Cadmium based II-VI Semiconducting Nanomaterials: Synthesis Routes and Strategies PDF
Preview Cadmium based II-VI Semiconducting Nanomaterials: Synthesis Routes and Strategies
Topics in Mining, Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Series Editor: Carlos P. Bergmann Abdul Majid Maryam Bibi Cadmium based II-VI Semiconducting Nanomaterials Synthesis Routes and Strategies Topics in Mining, Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Series editor Carlos P. Bergmann, Porto Alegre, Brazil “Topics in Mining, Metallurgy and Materials Engineering” welcomes manuscripts in these three main focus areas: Extractive Metallurgy/Mineral Technology; Manufacturing Processes, and Materials Science and Technology. Manuscripts shouldpresentscientificsolutionsfortechnologicalproblems.Thethreefocusareas have a vertically lined multidisciplinarity, starting from mineral assets, their extractionandprocessing,theirtransformationintomaterialsusefulforthesociety, and their interaction with the environment. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11054 Abdul Majid Maryam Bibi (cid:129) Cadmium based II-VI Semiconducting Nanomaterials Synthesis Routes and Strategies 123 AbdulMajid Maryam Bibi Department ofPhysics Department ofPhysics University of Gujrat University of Gujrat Gujrat Gujrat Pakistan Pakistan ISSN 2364-3293 ISSN 2364-3307 (electronic) Topicsin Mining,Metallurgy andMaterials Engineering ISBN978-3-319-68752-0 ISBN978-3-319-68753-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68753-7 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017955239 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2018 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland How to Cite this Book American Psychological Majid,A.,&Maryam,B.(2018).CadmiumbasedII-VI Association (APA) semiconducting nanomaterials: Synthesis routes and strategies. Cham: Springer. American Physical A. Majid, B. Maryam, Cadmium based II-VI Society (APS) Semiconducting Nanomaterials: Synthesis Routes and Strategies (Springer, Cham, 2018) Basic Springer Nature Majid A, Maryam B (2018) Cadmium based II-VI semiconducting nanomaterials: synthesis routes and strategies. Springer, Cham Chemistry Majid A, Maryam B (2018) Cadmium based II-VI semiconducting nanomaterials: synthesis routes and strategies. Springer, Cham Chicago Majid,A.,andB.Maryam.2018.CadmiumbasedII-VI Semiconducting Nanomaterials: Synthesis Routes and Strategies. Cham: Springer. Math and Physical Majid, A., Maryam, B.: Cadmium based II-VI Sciences Semiconducting Nanomaterials: Synthesis Routes and Strategies. Springer, Cham (2018) Vancouver Majid A, Maryam B. Cadmium based II-VI semicon- ducting nanomaterials: synthesis routes and strategies. Cham: Springer; 2018. v Foreword Nanotechnology has been the hype word ever since the legendary lecture by Prof. Richard Feynman, where he famously declared, “there’s plenty of room at the bottom”. It is the promise of delivering enhanced novel properties by these mate- rialswithrestrictedgrowthinthenanometerregime,thathasmadenanoscienceand technology survive through decades and centuries. Nowadays, applications for nanomaterialscanbefoundalmosteverywherefromfoodanddrugformulationsto cosmetics and athletic gear; information technology to the energy sector. Among these, the fusion of semiconductor science with nanotechnology has created a plethora of widely variable applications, enriching both the fields. This book focuses on Cd-based II-VI semiconducting nanomaterials and covers various aspectsofthisimportantclassofcompoundsincludingtheirdifferentmorphologies, characterization techniques, anddifferent classesofCd-based semiconductors.The book specifically focuses on the different synthesis methods and covers a range of nanomaterial synthesis techniques including solution-based, plasma-based as well as gas phase methods. Cd-based II-VI semiconductors have been at the center of materials science and engineering largely due to their potential application in alternative energy research. Cadmium telluride has been touted as one of the most promising materials for thin film solar cells, with efficiencies close to that of Si-based solar cell, but with half the cost offabrication. Thus, the more economi- callyfeasibleCdTesolarcellmodulehasledtothebirthofseveralcompaniesthat are trying tomarketthe technology. The other cadmium-based chalcogenides such as CdS and CdSe also show promising photovoltaic activities, and hence they are beinghottopicsforresearchactivities.Nanostructuredmorphologiesofthesesolids are attracting the same attention owing to their promise of delivering higher effi- ciency lightweight solar cell modules. Making nanostructured morphology in bulk quantities and predicted dimensions is a challenge researchers are still trying to comprehend. A proper understanding of the different synthesis techniques, their vii viii Foreword difficulties, experimental design, and outcome will lead us toward gaining more know-how on morphology-controlled nanomaterials synthesis. This book will equip the reader with such understanding that will help them create the nanos- tructured morphology as desired for any particular application. InChap. 