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ISSN 0973-5771 C U alcutta niversity J ournal of I S nformation tudies DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARY & INFORMATION SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF CALCUTTA CUJIS No. 13, 2011 © University of Calcutta EDITORIAL BOARD Hony Executive Editor : Prof. Biplab Chakrabarti Members ‘ : ' Prof. R&tna Bandyopadhyay- } f : Sri Subir Komar Sen . l / ( S "i : Prof. Pijush*Kanti Panigrahi ■ t. • : Dr. Swapna Bajieijee > : Dr. Soumitra Sarkar : Dr. Dibyendu Paul : Dr. Arabinda Maity : Sri Parikshit Mondal v. Published by Prof. Basab Chowdhury, The Registrar, University of Calcutta S7/1, College Street, Kolkata - 700 073 Printed by Sri Pradip Kumar Ghosh, Superintendent, Calcutta University Press 48, Hazra Road, Kolkata - 700 019 • Introduction The members of the Editorial Board are grateful to the authorities of the University of Calcutta for giving permission and providing financial assistance for the publication of the volume 13 of the Calcutta University Journal of Information Studies (CUJIS) of the Department of Library and Information Science, Calcutta University. The last issue of CUJIS was dedicated to the memory of Kaviguru Rabindranath Tagore as a mark of completion of his 150th birth anniversary. That issue was appreciated by different comers. In this issue twenty articles have been incorporated. Both primary and tutorial articles have been recommended because of the increasing demand of the existing students. The period from the publication of volume 10 to this volume is the period of historical landmark in the Department of Library and Information Science. Not only the introduction of semester system in MLIS course but also the introduction of 5-Year Integrated Course in Library and Information Science are the important achievements -of the department This integrated approach gives the department not only as a pathfinder among the academic disciplines of the University but also the introduction of MLIS 5 year course covering both Honours and Master degree in Library and Information Science in the Department of LIS, Calcutta University w.e.£ 2010 and direct admission after 10+2 Examination is a unique contribution in all respects. The pioneering course structure in LIS among the state aided Universities in India and the advantage of getting the MLIS degree in an integrated manner without loosing time of one and half years show a new dimension in the field of Library and Information Science of a century old LIS Education in India The 50 courses in continuous 5 years with 10 examinations will make a student complete and a perfect lover of the discipline in true sens cTofthe term. In this issue the abstract of each article has been placed after the title of concerned article and from the next issue (vol 14), the standard of the references will be changed. Now the APA Style will be followed for using bibliographical references. The guidelines mentioned in the 3rd/back page of the CUJIS are to be consulted before sending any article for the publication. Biplab Chakrabarti Hony. Executive Editor Calcutta University Journal of Information Studies No. 13 2011 CONTENTS Introduction Digital Preservation System in India : A Challenging Issue Abhijit Chatteijee and Arabinda Maity 1-16 An Analytical Study of the Two Important Management Institute Libraries of Kolkata in the Cyber Age with a View to Challenges and Opportunities ahead Tridib Chattopadhyay 17-30 Bibliometric Study of the Contributions on Library and Information Science Published in the University News Dipa Roy and Doli Dey 31-43 Electronic Theses and Dissertations : A Requirement of Indian University Libraries Pubalika Bhattacharya Maitra 44-53 Use of Internet by the PG Students in the Calcutta University Central Library Shyam Prasad Ram and Arabinda Maity 54-68 Information Need of Mech Community at Maa Bhandani Hat in Jalpaiguri District Biplab Chakrabarti, Arabinda Maity, Asish Kumar Karan, Dipa Roy, Susmita Chakraborty, Abhijit Chatteijee, Goutam Dutta, Saheli Sengupta, Swati Seal, Sumita Pal, Anamika Das, Amalendu Pal, Bibhash Ram Singh, Bikas Kumar Haider, Pallab Saha Biswas, Prakash Rabi Das, Pulak Ranjan Naskar, Santanu Goswami, Srikanta Naskar 69-125 Information Seeking Behaviour of Under Graduate College Students of the Jalpaiguri District, West Bengal: A Case Study Sanku Bilas Roy 126-133 Time Management in Library and Information Centres : Key to Development and Success Ashis Biswas , 134-141 Information Literacy : An Overview Sohini Ray (Sengupta) 142-160 Consortia Approach for Accessing of E-Joumals with Special References to N-LIST Consortium 161-167 Goutam Dutta Implementation of XML Based Distributed Database on Library System: Extending Capabilities Sailcat Goswami and Chandan Kundu 168-177 Theories of Work Motivation and its application to Library and Information Science SubirDas 178-193 Leadership Styles in Librarianship: Its Essentiality among the Information Professionals Pritam Gurey and Jayeeta Mullick 194-205 Organizational Behaviour: Concepts, History and Models Susmita Chakraborty 206-212 Stress Management in Libraries Shyam Prasad Ram and Ashis Biswas 213-218 Disaster Management in Libraries: Response and Recovery Operations Nibedita Bhattacharyya Sahu and Sudipta Pradhan 219-234 Traits and Theories of Personality : An overview Sujit Kayal and Pritam Gurey 235-250 Organisational Approaches to Digital Preservation Jayeeta Mullick 251-260 Role of Different Interpersonal and Communication