Policy Framework for Investment A REVIEW OF GOOD PRACTICES Policy Framework The objective of the Policy Framework for Investment is to mobilise private investment that supports steady economic growth and sustainable development. It thus aims to contribute to the prosperity of for Investment countries and their citizens as well as to support the fight against poverty. The Framework proposes a set of questions for governments to consider in ten policy fields identified in the Monterrey Consensus as critically important for improving the quality of a country’s environment for investment, including A REVIEW OF GOOD by small enterprises and foreign investors. Its core purpose is to encourage policy makers to ask appropriate questions about their economy, their institutions and their policy settings in order to PRACTICES identify their priorities, to develop an effective set of policies and to evaluate progress. This Review of Good Practices in OECD and non-OECD economies is published as a companion volume to the Framework and provides analytical background material on each of the ten chapters of the Framework. The full text of this book is available on line via these links: P o http://www.sourceoecd.org/finance/9264025863 lic http://www.sourceoecd.org/development/9264025863 y F Those with access to all OECD books on line should use this link: r a http://www.sourceoecd.org/9264025863 m e SourceOECD is the OECD’s online library of books, periodicals and statistical databases. For more information w o about this award-winning service and free trials ask your librarian, or write to us at [email protected]. r k f o r In v e s t m e n t A R E V IE W O F G O O D P R A C T IC E S wwwwww..ooeeccdd..oorrgg ISBN 92-64-02586-3 --::HHSSTTCCQQEE==UUWWUZU]][Z]:: 20 2006 02 1 P Policy Framework for Investment A REVIEW OF GOOD PRACTICES ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of 30 democracies work together to address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies. The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The Commission of the European Communities takes part in the work of the OECD. OECD Publishing disseminates widely the results of the Organisation’s statistics gathering and research on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as the conventions, guidelines and standards agreed by its members. This work is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. Also available in French under the title: Cadre d’action pour l’investissement UN PANORAMA DES BONNES PRATIQUES © OECD 2006 No reproduction, copy, transmission or translation of this publication may be made without written permission. Applications should be sent to OECD Publishing: [email protected] or by fax (33 1) 45 24 13 91. Permission to photocopy a portion of this work should be addressed to the Centre français d'exploitation du droit de copie, 20, rue des Grands-Augustins, 75006 Paris, France ([email protected]). FOREWORD Foreword T he Policy Framework for Investment: A Review of Good Practices is published as a companion volume to the Policy Framework for Investment. It reproduces the analytical background reports which supported the development of the ten chapters of the Framework. The objective of the Policy Framework for Investment is to mobilise private investment that supports economic growth and sustainable development. It thus aims to contribute to the prosperity of countries and their citizens and the fight against poverty. Drawing on good practices from OECD and non-member economies, the Framework proposes guidance in ten policy fields identified in the 2002 United Nations Monterrey Consensus on Financing for Development as critically important for improving the quality of a country’s environment for investment. It enables policy makers to ask appropriate questions about their economy, their institutions and their policy settings in order to identify priorities, to develop an effective set of policies and to evaluate progress. The Framework was developed by OECD and non-member participants in a task force established under the aegis of the OECD Investment Committee as part of the OECD Initiative on Investment for Development launched in Johannesburg in November2003. The Framework was adopted and declassified by the OECD Council, the governing board of the Organisation, and welcomed by Ministers at their annual OECD meeting in May2006. The OECD and its non-member partners will continue to work together, in co-operation with the World Bank, the United Nations and other interested institutions and with the active engagement of business, labour and other civil society organisations, to support effective use and future development of the Framework. POLICY FRAMEWORK FOR INVESTMENT: A REVIEW OF GOOD PRACTICES – ISBN 92-64-02586-3 – © OECD 2006 3 How the Policy Framework for Investment and the Review of Good Practices were developed The task force which developed the Framework consisted of officials from some 60governments. In addition to the 30member countries, non-OECD economies who participated in the task force's meetings were Argentina, Bahrain, Brazil, Chile, China, Chinese Taipei, Egypt, Estonia, India, Indonesia, Israel, Jordan, Latvia, Lithuania, Malaysia, Morocco, Mozambique, Pakistan, Philippines, Romania, Russian Federation, Senegal, Slovenia, South Africa, Tanzania and Viet Nam. Chile (Mr. Luis Eduardo Escobar, Senior Advisor to the Finance Minister) and Japan (Mr. Shuichiro Megata, Deputy Permanent Representative of Japan to the OECD) chaired jointly the task force. Together with the Investment Committee, nine other OECD bodies were involved in developing the Framework and in reviewing individual chapters of the Review of Good Practices: the Development Assistance Committee, the Trade Committee, the Competition Committee, the Committee on Fiscal Affairs, the Steering Group on Corporate Governance, the Education Committee, the Employment, Labour and Social Affairs Committee, the Working Group on Bribery in International Business Transactions, and the Public Governance Committee. The World Bank, UNCTAD and other international organisations participated in task force meetings and discussions of the Review's individual chapters. The Business and Industry Advisory Committee (BIAC), the Trade Union Advisory Committee (TUAC) and representatives of non-governmental organisations also participated in these discussions and made submissions. The task force conducted broader public consultations on the Framework, as well as the Review's chapters, under the auspices of the OECD Global Forums on International Investment held in India