chapter 5: Toxic Air Contaminant Emissions, Air Quality, and Health Risk
Introduction........................................................................................................................................................................................................5-2
Acetaldehyde ......................................................................................................................................................................................................5-6
2008 Statewide Emission Inventory .........................................................................................................................................................5-6
Air Quality and Health Risk .......................................................................................................................................................................5-8
Benzene ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................5-10
2008 Statewide Emission Inventory .......................................................................................................................................................5-10
Air Quality and Health Risk .....................................................................................................................................................................5-12
1,3-Butadiene ...................................................................................................................................................................................................5-14
2008 Statewide Emission Inventory .......................................................................................................................................................5-14
Air Quality and Health Risk .....................................................................................................................................................................5-16
Carbon Tetrachloride .......................................................................................................................................................................................5-18
2008 Statewide Emission Inventory .......................................................................................................................................................5-18
Air Quality and Health Risk .....................................................................................................................................................................5-20
Chromium, Hexavalent ....................................................................................................................................................................................5-22
2008 Statewide Emission Inventory .......................................................................................................................................................5-22
Air Quality and Health Risk .....................................................................................................................................................................5-24
para-Dichlorobenzene ......................................................................................................................................................................................5-26
2008 Statewide Emission Inventory .......................................................................................................................................................5-26
Air Quality and Health Risk .....................................................................................................................................................................5-28
Formaldehyde ...................................................................................................................................................................................................5-30
2008 Statewide Emission Inventory .......................................................................................................................................................5-30
Air Quality and Health Risk .....................................................................................................................................................................5-32
Methylene Chloride .........................................................................................................................................................................................5-34
2008 Statewide Emission Inventory .......................................................................................................................................................5-34
Air Quality and Health Risk .....................................................................................................................................................................5-36
Perchloroethylene .............................................................................................................................................................................................5-38
2008 Statewide Emission Inventory .......................................................................................................................................................5-38
Air Quality and Health Risk .....................................................................................................................................................................5-40
Diesel Particulate Matter .................................................................................................................................................................................5-42
2008 Statewide Emission Inventory .......................................................................................................................................................5-42
Air Quality and Health Risk .....................................................................................................................................................................5-44
South Coast Air Basin .....................................................................................................................................................................................5-46
2008 Emission Inventory by Compound ...........................................................................................................................................5-46
Air Quality and Health Risk ...............................................................................................................................................................5-51
ARB Almanac 2009 – Table of Contents vii
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ARB Almanac 2009 – Table of Contents viii
San Francisco Bay Area Air Basin ...................................................................................................................................................................5-54
2008 Emission Inventory by Compound ...........................................................................................................................................5-54
Air Quality and Health Risk ...............................................................................................................................................................5-59
San Joaquin Valley Air Basin...........................................................................................................................................................................5-62
2008 Emission Inventory by Compound ...........................................................................................................................................5-62
Air Quality and Health Risk ...............................................................................................................................................................5-67
San Diego Air Basin .........................................................................................................................................................................................5-70
2008 Emission Inventory by Compound ...........................................................................................................................................5-70
Air Quality and Health Risk ...............................................................................................................................................................5-75
Sacramento Valley Air Basin ...........................................................................................................................................................................5-78
2008 Emission Inventory by Compound ...........................................................................................................................................5-78
Air Quality and Health Risk ...............................................................................................................................................................5-83

Appendix A: County Level Emissions and Air Quality by Air Basin .................................................................................................................A-1
Appendix B: Air Quality Trend Data by Pollutant: Ozone, PM , PM , CO, NO , NO , SO ...............................................................B-1
10 2.5 2 x 2
Appendix C: Emissions, Air Quality, and Health Risk for Ten Toxic Air Contaminants ................................................................................C-1
Appendix D: Surface Area, Population, and Average Daily Vehicle Miles Traveled ........................................................................................D-1
Appendix E: Natural Sources ..........................................................................................................................................................................E-1
Appendix F: Lists of Figures and Tables for Chapters 1 through 5 ....................................................................................................................F-1
Glossary of Air Quality and Emission Terms ...................................................................................................................................................F-14
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Chapter 1
Introduction
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ARB Almanac 2009 – Chapter 1: Introduction 1-2
Overview What’s New in the 2009 Almanac?
This almanac contains information about current and historical air • Updated ozone statistics to reflect revised federal standard
quality and emissions in California. In addition, forecasted emissions • Updated Ozone Contour maps in Chapter 4.
are presented. This document is a reference for anyone interested in
air quality and emissions for criteria pollutants (ozone, particulate
matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide) and
toxic air contaminants (TACs). When using this information, please
remember that the air quality and emission values are a snapshot of
data at a particular point in time. This edition of the almanac is a year
2008 snapshot of the air quality and emission inventory databases. It
is important to keep in mind that emission and air quality data can
change over time. For example, emission data may be revised to reflect
improved estimation methods, and air quality data may be changed
because of corrections or additions of data.
The information in this document is based on data maintained in
ARB’s emission and air quality databases. The emission and human
population estimates are presented at five-year intervals from 1975
to 2020. Data for vehicle miles traveled (VMT) are also provided at
five-year increments, beginning with the year 1980. The air quality
statistics in this almanac are for the period 1988 to 2007 for ozone,
particulate matter (PM ), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide
10
(NO ), sulfur dioxide (SO ), and lead. In addition, available 2008
2 2
statistics for preliminary ozone data are included for the five major
air basins. Particulate matter (PM) monitoring did not begin until
1999 for PM . Therefore, PM data cover the period 1999 through
2.5 2.5
2007. Air quality monitoring of TACs began in 1983; annual statis-
tics for TACs are available from 1989 onward, and the data for TACs
presented in this almanac covers the period 1990 to 2007.
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