Media in the Health Sector Swati Ghosh 261-267 Machine Translation in India : An Overview Bonny Ghosh 268-283 Digital Preservation System in India: A Challenging Issue Abhijit Chatterjee1 Department of Library and Information Science University of Calcutta [email protected] and Arabinda Maity2 Department of Library and Information Science University of Calcutta [email protected] Abstract: Digital preservation becomes very much essential in the age of digital era. The paper briefly discussed about the digitization and digital preservation process. Importance and different methods of digital preservation described in details. The digital preservation process and its challenges are mentioned to give the clear picture of digital preservation system in India. Keywords: Digitization, Digital Preservation, Digital Preservation Methods, Digital Preservation in India, Challenges in Digital Preservation. 1. Introduction: We are now living in the digital era where information is recorded, stored, retrieved and disseminated in the digital form. Now-a-days digital media has emerged as one of the most powerful media of information. Access to the digitized materials over the electronic networks is increasing day by day. Researchers, students, teachers and common people are now much more familiar with the digital and electronic documents. Practically digital technologies help to provide a new preservation solution for the documents in libraries. Digital technology as well as all other associated internet and web based technologies transform the library to information centre. The world of digitization is changing very fast. New standards, file formats, compression techniques, hardware components are evolving in this digital world. Librarians are need to familiar with these new concepts. Now librarians have to exploit the various facilities of information technology with the aim of sharing their resources for providing right information to the right users at the right time. One thing we have to remember that initial conversion of printed text into digital objects requires huge fund, diverse manpower and many more resources. 1 University Research Fellow 2 Assistant Professor Today our capacity to record information has increased but the longevity of the media to store information has decreased. The Process of maintaining materials produced in digital formats in a condition suitable for use is a real challenge. Problems of physical preservation are compounded by the obsolescence of computer equipment, software, and storage media. These problems also refers to the practice of digitizing materials originally produced in non digital formats (print, film, etc.) to prevent permanent loss due to deterioration of the physical medium. 2. Digitization: Preservation is one of the oldest functions that librarians can perform. But now the role of preservation remains same but the concepts have been changed. Librarians now preserve the electronic or digital documents that is procured or transformed in the libraiy. Over the last few years huge amount of information has been produced digitally and libraries have became major providers of information in digital format Thus the digitization has become a common concept in the library and information centre. Professor Mike Gerhard1 defines the Digitization as, ‘To translate into a digital form. For example, optical digitize image by translating them into bit maps. It is also possible to digitize sound, video, and any type of movement.” As per Wikipedia2 Digitization is the representation of an object, image, sound, document or a signal (usually an analog signal) by a discrete set of its points or samples. The result is called digital representation or, more specifically, a digital image, for the object, and digital form, for the signal. Basically, digitization means simply capturing an analog signal in digital form. Thus we can say digitization is transformation of print or other documents in digital format for better access and preservation of the document. 3. Digital Preservation: Digital preservation is a process by which data is preserved in digital form in order to ensure the usability, durability and integrity of the information contained there in. Digital preservation comprises the planning, resource allocation and application of preservation methods and technologies necessary to ensure that digital information of continuing value remain accessible and usable. The main purpose is to ensure protection of information of enduring value for access by present and future generations3. As per Wikipedia4 Digital preservation is the active management of digital information over time to ensure its accessibility. Preservation of digital information is widely considered to require more constant and ongoing attention than preservation of other media. This constant input of effort, time, and money to handle rapid technological and organizational advance is considered a major stumbling block for preserving digital information. Indeed, while we are still able to read our written heritage from several thousand years ago, the digital 2 information created merely a decade ago is in serious danger of being lost, creating a digital Dark Age. According to V Harineeswaran and K Nithyananda5 Digital preservation is a process by which data is preserved in the digital format for ensuring the usability, durability and intellectual integrity of the information contained therein. A more precise definition is: the storage, maintenance, and accessibility of a digital object over the long term, usually as a consequence of applying one or more digital preservation strategies. These strategies may include technology preservation, technology emulation or data migration. Kyong-Ho Lee, Oliver Slattery, Richang Lu, Xiao Tang, and Victor McCrary6 stated digital preservation involves copying the digital information onto newer media before the old media becomes so obsolete that the data cannot be accessed. In brief digital preservation is the storage of data in a digital form, using specific preservation techniques, file format and standards. In order to access, the digital objects are maintained applying one or more digital preservation method. 