and Brazil, and of OECD and other regional investment initiatives. The Review of Good Practices was finalised under the OECD Secretariat's responsibility. Co-ordinated by Michael Gestrin and Jonathan Coppel of the Investment Division headed by Pierre Poret, in the Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs, the Review was prepared by: for the investment policy and investment promotion and facilitation chapters, Michael Gestrin; for the trade policy chapter, Dale Andrew, Jonathan Gage and Sebastien Miroudot; for the competition policy chapter, Michael Gestrin, Patricia Heriard- Dubreuil and Jeremy West; for the tax policy chapter, Steven Clark; for the corporate governance chapter, Daniel Blume; for the responsible business conduct chapter, Kathryn Gordon; for the human resource development and infrastructure and financial sector development chapters, Jonathan Coppel; and for the public governance chapter, Janos Bertok, Elodie Beth, Nicola Ehlermann-Cache, Josef Konvitz, Delia Rodrigo and Christian Vergez. The World Bank contributed background material on human resource development and infrastructure and financial sector development. TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents Chapter 1. Investment Policy................................................................................................ 11 1.1. Introduction............................................................................................................. 12 1.2. Transparency........................................................................................................... 12 1.3. Protection of property and contractual rights.................................................... 17 1.3.1. The promotion and protection of physical property rights ................. 17 1.3.2. The promotion and protection of intellectual property rights ............ 19 1.3.3. Contract enforcement ................................................................................ 21 1.3.4. Timely and adequate compensation for expropriation ........................ 23 1.4. The international dimension of investment policy .......................................... 24 1.4.1. Non-discrimination .................................................................................... 24 1.4.2. Making the most of international investment agreements ................. 27 Notes................................................................................................................................... 30 References and Further Policy Resources ..................................................................... 30 Chapter 2. Investment Promotion and Facilitation........................................................... 33 2.1. Introduction............................................................................................................. 34 2.2. Strategic investment promotion: the overall framework................................. 34 2.3. The investment promotion agency...................................................................... 35 2.3.1. Characteristics of a successful IPA .......................................................... 36 2.3.2. Investment facilitation and the one-stop shop ..................................... 37 2.3.3. Image building ............................................................................................ 39 2.3.4. Policy advocacy ........................................................................................... 40 2.3.5. Investment promotion through specific incentives .............................. 41 2.3.6. Facilitating linkages ................................................................................... 43 2.4. International co-operation for investment promotion and facilitation......... 44 2.4.1. IPA capacity building ................................................................................. 45 2.4.2. Promoting linkages ..................................................................................... 47 2.5. Conclusion............................................................................................................... 48 Notes................................................................................................................................... 48 References and Further Policy Resources ..................................................................... 49 Annex 2.A1. The Istanbul Ministerial Declaration on Fostering the Growth of Innovative and Internationally Competitive SMEs – Excerpts ........ 51 Chapter 3. Trade Policy.......................................................................................................... 53 3.1. Introduction............................................................................................................. 54 3.2. The changing interrelationships of trade, domestic investment and FDI...... 54 3.3. The investment impact of trade policies ........................................................... 57 3.3.1. Trade policy in the host country affecting imports ............................... 57 3.3.2. Trade policy in host country affecting exports ...................................... 65 3.3.3. Trade policy in the home country affecting imports ............................ 69 POLICY FRAMEWORK FOR INVESTMENT: A REVIEW OF GOOD PRACTICES – ISBN 92-64-02586-3 – © OECD 2006 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS 3.3.4. Trade policies in the home country affecting exports .......................... 74 Notes................................................................................................................................... 75 References and Further Policy Resources ..................................................................... 76 Annex 3.A1. Framework Considerations for measuring the Effectiveness of Trade Policies and “Good Practices” ..................... 78 Annex 3.A2. Benchmark Indices for Evaluating Trade Policy .................................... 87 Chapter 4. Competition Policy.............................................................................................. 89 4.1. Introduction............................................................................................................. 90 4.2. The relationship between competition policy and an attractive environment for investment................................................................................. 91 4.2.1. Competition policy within the broader governance framework ......... 91 4.2.2. Anti-competitive practices that inhibit investment ............................. 