1, the authors have introduced the concept ofnanotechnology, the ben- efits, contradictions, and scope. Then after a brief introduction of Cd-chalcogenide- basednanomaterials,thereaderswillbedriftedthroughtoChap.2,wheretheauthors have described the Cd-based nanomaterials in great detail. It includes the known classes of Cd-based nanomaterials, their different morphologies, properties, and applications.Restofthechaptersinthebookdealswithvarioussynthesistechniques of Cd-based semiconducting nanomaterials, ranging from methods close to equi- librium, like solution-based methods to far-from-equilibrium processes such as vapor-phasesynthesisandplasma-basedsynthesis.Theauthorshavealsodiscussed methodstogroworderedarraysofCd-chalcogenidenanostructures,whichowingto their promising photovoltaic efficiency, are becoming increasingly important in energy conversion devices. These chapters will give the readers a comprehensive viewofthewidelydifferentsynthesismethodsthatarenormallyadaptedtoproduce these nanostructures. The view of the book points to hard work of the authors. The primary author of the book, Abdul Majid Sandhu, is currently an Associate Professor in the DepartmentofPhysics,UniversityofGujrat,Gujrat,Pakistan.ProfessorMajidisan active researcher on semiconducting nanomaterials with interest in materials sci- encewithinthebroadareaofalternativeenergyresearch.Hisresearchencompasses different classes of semiconductors, diluted magnetic semiconductors and semi- conductor surface devices including Li-ion batteries. His excellent contributions in the area of semiconductor nanomaterial research have earned him several awards and accolades. He has been awarded the very competitive and prestigious fellow- ship from Japan Society for Promotion of Sciences (2015–2016) to carry out postdoctoralresearchinOsakaUniversity.Dr.Majidhasalsofulfilledhisdutiesas head of the department as well as director research and has acquired academic as well as administrative expertise. I, personally have had the opportunity to work on nanoscience and nanotech- nologyformorethanadecadethroughoutmyacademiccareer.Majorchunkofmy research activities covers designing materials for energy-related research, where nanomaterialssynthesisoccupiesasignificantportion.Beinganactiveresearcherin the field, I understand how precisely a go-to synthesis book explaining the con- cepts,design,andoutcomecanbecomeveryusefulandevenindispensable.Hence, I believe the readers of this book will thoroughly enjoy reading it from cover-to-covertobuilduptheirknowledge,aswellasuseitasaguidetolearnmore about any particular topic. Foreword ix I believe, nanotechnology as promised will show us ways to change the world. When it does, equipped with knowledge gained from books such asthese, we will be right there to use its potential to the fullest. Manashi Nath, PhD Associate Professor Department of Chemistry Missouri University of Science and Technology Rolla, USA Preface The various scientific fields, depending upon worth and applications, have earned due attention and contributed toward human development and technological pro- gress.Inthiscontext,thescienceofmaterialshasundoubtedlyplayedavitalrolein the realization of current technological status of mankind. The recent scientific progresshasincreasedtheawarenessaswellasthedemandsandexpectationsofthe society which has raised the obligations of the researchers to meet the future necessities. The leading fraction of the community believes that the renaissance of science has taken place in the form of nanotechnology which is considered as a proud intervention of current generation of scientists. The material researchers and scientistsaresupposednotonlytoreplicateeveryknownmaterialintoitsnanoscale counterpart but also to prepare new materials to meet the future technological requirements. In my view, the evolution of any new science discipline involves four stages: discovery of relevant phenomenon, establishing the theoretical/conceptual back- ground, developing a research methodology, and finally utilization of the attained knowledge for applications or improvement in basic understanding of the relevant fields. Unlike majority of the scientific areas, despite extensive activities, the research related to nanotechnology is simultaneously continued at fronts related to last three stages which points to an inefficient and undirectional progress in the field. Besides several other issues, the problems related to reproducibility, quality control, yield, aging, and availability of reliable characterization tools for nano- materialsneedtobeaddressedwithoutanyfurtherdelay.Inordertoaccomplishthe logical and desired climax in the field of nanotechnology, the community should exclusively work on producing consensus in production and processing of nano- materialstomakethemusableindevicegradeapplications.Aworldwidenarrative and globally accepted protocol on nanotechnology need to be established. For this purpose, a widespread overview of the global research activities and a dialogue is needed to revisit the preparation strategies, material’s handling and processing, characterization techniques, and potential of the materials for commercial grade devices. The current book is aimed at providing an exhaustive analysis of the research activities carried out to prepare cadmium chalcogenides II-VI xi
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