4. Importance of Digitization: In the present age digitization or conversion of digital document is quite common and obvious for meeting the requirements of the users. Role of the librarian is now service provider with the help of best available technology. To provide better services, bom digital or converted digital document becomes the important tool for the librarian. The importance of the digitization or digital preservation can be well realized from the following points of view: > Preserve to use for posterity: The role of the library is also preserving the document for future use. Digitization helps to keep the current document available for the future generation. > To capture, store, process and disseminate information in digital form: The basic aim of this kind of preservation is to capture and store the available information using technology. Here information should be processed in such a way that the dissemination becomes much easier. > Save space and time: Digital documents take very small place and can be accommodated easily. It also saves the time for searching or accessing the documents. Thus it becomes helpful to the user. > Assist in networking and resource sharing: The previous concept of inter library lending now replaces by networking and resource sharing. To continue the resource sharing the library need digitization. In other way digitization facilitates networking and resource sharing in the library. 3 > Information make available to remote users: Through networking remote users can use the information available in the library. Only digitization process can help in this process. > Easy to use the digital document: Use of the digital document is easier that other kinds of documents. Only primary learning is enough for any person. > Maximization of user’s satisfaction: Searching or browsing digital documents is much easier than other physical documents. Thus digital documents help to maximize the user’s satisfaction than usual case. > Portability: Digital documents occupy less space and it becomes much more portable than usual documents. > New value added library service: Digital documents help to start new value added services which enrich both the library and the users. 5. Types of Digital Document: There are two basic types of digital documents. One is bom digital and other is converted digital document. Library and information centres are concerned with both these types of documents. Bom- digital documents mean the materials that originate in a digital form. The library procured this category in digital form only. So, bom digital documents usually do not have any other form of copies. Converted digital documents are made for preservation of old and rare or fragile materials and after digitization access is given to digitized documents not to original documents. It is the duty of the librarian along with the other staff to preserve both the kinds of documents. 6. Methods of Digital Preservation: Now the digital preservation becomes quite common with the increasing need of the users and rapid application of digital technology in library and information centres. Several strategies can be adopted to address the primary problem of digital preservation. Each of these strategies meet some, but not all, preservation goals. Following diagram7 gives a clear picture of progression of information preservation strategies. 4 Media Refreshing (Copying) Data Preservation Techniques Paper Technology Film Preservation a di Technology e M Emulaiion e g aot ■=> fSl Information o n Migration o uti ol v E Encapsulation New Technique Life Time A progression of information preservation strategies. Above figure showed that the progression of information preservation starting from paper, film to modem optical media like CD or DVD. Basically these can be described as the evolution of storage media. All these preservation media needs some kind of techniques for preserving the information. According to ICVinitha, S.Kanthimathi, S.Sampath Kumar & K.Tharani8 showed some of the methods or strategies of digital preservation. Techniques and technologies for digital preservation are based upon the requirement and data types of the document > Bit stream copying: Bit stream copying is more commonly known as “backing up of data,” and refers to the process of making an exact duplicate of a digital object. > Refreshing; Refreshing means copying information without changing it offers a short-term solution for preserving access to digital material by ensuring that information is stored on newer media before the old media deteriorates beyond the point at which the information can be retrieved. > Durable/ Persistent media: It may reduce the need for refreshing, and help diminish losses from media deterioration, as do careful handling, controlled temperature and humidity, and proper storage. Durable media 5