92 4.2.3. Open trade and investment regimes can significantly reduce barriers to entry .......................................................................................... 94 4.2.4. Barriers to entry associated with FDI ...................................................... 94 4.3. Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 99 Notes................................................................................................................................... 100 References and Further Policy Resources ..................................................................... 101 Chapter 5. Tax Policy.............................................................................................................. 103 5.1. Introduction............................................................................................................. 104 5.2. Tax policy and development................................................................................. 105 5.3. Taxation and investment – what are the linkages?........................................... 106 5.3.1. Direct effects of taxation on investment ................................................ 107 5.3.2. Budget effects of taxation on investment ............................................... 107 5.4. Taxation and investment – A review of main considerations......................... 108 5.4.1. Comparative assessment of the tax burden on business income ....... 108 5.4.2. Determination of taxable business income ............................................ 116 5.4.3. Prudent use of targeted tax incentives .................................................... 117 5.4.4. Tax expenditure reporting and evaluation ............................................. 120 5.4.5. International co-operation ........................................................................ 121 Notes................................................................................................................................... 122 References and Further Policy Resources ..................................................................... 123 Chapter 6. Corporate Governance........................................................................................ 125 6.1. Introduction............................................................................................................. 126 6.2. The role of corporate governance in achieving an attractive investment environment............................................................................................................ 127 6.3. Key elements of a corporate governance framework........................................ 129 6.4. Corporate governance of state-owned enterprises............................................ 137 Notes................................................................................................................................... 140 References and further policy resources ...................................................................... 141 Annex 6.A1. The OECD Principles of Corporate Governance ..................................... 143 Chapter 7. Policies for Promoting Responsible Business Conduct................................. 149 7.1. Introduction............................................................................................................. 150 7.2. Clear separation of government and business roles ........................................ 150 7.2.1. Business roles ............................................................................................. 151 7.2.2. Government roles ...................................................................................... 151 6 POLICY FRAMEWORK FOR INVESTMENT: A REVIEW OF GOOD PRACTICES – ISBN 92-64-02586-3 – © OECD 2006 TABLE OF CONTENTS 7.2.3. Trade union, NGO and other civil society roles .................................... 151 7.3. Promoting effective two-way communication: law-making and other forms of dialogue.................................................................................................... 152 7.3.1. Law-making ................................................................................................ 152 7.3.2. Other channels for communication ........................................................ 153 7.4. Providing an adequate framework for corporate disclosure............................ 154 7.5. Enlisting business as a partner in the legal and regulatory system................ 156 7.5.1. Investing in management capabilities .................................................... 156 7.5.2. Acknowledging and supporting private initiatives ............................... 157 7.5.3. Promoting voluntary compliance – personal conviction and informal peer pressure............................................................................... 158 7.6. Strengthening the business case for responsible business conduct............... 159 7.7. Intergovernmental co-operation.......................................................................... 160 Notes................................................................................................................................... 161 References and Further Policy Resources ..................................................................... 162 Annex 7.A1. Extracts from the Report to OECD Ministers by the Investment Committee on “Private Initiatives for Corporate Responsibility” [C/MIN(2001)4] ............................................................................................. 163 Annex 7.A2. Declaration on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises ................................................................................................... 165 Annex 7.A3. The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises: Text and Implementation Procedures .............................................................. 167 Chapter 8. Human Resource Development Policy............................................................. 183 8.1. Introduction............................................................................................................. 184 8.2. Human resource development promotes investment: the overall relationship.............................................................................................................. 184 8.3. Fostering a skilled and healthy workforce: a public and private partnership.... 185 8.3.1. Start with the basics .................................................................................. 185 8.3.2. Ensure appropriate economic incentives to acquire a higher formal education ..................................................................................................... 186 8.3.3. Training helps business to stay competitive .......................................... 189 8.3.4. Population health matters for investment decisions and performance ........................................................................................ 191 8.3.5. Bolster – don’t undermine – a competitive labour climate .................. 193 8.4. Reaping the maximum benefit from investment: the role of human resource development in facilitating adjustment.............................................. 197 8.4.1. Policies to cushion transition costs ........................................................ 198 8.4.2. Maintaining an adaptable workforce ...................................................... 199 8.5. Conclusion............................................................................................................... 200 Notes................................................................................................................................... 200 References and Further Policy Resources ..................................................................... 201 Chapter 9. Infrastructure and Financial Sector Development......................................... 205 9.1. Introduction............................................................................................................. 206 9.2. Common challenges in physical infrastructure ................................................ 207 9.3. Infrastructure: connecting firms and expanding opportunities for investment......................................................................................................... 212 POLICY FRAMEWORK FOR INVESTMENT: A REVIEW OF GOOD PRACTICES – ISBN 92-64-02586-3 – © OECD 2006 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS 9.3.1. Telecommunications – competition makes the difference .................. 213 9.3.2. Electricity – competition is not as easy but possible ............................. 214 9.3.3. Transport – the dwindling importance of distance ............................... 216 9.3.4. Financing investment in water ................................................................ 220 9.3.5. Financial services: a special form of infrastructure .............................. 221 Notes................................................................................................................................... 227 References and Further Policy Resources ..................................................................... 228 Chapter 10. Public Governance............................................................................................... 233 10.1. Introduction: the relationship between public governance and investment....................................................................................................... 234 10.1.1. Context for reform .................................................................................... 235 10.2. Regulatory quality................................................................................................... 236 10.2.1. Regulatory policy ....................................................................................... 237 10.2.2. Regulatory institutions ............................................................................. 238 10.2.3. Regulatory tools: Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA) ....................... 240 10.2.4. Consultation mechanisms ....................................................................... 242 10.2.5. Administrative simplification and responsiveness ............................. 243 10.2.6. International co-operation on regulatory reform ................................. 244 10.3. Fostering public sector integrity .......................................................................... 245 10.3.1. Implementing international anti-corruption and integrity standards ................................................................................................... 245 10.3.2. Application and enforcement of international anti-corruption and integrity standards ........................................................................... 247 10.3.3. Role of internal and external reviews .................................................... 249 10.3.4. Ensuring compliance through monitoring and international co-operation .............................................................................................. 249 Notes................................................................................................................................... 251 References and Further Policy Resources ..................................................................... 252 Annex 10.A1. The APEC-OECD Integrated Checklist on Regulatory Reform ............ 253 Annex 10.A2. Identifying and Managing Conflict of Interest ..................................... 256 Boxes 1.1. The OECD Framework for Investment Policy Transparency................................. 13 1.2. Transparency and predictability in investment policy: from principles to action........................................................................................................................ 16 1.3. Thailand’s 20-year program to title rural land........................................................ 19 1.4. The benefits of intellectual property rights in developing countries: the shifting debate....................................................................................................... 20 1.5. The evolution of the expropriation issue in international law............................. 23 1.6. Non-discrimination in international agreements................................................... 26 1.7. Performance requirements in international agreements...................................... 28 2.1. Easing business registration requirements.............................................................. 38 2.2. Uganda: from pariah to paragon............................................................................... 39 2.3. The OECD Checklist for FDI Incentive Policies........................................................ 42 2.4. MIGA’s Investment Promotion Toolkit..................................................................... 45 3.1. Ireland’s National Linkage Programme succeeded at a critical time................... 56 3.2. Chile’s tariffs: uniform and signalling with scheduled reductions...................... 59 8 POLICY FRAMEWORK FOR INVESTMENT: A REVIEW OF GOOD PRACTICES – ISBN 92-64-02586-3 – © OECD 2006